Developmental Psychology
Akram Esfahani; Hasan Heydari; zabih pirani; hossein davudi
Abstract
IntroductionHumans are social creatures and need to be together and cooperate with each other. According to Adler's theory of individual psychology, a person can function, participate, and cooperate properly in society only if he feels that he belongs to that society. There is an innate sense or social ...
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IntroductionHumans are social creatures and need to be together and cooperate with each other. According to Adler's theory of individual psychology, a person can function, participate, and cooperate properly in society only if he feels that he belongs to that society. There is an innate sense or social interest in a human being that gradually appears during growth and development and helps him to live a healthy, successful life with others based on cooperation and empathy. Accordingly, social interest is a measure of health and weakness in it is a sign of psychological damage.This research was conducted with the aim of providing a structural model for predicting social interest based on attachment styles with the mediating role of forgiveness of women.MethodThe cross-sectional research method is correlational. The statistical population of the current study was made up of all the women who referred to Sarai Mahalat in Tehran in 2020-2021, and among them, 305 people were selected by single-stage cluster sampling method. In this research, the tools of social interest (Crandall, 1976), attachment styles (Hazen and Shaver, 1987), and forgiveness (Rai et al., 2001) were used, all of which had acceptable validity and reliability. To analyze the data, SPSS-V23 and Lisrel-V7.8 software were used.To respond to the research hypotheses, structural equation modeling was used. ResultsThe results showed that attachment styles have a direct effect on social interest in women. Attachment styles have an indirect effect on social interest in women with the mediating role of forgiveness. Based on the findings of the research, it can be said that forgiveness is one of the important processes that increase social interest either directly or indirectly by reducing the negative impact of factors such as insecure attachment styles.DiscussionAs a result, to increase social interest between spouses, while paying attention to their attachment style, it is necessary to strengthen forgiveness between them.Due to the fact that people with insecure avoidant attachment style are unable to share their thoughts and feelings with others, in fact, it can be said that the avoidant person's relationships with others are not stable, whereas a person with high social interest, He has certain ideas and beliefs in life, which are stable and manifested in interpersonal relationships, leading to stable relationships. Avoidant insecure attachment style has a negative relationship with low social interest. In the analysis of this relationship, it can be said that people with low social interest and avoidance both benefit from emotion-oriented coping methods.
zahra ebrahimi; Shahrokh Makvand Hoseini; Seyed Mosa Tabatabaee
Abstract
Introduction
Adolescence is considered an important period of life that is accompanied by considerable biological and psychological changes that may lead to anxiety disorders in some cases. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) as one of the most prevalent psychological disorders among adolescents is mainly ...
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Introduction
Adolescence is considered an important period of life that is accompanied by considerable biological and psychological changes that may lead to anxiety disorders in some cases. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) as one of the most prevalent psychological disorders among adolescents is mainly characterized by heightened levels of anxiety that interferes with performance during life. Clinicians warn that untreated GAD can be harmful and may shift to a more severe disorder such as major depression disorder. Therefore, identifying underlying factors and concomitants of the disease seems pivotal. This study aimed to investigate the prediction of generalized anxiety disorder based on 3 attachment styles as well as examine the mediated role of maladaptive schemas.
Method
The statistical population of the study included students of different levels of high school, ages 13-18 years living in Tehran province, in the autumn and winter of the academic year of 2019 – 2020, from which 297 students were selected by a simple random sampling method. The Pennsylvania Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS), and Young’s Schema Questionnaire-short form (YSQ-SF) were used for data collection. A statistical analysis of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was performed using the SPSS-16 software.
Results
A negative and significant (P<0/01) direct effect was observed for secure attachment and avoidant attachment styles, while no significant direct effects were found for ambivalent attachment style relationship to generalized anxiety disorder. Also, the early maladaptive schemas could significantly mediate the secure attachment style and avoidant attachment style relationship to generalized anxiety disorder, while no mediating role was detected for the ambivalent attachment style. A Bootstrapping analysis also confirmed this finding. All 5 categories of maladaptive attachment schemas significantly were correlated to GAD symptoms.
Conclusion
Based on the findings of the present study, it could be concluded that increased measures of secure and avoidant attachment styles in adolescents are associated with decreased levels of GAD symptoms. Increase indices in each of the 5 categories of maladaptive schemas (The 18 early maladaptive schemas are classified into 5 main areas: Disconnection/Rejection, Impaired Autonomy, and Performance, Other-Directedness, Hypervigilance/ Inhibition, Impaired Limits) are associated with increased GAD severity, so the relationship is significant. Also, early maladaptive schemas could mediate the relationship between secure and avoidant attachment styles with generalized anxiety disorder in adolescents. According to the results of this study, careful consideration of attachment styles and early maladaptive schemas to prevent generalized anxiety disorder in adolescents is recommended.
Golbarg Zandi Goharrizi; Reza Ghorban Jahromi; somaye robatmili; Mahdi Zare Bahramabadi
Abstract
IntroductionThe aim of this study was to investigate the causal pattern of the relationship between attachment styles and pain intensity mediated by early maladaptive schemas and difficulty in regulating emotion in patients with chronic pain. Pain is classified not only as a perception but also as a ...
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IntroductionThe aim of this study was to investigate the causal pattern of the relationship between attachment styles and pain intensity mediated by early maladaptive schemas and difficulty in regulating emotion in patients with chronic pain. Pain is classified not only as a perception but also as a mood and therefore separate from the five senses. Pain is a difficult subject conceptually, and its description and classification have always been difficult so it can be said that the only clear aspect of pain is that it shows the patient's state of mental suffering. The results of some studies have also shown the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and the difficulty of emotion regulation with pain intensity. In addition, disturbance in emotion regulation, which can be caused by the experiences of the first years of childhood, is also effective in predicting psychosomatic and psychological disorders and pain intensity. In general, according to what was mentioned, it seems that without considering psychological factors, it is not possible to improve or reduce the severity of pain, maintain quality of life, and adapt to chronic pain. Mediated by early maladaptive schemas and difficulty in emotion regulation. MethodThe research method is descriptive correlation and structural equation modeling. The population of this study was patients with chronic pain referred to the pain clinic of Erfan Hospital in Tehran in the second half of 2020 where 300 people with chronic pain were selected by convenience sampling. To collect data from the Westhawn-Yale Multidimensional Pain Questionnaire (WHI-MPI; Kerns et al., 1985), Adult Attachment Styles Inventory (AAI, Besharat, 2005), Young's Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire (YSQ-SF; Young, 1999). And the Emotion Regulation Difficulty Scale (DERS; Gertz and Roemer, 2004). Data usage and analysis have been performed using structural equation methods. ResultsThe sample of the present study included 300 patients with chronic pain. The average age of study participants (300 people) was reported to be approximately 40 years. The youngest was 20 years old and the oldest was 66 years old. Also, out of 300 people in the sample group, 83.7% (251 people) in the sample group are women and 16.3% (49 people) are men. The results showed that secure attachment style and anxiety through the mediating variables of hoarseness and inhibition, other orientation, and difficulty in emotion regulation, have a significant indirect effect on pain intensity in people with chronic pain. DiscussionThis means that early maladaptive schemas in the field of listening and restraint, other orientations and difficulty in regulating emotion play a mediating role in the relationship between attachment styles and pain intensity. Therefore, by considering the schemas of the field of distraction and inhibition, other orientations and difficulty in regulating emotion can play an effective role in the severity of pain in people with chronic pain. Based on the results, it was found that attachment styles have an indirect effect on pain intensity in patients with chronic pain, with difficult mediation in emotional regulation. Therefore, the results of the study showed that safe attachment style and anxiety through a difficult mediating variable in emotion regulation, has a significant indirect effect on pain intensity.
zeynab khanjani; touraj hashemi; narges rahmatabadi
Abstract
Introduction
Obsession is a chronic anxiety disorder that is associated with excessive mental preoccupation with order and detail, as well as perfectionism, to the extent that it leads to the loss of flexibility, openness, and efficiency, which, despite the high prevalence, is one of the most resistant ...
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Introduction
Obsession is a chronic anxiety disorder that is associated with excessive mental preoccupation with order and detail, as well as perfectionism, to the extent that it leads to the loss of flexibility, openness, and efficiency, which, despite the high prevalence, is one of the most resistant disorders to treatment.Obsessive-compulsive disorder sufferers experience a range of emotional reactions when faced with situations that trigger obsessive thoughts and actions. There are individual differences related to the sensitivity to these emotions and the way they are regulated, which is called emotional regulation (Hoffman, Carpenter, & Joshua, 2016). Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the structural relationships between borderline personality disorder symptoms and attachment styles with obsessive symptoms through emotion regulation.
Method
Research design the present is a descriptive correlation (Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and its sampling method is cluster random, so that 5 faculties of Tabriz University were randomly selected and 200 questionnaires were randomly distributed among the faculties. In order to measure the signs of obsession from the obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCI-R) list, borderline personality traits from the Borderline Personality Disorder (STB) questionnaire, and attachment styles from the Hazen and shaver and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire from Gross and John (2003) The data were analyzed through structural equation modeling
Results
The obtained data were analyzed through structural equation modeling. The results showed that the effect of borderline personality disorder on obsessive symptoms is significant with an effect size of 0.35. The effect of borderline personality disorder on reappraisal is significant with an effect size of -0.52, and the effect of borderline personality disorder on repression is significant with an effect size of 0.38. The effect of borderline personality disorder on obsessive symptoms due to reappraisal is significant with an effect size of -0.36, and the effect of borderline personality disorder on obsessive symptoms due to suppression is significant with an effect size of 0.16. The effect of secure attachment on obsessive symptoms is significant with an effect size of -0.39. The effect of secure attachment on reappraisal and suppression is significant with an effect size of -0.31. The effect of avoidant attachment on obsessive symptoms is significant with an effect size of 0.27, on reappraisal with an effect size of -0.32, and on suppression with an effect size of 0.31. The effect of avoidant attachment on obsessive symptoms is not significant due to reappraisal with an effect size of -0.07 and suppression with an effect size of 0.06. The effect of ambivalent attachment is significant on obsessive symptoms with an effect size of 0.30, on reappraisal with an effect size of -0.29, and on suppression with an effect size of 0.50. The effect of ambivalent attachment on obsessive symptoms due to reappraisal is not significant with an effect size of -0.09, and the effect of ambivalent attachment on obsessive symptoms due to suppression is significant with an effect size of 0.15.
Discussion
Therefore, it can be concluded that the findings of this research can have important practical effects for clinical therapists and psychologists to pay attention to the structural relationships of borderline personality disorder symptoms and attachment styles with obsessive symptoms through emotional regulation.
A. Nazari Chegani; N. Behroozi; S. E. Hashemi Sheykh Shabani; M. Mehrabizadeh Honarmand
Volume 19, Issue 2 , December 2012, , Pages 81-100
Abstract
The present study investigated the relationship of secure and insecure avoidant attachment styles with depression and life satisfaction with mediating role of optimism and social support among female undergraduate students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The sample consisted of 300 employees who ...
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The present study investigated the relationship of secure and insecure avoidant attachment styles with depression and life satisfaction with mediating role of optimism and social support among female undergraduate students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The sample consisted of 300 employees who were selected randomly by multi-stage sampling method. In order to investigate Attachment Styles Inventory (AAI; Simpson, 1990), optimism (LOT-R; Scheier, Carver & Bridge, 1994), Social Support (PSSI; Phlips, 1986), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck, 1974) and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS; Ryff, Lee, Essex & Schmutte, 1994). Results showed that secure attachment life style with satisfaction and depression has respectively significant negative relationship and positive relationship, and there is respectively significant positive relationship and negative relationship between insecure avoidant attachment style and life satisfaction and depression. There are significant positive relationships between secure attachment style and social support and optimism. Research also confirmed the mediating role of optimism and social support variables.
