Mona Isvand; Hosein Baghouli; Hojjat Allah Javidi; Majid Barzegar
Abstract
Depression is one of the common disabling and recurring psychological disorders that causes obvious changes in the individual’s different biological, cognitive, nervous and emotional functions .The aim of the present study was to compare effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance ...
Read More
Depression is one of the common disabling and recurring psychological disorders that causes obvious changes in the individual’s different biological, cognitive, nervous and emotional functions .The aim of the present study was to compare effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for rumination, cognitive flexibility, resilience and perceived stress among the women suffering from depression in Andimeshk city. Depression is also considered as the second most common cognitive disorder and therefore it has attracted the attention of many researchers around the world. Among the existing physical and mental diseases, depression is considered one of the most important global issues and problems, which according to the definition of the World Health Organization is the most important mood disorders that include loss of interest, feelings of guilt and worthlessness, sleep and appetite disorders, It is accompanied by a decrease in energy, poor concentration, and a decrease in the patient's mood. Depression is also a common, costly and debilitating disease that imposes a heavy burden on global societies. MethodThe statistical population included all women referred to psychiatric clinics. 45 patients were randomly assigned into three groups (two experimental groups and one control group). Measuring research variables with the help of Nolen-Hoeksema and Morrow’s rumination questionnaire (1991), Dennis and Vanderwaal's (2010) cognitive flexibility, Connor and Davidson's (2003) resilience, and Cohen et al.'s (1983) perceived stress questionnaire were used. At first, after obtaining the necessary permits and coordination with the psychiatric clinics of the city, all women referred to the psychiatric clinics who were suspected of symptoms of depression were screened by a psychiatrist. The initial diagnosis was made by a psychiatrist, and then, to make the diagnosis more certain, the clinical interview of SKID 5 was conducted by the researcher. According to the criteria for entering the research, 30 patients who were willing to cooperate in the research were randomly assigned into two groups (an experimental group of 15 people each and a control group of 15 people). ResultsAnalysis was done using analysis of covariance, two-way variance analysis and repeated measures and Ben Ferroni’s follow up test. The results indicated that there was a significant difference between effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy compared to cognitive behavioral therapy for rumination; No difference was observed in the effectiveness of the two approaches for cognitive flexibility and perceived stress. The results of the present study indicated that there was no significant difference in the effectiveness of both treatment methods on the three variables of cognitive flexibility, resilience and perceived stress. There was a difference between the two treatments only in the variable of rumination, so that the effectiveness of the treatment based on acceptance and commitment was confirmed. Regarding cognitive behavioral therapy, no evidence was found to confirm its effectiveness.DiscussionBoth approaches can be considered as effective methods for reduction of the symptoms of depression; however it is necessary to evaluate and compare effectiveness of the two methods for depression related variables in different groups as well.
Educational Psychology
Sara Ebrahimi; Zeynab Laki
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of problematic Internet use in the relationship between cyberbullying & psychological factors. The method of the present study was descriptive-correlational. The study population consisted of all boy’s high school students in Tehran ...
Read More
The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of problematic Internet use in the relationship between cyberbullying & psychological factors. The method of the present study was descriptive-correlational. The study population consisted of all boy’s high school students in Tehran in the academic year 1401-1400 that using the convenience sampling 325 people were selected as the research sample. To collect data was used Cyber-Bullying/Victimization Experiences Questionnaire, Problematic and Risky Internet Use Screening Scale, Short Depression-Happiness Scale, Self-Esteem Scale & Revised Social Connectedness Scale. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results showed that there are positive, significant & direct relationship between depression with problematic Internet use & cyberbullying; negative & insignificant relationship between self-esteem with problematic Internet use, & negative, significant & direct relationship between self-esteem with cyberbullying; negative, significant & direct relationship between social connectedness with problematic Internet use & cyberbullying, & there is a positive & significant relationship between problematic Internet use with cyberbullying. Indirect effects of depression & social connectedness on cyberbullying through the problematic Internet use was statistically significant & indirect effect of self-esteem was statistically insignificant. The findings of the present study added to the insight into the relationship between problematic Internet use and cyberbullying perpetration with psychological factors.
Family Psychology
Sara Ebrahimi; Seyedeh Elham Mousavian Khatir
Abstract
Introduction Although research findings indicated the adverse and negative effect of parenting stress on mothers' marital satisfaction, the internal mechanism of this relationship and the effect of father's behavior on marital problems have not been investigated. The importance of studying the father's ...
Read More
Introduction Although research findings indicated the adverse and negative effect of parenting stress on mothers' marital satisfaction, the internal mechanism of this relationship and the effect of father's behavior on marital problems have not been investigated. The importance of studying the father's behavior is because the problems of married life are related not only to the mother's behavior but also to the father's behavior. Also, considering that high levels of stress in raising children harms the mother's physical and mental health and endangers the normal functioning of the family, the present study aims to: First, provide research support for family studies by examining the relationship between mother's parenting stress and her marital satisfaction. Second, provide a model to investigate the mechanism of depression and marital conflict in the relationship between parenting stress and marital satisfaction. Third, past studies of couple relationships have ignored the possible effects of empathy. In this study, father's tendency instead of empathy ability was used as a moderator in the relationship between mother's parenting stress and marital satisfaction with the mediation of depression and marital conflict.MethodThe research method was descriptive and correlation type. The studied population included all the employed couples with children from Tehran in 1401, and 212 couples were selected as a sample using convenience sampling method. Mothers responded to the Parenting Stress Scale (Berry & Jones, 1995), Self-Rating Depression Scale (Zung, 1965), Conflict Behavior Scales (Rusbult et al., 1986 and Strauss, 1979) and Marital Satisfaction Scale (Olson et al., 1982) and fathers responded to the Basic Empathy Scale (Jolliffe & Farrington, 2006). In order to analyze the data, Pearson's correlation and multiple regression (models 6 and 85) were used in Hayes Process in SPSS24 software.ResultsThe findings indicated that mother’s parenting stress has a negative correlation with their marital satisfaction, depression and marital conflict play a mediating role in the relationship between mother’s parenting stress and their marital satisfaction, and fathers' empathy tendency also moderates this relationship. This means that fathers can with empathy for mothers, reduce depression and marital conflicts caused by parenting stress and finally their low levels of marital satisfaction.ConclusionIn sum, these findings highlighted the serious impact of mother’s parenting stress of in keeping and caring for their children on their mental health and quality of life together, as well as the important role of fathers' empathy in reducing these consequences. The results can be used to design an intervention and a comprehensive approach to improve the mental well-being of mothers.
Psychotherapy
Abolfazl Sarlaki; Mona Farokhzad; Fatemeh Khanzadeh; Mahsa Younesi sinaki; Seyedeh Zahra Razavi Mahdiian; Mojtaba Tayyar Parvin
Abstract
IntroductionMajor depressive disorder is a common mental illness in women that can lead to negative consequences on psychological, family, social, and economic levels. According to the psychodynamic theory, this disorder is caused by a perceived real loss in relationships, resulting in anger and guilt ...
Read More
IntroductionMajor depressive disorder is a common mental illness in women that can lead to negative consequences on psychological, family, social, and economic levels. According to the psychodynamic theory, this disorder is caused by a perceived real loss in relationships, resulting in anger and guilt towards the other person. These negative emotions are often directed toward oneself, leading to depressive symptoms. Short-term intensive dynamic psychotherapy aims to help patients bring their unconscious emotions to the conscious level, known as "Unlocking the Unconscious". The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of short-term intensive dynamic psychotherapy on objective relationships, anger, and guilt in women with major depressive disorder.MethodsIn terms of the purpose, the present study was in the applied research group, and in terms of methodology, it was a semi-experimental type of pre-test - post-test - 3-month follow-up with a control group. The statistical population included all women with major depressive disorder who were referred to counseling centers and psychological services in Isfahan in the spring of 1402. 32 women with major depressive disorder were selected by available sampling and randomly assigned to the experimental group (16 people) and the control group (16 people). Dovanloo's (1995) intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy protocol was performed only for the experimental group during 8 sessions of 90 minutes weekly, and the control group was placed on the waiting list. Subjects were evaluated in 3 stages (pre-test, post-test, and 3-month follow-up) with Bell's Object Relation Inventory(BORI), State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory 2 (STAXI-2), kugler and Jones Guilty Feelings ‘S Questionnaire(KJGFQ), and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) . Data analysis was done with repeated measures analysis of variance and the Bonferroni post hoc test using SPSS-28 software.ResultsThe results of this research showed that the short-term psychodynamic intervention was effective on alienation, insecure attachment, the total score of subjective relationships, internal occurrence of anger, internal control of anger, trait guilt, the total score of guilt and depression symptoms, and up to 3 months after The intervention was stable(p>0/05). Short-term intensive psychodynamics had the greatest effect on depression symptoms (ηp2=0.543), anger internalization (ηp2=0.436), and anger internal control (ηp2=0.412).ConclusionDynamic psychotherapy is an approach that is effective in reducing unpleasant emotions by creating a safe space and relationships based on empathy and trust encouraging a person to touch his original feelings and consequently improving the Object Relations of patients with depression. In short-term dynamic psychotherapy, the therapist helps the patient, so that he can face the feeling of anger towards his favorite object and be able to feel and understand it again and find out that he is also damaged through applying pressure To feel guilt can lead to a reduction of guilt in the patient and improvement of depression symptoms.
Psychotherapy
Amirhossein Yavari; Seyed Abdolmajid Bahrainian; Mahnaz Mehrabizadeh Honarmand; Shahram Vaziri; ghasem Ahi
Abstract
The aim of this study was to design and clinical trial the psychotherapy protocol for depression based on the explanatory model of depression in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. This study was an experimental research with pre-test, post-test and follow-up phase. The statistical population includes ...
Read More
The aim of this study was to design and clinical trial the psychotherapy protocol for depression based on the explanatory model of depression in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. This study was an experimental research with pre-test, post-test and follow-up phase. The statistical population includes all people between 20 and 50 years old with multiple sclerosis that diagnosed with depression in Hamedan city-Iran in 2021 (MS disease of the sample group members has already been definitively diagnosed by a neurologist and at least six months have passed since the diagnosis of MS). The research sample was 40 people from population (so that 10 of them were studied in the pilot phase and 30 of them were studied in the clinical trial phase) that selected by convenient sampling method. In each of the phases (pilot and clinical trial) members of the research sample were randomly replaced in two groups: experimental group (5 people in the pilot phase and 15 people in the clinical trial phase) and control group (5 people in the pilot phase and 15 people in the clinical trial phase). Second edition of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) was used as measurement instrument. After designing the depression psychotherapy protocol based on the explanatory model of depression in patients with multiple sclerosis (The fit and significance of this statistical model has already been checked and confirmed by the structural equation modeling or SEM method) and testing in the pilot phase, the experimental group was subjected to the psychotherapy of this protocol in the clinical trial phase. According to the principles of clinical trial, all the interventions of both phases of research (pilot and clinical trial) were implemented similar to each other and without differences. In both phases, the control group did not receive any intervention. Data analyzing in the pilot phase was done by a non-parametric test (U mann whitney test) and in the clinical trial phase was done by univariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA).The result of data analyzing in pilot phase showed significant effect of intervention and we were allowed to run the clinical trial phase. Data analyzing in the clinical trial phase showed that the depression psychotherapy protocol in patients with multiple sclerosis that diagnosed with depression had a significant effect on reducing depression in these patients (p < 0/05). According to the findings of this research, it can be concluded that the depression psychotherapy protocol in patients with multiple sclerosis has the ability to be designed and this protocol is effective in reducing depression in patients with multiple sclerosis.
Saeed Ariapooran; Elham Rastgoo; Mahdi Abdolahzadeh Rafi
Abstract
Introduction
Mothers who are caregivers of children with severe and profound intellectual disabilities may experience psychological problems during the COVID-19 outbreak. These mothers report more stress and psychological problems than mothers of normal children. One of the major problems ...
Read More
Introduction
Mothers who are caregivers of children with severe and profound intellectual disabilities may experience psychological problems during the COVID-19 outbreak. These mothers report more stress and psychological problems than mothers of normal children. One of the major problems these caregivers face is depression. Emotional training is an effective way to help mothers of children with intellectual disabilities deal with depression. However, no research has been done on the effectiveness of emotion regulation training on depression in caregiver mothers of children with intellectual disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of emotion regulation training on depression symptoms in caregiver mothers of children with intellectual disabilities during the COVID-19 outbreak.
Method
The study used a quasi-experimental method with experimental and control groups. The study population consisted of all caregiver mothers of children with severe and profound intellectual disabilities in Razan City, Iran. The study randomly selected 22 mothers with severe depression symptoms for the experimental and control groups. The experimental group received emotional regulation training in 8 weekly sessions (90 hours), while the control group did not receive any training during the sessions. The data was collected using a short form of the depression inventory, and analysis of covariance with repeated measures was used to analyze the data.
Results
The results showed that 42.86% of mothers had symptoms of severe depression. The study found that emotional regulation training was effective in reducing depression in caregiver mothers of children with severe and profound mental disabilities (p <0.05).
Discussion
Based on the study, it is recommended that parents of children with ADHD be educated about the negative consequences of screen time (SB). Parents should be encouraged to engage in physical activities with their children, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Strengthening home sports activities can be beneficial for both parents and children with ADHD. Workshops on managing screen time can be held online or face-to-face for mothers. Psychological strategies to reduce caregiver distress can also be effective in managing the screen time of children with ADHD. Mothers who are caregivers of children with severe and profound intellectual disabilities may experience psychological problems during the COVID-19 outbreak. These mothers report more stress and psychological problems than mothers of normal children. One of the major problems these caregivers face is depression. Emotional training is an effective way to help mothers of children with intellectual disabilities deal with depression. However, no research has been done on the effectiveness of emotion regulation training on depression in caregiver mothers of children with intellectual disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of emotion regulation training on depression symptoms in caregiver mothers of children with intellectual disabilities during the COVID-19 outbreak.
mojtaba aghili; narges khatoon arbabi
Abstract
Introduction
Domestic violence is a serious issue that can occur in any intimate or family relationship. The most common type of domestic violence is spousal abuse or husband violence against women. Spousal abuse can take many forms such as physical, sexual, emotional, or financial violence, and it ...
Read More
Introduction
Domestic violence is a serious issue that can occur in any intimate or family relationship. The most common type of domestic violence is spousal abuse or husband violence against women. Spousal abuse can take many forms such as physical, sexual, emotional, or financial violence, and it can occur at any time and in any place. Based on various studies on the effectiveness of mindfulness and acceptance and commitment-based therapies in reducing depressive symptoms and chronic pain, the question arises as to which of the two methods is more effective, and whether the combination of these two treatments could be more effective. However, it is not yet clear whether one therapy is more effective than the other, or whether a combination of both therapies is more effective in reducing depression and chronic pain in abused women.
Method
A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group was used in this study. The statistical population of the study consisted of all women who were abused by their spouse and had a file in the Welfare Office. One group received acceptance and commitment-based therapy, another received mindfulness-based therapy, and the third group was the control group. All three groups completed pre-tests and post-tests using the Depression Inventory and the Chronic Pain Questionnaire, with the experimental groups receiving 8 sessions of 60 minutes each. The inclusion criteria included married women aged between 25 and 35 years, with a minimum diploma education, a score higher than the cut line (18) in the depression list, and victims of physical violence by their spouse at medical diagnosis. The exclusion criteria included reluctance to participate in the investigation and absence for more than two sessions. The research data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance and comparison of means using SPSS software version 24.
Results
The results showed that both therapeutic approaches significantly reduced depression and chronic pain in abused women (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the two intervention methods in reducing depression and chronic pain.
Conclusion
The findings of the study suggest that acceptance-based therapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy are effective in reducing depression and chronic pain in women who have experienced spousal abuse. There was no significant difference between the effectiveness of the two therapies in reducing depression and chronic pain. The study highlights the importance of providing access to effective therapies for women who have experienced spousal abuse.
Mahnaz Aliakbari; Aliakbari Aliakbari; Marziye Zolfagharinezhad; Monirosadat Hosseini; Mahshad Balali
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to investigate the role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies and behavioral activator-inhibitor systems in depression.Methods: The research method was descriptive correlational with 240 female undergraduate and graduate students of Shahrekord University (Western province of ...
Read More
Aim: This study aimed to investigate the role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies and behavioral activator-inhibitor systems in depression.Methods: The research method was descriptive correlational with 240 female undergraduate and graduate students of Shahrekord University (Western province of Iran) selected through a random sampling method. They answered Beck Depression Inventory, Granovsky’s Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and Carver and White’s Brain Systems Scale. The data were analyzed using SPSS 22. Results: The mean and standard deviation of each variable were calculated as descriptive statistics, and Pearson correlation was employed to evaluate the relationships of variables. The results showed a significant negative correlation between behavioral activator systems and depression, and a significant positive correlation between behavioral inhibitor systems and depression. In general, the behavioral activator-inhibitor systems predicted 33% of depression variance. In addition, there was a significant positive relationship between maladaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation and depression and a significant negative relationship between adaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation and depression.Conclusion: The results showed that among the maladaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation, the catastrophic component predicted about 29% of depression variance, and among the adaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation, the acceptance component predicted about 39% of depression variance. In general, the results of this study indicated that brain-behavioral systems and emotional cognitive regulation strategies had chief roles in predicting depression. Relying on the findings of this study, we can present a practical framework to explain the symptoms of depression and its treatment.
Leila Shameli; Zahra Bahramara; Mehrnaz Mohammadi; Habib Hadianfard
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the relationship between childhood maltreatment and mental health through the mediating role of experiential avoidance in girl students. The research method was descriptive-correlation and structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all-girl ...
Read More
The present study aimed to determine the relationship between childhood maltreatment and mental health through the mediating role of experiential avoidance in girl students. The research method was descriptive-correlation and structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all-girl undergraduate students of Razi University of Kermanshah in the academic year 2019-2020, from which 366 students were selected as a sample group by multi-stage cluster sampling and were surveyed by Child Abuse Self-Report Scale (SASRS), Depression, Anxiety & Stress Scale (DASS-21), and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and path analysis using version 26 of SPSS and AMOS software. The results indicate a significant mediating role of experiential avoidance for the relationship between childhood maltreatment and depression (β: 0.22), anxiety (β: 0.12), and stress (0.17). According to the results of the present study, childhood maltreatment is the basis for using an experiential avoidance strategy, which leads to an increase in depression, anxiety, and stress in victims of childhood maltreatment.
Gholamreza sedighrad; Parviz Askary; Alireza Heydarii; Naser Seraj khorami
Abstract
AIM: The aim of this research was to study the comparison of the effectiveness of the acceptance-commitment therapy on the behaviour impulsively, alexithymia and disappointment in depression patients.Methods: This design of the study was pretest, post test control group. The sample include 30 depression ...
Read More
AIM: The aim of this research was to study the comparison of the effectiveness of the acceptance-commitment therapy on the behaviour impulsively, alexithymia and disappointment in depression patients.Methods: This design of the study was pretest, post test control group. The sample include 30 depression patients 15 group experimental (acceptance and commitment therapy), and 15 group control) were selected randomaly sampling andthe were requested to answer behaviour impulsively Baratscale, alexithymia Torento and disappointment Miler scalequestionnaire. For analyzing the results we used covariance (MANCOVA and ANCOVA).Results: The results of data analysis showed that as ap acceptance-commitment therapy caused thedecrease inbehaviour impulsively, alexithymia and disappointment in depression patients experimental group in comparison to the witness group and concluded that there is any significant difference between effectivenessof the acceptance-commitment therapy on the behaviour impulsively, alexithymia and disappointment in depression patients and acceptance-commitment therapy was more effectiveness on thedecrease behaviour impulsively, alexithymia and disappointment in depression patients.Conclusion: That as ap acceptance-commitment therapy caused the decrease inbehaviour impulsively,alexithymia and disappointment in depression patients andacceptance-commitment therapy was more effectivenesson the decrease incognitivebehaviour impulsively, alexithymia and disappointment in depression patients.
sara taheri; ilnaz sajjadian
Abstract
Introduction Chronic fatigue syndrome is a complex disabling disorder and the symptoms of the disease are common. It can be named as weakness, muscle aches, memory weakness and mental disorientation, insomnia, chest pain, confusion, night sweats, weight loss and psychiatric problems such as depression ...
Read More
Introduction Chronic fatigue syndrome is a complex disabling disorder and the symptoms of the disease are common. It can be named as weakness, muscle aches, memory weakness and mental disorientation, insomnia, chest pain, confusion, night sweats, weight loss and psychiatric problems such as depression and early suffering, anxiety, and so on. People with this syndrome, often show the occurrence of a unique fatigue that differs from other symptoms of fatigue. Most patients with diagnostic criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome, also receive some diagnostic criteria for psychiatry, in particular, anxiety and depression disorders. Method The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on fatigue, anxiety, depression of staff of Islamic Azad university, Isfahan (Khorasgan) branch, suffering from chronic fatigue syndrome. Research method was quasi-experimental with a pre- and post-test design with a control group. For this purpose, 200 staff, according to Cohen et al. (2000), who had entry criteria for research, were selected by a randomized sampling method and responded to chronic fatigue syndrome (Jason, 2010), and quality of life questionnaire (Ware and Hays,1998). Twenty-eight persons who received diagnosis of fatigue syndrome were selected and assigned randomly to experimental and control groups (each group 14 persons). The subjects in the two groups, before and after intervention, and one month later, answered to research instruments, including fatigue scale (Chalder, 1993), hospital anxiety and depression scale (Zigmond and Snaith, 1983). Mindfulness based cognitive therapy was applied to experimental group, in 8 sessions with each session of 90 minutes, but no intervention was carried out in control group. Results For data analysis, multiple analysis of covariance was used. Findings indicated a reduction in means of fatigue, anxiety and depression in experimental group, in comparison to control group (p ≤ 0.05). Findings indicated that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy has been effective on fatigue, anxiety and depression of staff with chronic fatigue syndrome. Conclusions Based on the findings of this research, reduction of fatigue, anxiety, and depression in staff suffering from chronic fatigue syndrome, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy can be a useful as intervention.
mehdi rezaee; ezatollah ghadampur; rezae kazemi
Abstract
Introduction Emotional invalidation is a transdiagnostic process that can be relevant across a variety of disorders. Emotional invalidation (the perception of others as indifferent to one’s emotions) is associated with difficulty accepting emotions, maladaptive coping with emotions, perception ...
Read More
Introduction Emotional invalidation is a transdiagnostic process that can be relevant across a variety of disorders. Emotional invalidation (the perception of others as indifferent to one’s emotions) is associated with difficulty accepting emotions, maladaptive coping with emotions, perception of negative emotions as less controllable and comprehensible, and less psychological flexibility (Linehan, 1993; Leahy, Tirch, & Napolitano, 2011). Childhood abuse (sexual and emotional abuse) may be considered prototypical experiences of invalidation of emotional experiences (Westpha, Leahy, Pala, & Wupperman, 2016; Leahy, 2015). Childhood abuse communicate that the child’s internal experiences do not matter. Furthermore, abusive caregivers who routinely punish emotional or sexual displays convey that negative emotions are unacceptable and unimportant (Leahy, 2015). Also in cross-sectional studies, childhood abuse has been found to be a predictor of depressive symptoms directly (Infurna et al., 2016; Jascheka, Carter-Pokrasa, Hea, Leea, & Canino, 2016). Emotional invalidation is linked to a host of internalizing such as depression, anxiety, and social avoidance (Tanaka, Wekerle, Schmuck, & Paglia-Boak, 2011; Hong, & Lishner, 2016).The present study examined the predictive associations among childhood trauma (emotional and sexual), emotional invalidation and depressive symptoms in female college students with current major depressive disorder and with history of major depressive disorder. In summary, the following hypotheses are proposed: Hypothesis 1. Sexual abuse would contribute to the depressive symptoms through emotional invalidation. Hypothesis 2. Emotional abuse would contribute to the depressive symptoms through emotional invalidation. Method The present investigation is a descriptive-cross-sectional study. The population of this study was 21,000 female college students in six different branches of Payam-e-Noor University with Persian languages (Baharestan, Eslamshahr, Shahryar, Tehran Souht, Robatkarim and Varamin). Data were obtained from college women enrolled in a clinical research study of mood disorders and behavior from the 2015 to 2016 academic year. Of these, 394 were selected through available sampling, of whom 92 met the criteria for current major depressive disorder (MDD) and 347 who had history of MDD in the last 12 months. Measures Beck Depression Inventory:The BDI-II (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 2000) was used to assess depressive symptoms during the last two weeks. It measures the severity of depression and consists of 21 items. The reliability and validity of the BDI-II have been well demonstrated both in clinical and non-clinical samples (Beck et al., 2000). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I & II (SCID): SCID is a structured diagnostic measure designed to assess DSM–IV Axis I and II disorders. The SCID showed good reliability in previous studies (Maffei et al., 1997). Childhood Trauma Questionnaire - Short Form:The CTQ (Bernstein et al., 2003) retrospectively assesses the severity of different types of trauma and provides five subscales: Sexual abuse, emotional abuse, physical abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect. Each item is scored on a five-point Likert scale from. The CTQ has demonstrated excellent reliability, convergent, divergent and predictive validity in both clinical and non-clinical populations (Bernstein et al., 2003). Leahy Emotional Schemas Scale (LESS; Leahy, 2002): This scale is made up of 50 items that are used to assess how one thinks about his own emotions. The LESS is a six-point Likert scale for each question (very true of me = 6 to very untrue of me = 1), it includes items regarding how they have dealt with emotional experiences during the last month. Results The results showed that depressive symptoms were significantly correlated with emotional (r = 0.46), sexual (r = 0.29) abuse and emotional invalidation (r = 0.51). In the present study, the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the indirect effects was obtained with 5000 bootstrap samples. The final step was to determine if the 95% CI for the estimated indirect effect included zero. An indirect effect is significant at the .05 level if the 95%CI does not include zero. There was significant indirect effect (path ab) of sexual abuse on depression symptoms through emotional invalidation (CI=0.20 to 0.75). In other words, consistent with that first hypothesis, emotional invalidation significantly mediated the effect of sexual abuse on depression symptoms. In addition, the bootstrapping results indicated that the direct effect of sexual abuse on depression (path c’ = 1.05, p < 0.0001) remained significant when controlling emotional invalidation, thus suggesting partial mediation. In addition, according to the bootstrapping results, emotional invalidation significantly mediated the effect of emotional abuse on depression symptoms (CI = 0.33 to 0.65). The direct effect of emotional abuse on depression (path c’ = 1.06, p < 0.0001) also remained significant when controlling emotional invalidation, thus suggesting partial mediation. Discussion The present study aimed to clarify whether emotional invalidation would explain the effect of childhood trauma (sexual and emotional abuse) on depressive symptoms. Consistent with our hypotheses, emotional invalidation partially mediated the effect of sexual and emotional abuse on depression. It is important to note, however, that this finding is consistent with previous studies (Leahy et al., 2011; Linehan, 1993; Infurna et al., 2016; Jascheka et al., 2016). Results from the current study suggested that one pathway by which sexual and emotional abuse may affect depressive symptoms is via emotional invalidation. This finding can be explained by reffering to attachment theory. First, during the process of forming and maintaining attachment during early childhood, the rudiments of empathy, mirroring, and validation include the caregiver’s responsiveness to the child’s distress, which reinforces the child’s mental representation—“My feelings make sense to others.” Second, responsive soothing of the child’s feelings by the caregiver encourages the child to believe, “My distressed feelings can be soothed.” Initially, it is proposed that this “soothing” occurs through the caregiver’s attention and reassurance but later is “internalized” by the child in self-calming and optimistic self-statements, similar to Bowlby’s idea of internal working models, in this case the internal representation that one’s feelings make sense and can be calmed. Third, the child’s communication of feelings to the caregiver becomes an opportunity not only for expressing feelings but for the caregiver to link emotional states to external events that “cause” the feeling—“You’re upset because your brother hit you.” This attempt to comprehend the cause of feelings and to share them with the caregiver can also assist in differentiating these feelings—“It sounds like you are angry and hurt”—and in constructing a theory of mind that can be applied to both self and others. Indeed, without an adequate theory of mind, the child will be impaired in showing validation toward others and will be unable to soothe her own feelings and the feelings of others (Leahy et al., 2011).
shahnaz adibi sede; mohammadali sepahvandi; simin gholamrezaei
Abstract
IntroductionIndeed, many notable parameters such as difficult and late diagnosis, occurrence of symptoms after a natural and normal course of growth, lack of effective treatment of autism spectrum disorder and special care which is needed by autism children, can affect the mental health of parents, and ...
Read More
IntroductionIndeed, many notable parameters such as difficult and late diagnosis, occurrence of symptoms after a natural and normal course of growth, lack of effective treatment of autism spectrum disorder and special care which is needed by autism children, can affect the mental health of parents, and in particular mothers. In psychotherapy research, mindfulness is considered as one of the new therapies in the field of relapse prevention and an enhanced state of self-awarness thought in order to improve the depression and anxiety. Considering the existence of mood disorders and anxiety in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder, the overall aim of this study was to determine the effectives of mindfullness-based cognitive therapy on depression and anxiety in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Method:This research, which Is a quasi-experimental study, compromised of per-test, post-test and follow-up study with the control group. The sample group was selected by available sampling method from mothers referred to the Isfahan “Hazrat Zainab” autism charity. Therefore, 20 subjects were chosen randomly and assigned to two control and experimental groups (each with 10 subjects). In order to assess the severity of depression and anxiety in mothers, Beck Depression Inventory-II and Beck Anxiety Inventory were used in pre-test, post-test and one month follow-up phases. The experimental group recieved the mindfulness-based cognitive group therapy for eight 2-hours sessions each week and the control group did not receive any treatment. Analysis of MANCOVA was used to analyze the data. ResultsThe results of the research revealed that at the post-test stage, depression and anxiety scores decreased significantly in the experimental group after the intervention. Moreover, the experimental group was followed up for one month after the treatment, which no changes were observed in the mentioned scores, compared to the post-test phase. It is worth mentioning that the conditions for the control group were almost the same and no changes were occurred. ConclusionsTherefore, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy has been effective in the treatment of depression and anxiety in autistic children's mothers. The results emphasized the importance ofusing thisintervention in treating depression and anxiety in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder and presenting new insights in clinical interventions. This research showed that using this treatment, reduce psychological problems of mothers of autistic spectrum children, such as their depression and anxiety were reduced, which ultimately lead to prominent results such as the life expectancy increase, adapting to the conditions of the child's illness, better relations with others, having more social activities and reduction of depression and anxiety problems.
Abstract
Female-headed households, due to many difficulties and diverse roles, are one of the vulnerable groups in society and at risk for mental disorders, such as depression. Thus, they require more support, including psychological treatment and empowering programs. Hypnotherapy based on strengthening the ego ...
Read More
Female-headed households, due to many difficulties and diverse roles, are one of the vulnerable groups in society and at risk for mental disorders, such as depression. Thus, they require more support, including psychological treatment and empowering programs. Hypnotherapy based on strengthening the ego can be a useful strategy for empowerment and also as a way to reduce the symptoms of depression. So, this research is an experimental study to determine the effectiveness of hypnotherapy in treating depression based on ego strengthening of female-headed households. Participants in this study were 30 women who were covered by the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee. They were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The strength of ego and depression were measured by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-2) and Psychological Ego Strengths Scale. The results of Multivariate ANOVA with Repeated Measures showed that there are significants difference between the pretest, posttest and flow up in experimental group, compared to control group, in terms of dependent variables (p < 0.001).The result of this study indicates that ego-strengthening based on hypnotherapy can be effective in order to reduce depression.
Askar Atashafrouz; Shoja Araban
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the causal relationship between personality traits and academic performance with mediating role of study strategies in students of Farhangian university of Khuzestan. The study population included all of the students of Farhangian University in the academic year of 1392-93. ...
Read More
This study aimed to investigate the causal relationship between personality traits and academic performance with mediating role of study strategies in students of Farhangian university of Khuzestan. The study population included all of the students of Farhangian University in the academic year of 1392-93. From this population, nine classrooms (214 students) were selected as sample, using clustering sampling method. The research instruments in this study were NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-FFI), Approaches to Study and Skills Inventory for Students (ASSIST) and grade point average of students. For analysing data, the AMOS-16 was used. Results showed that openness and conscientiousness, by pushing students to deep study approach, promote academic performance. The agreeableness, by adopting a strategic study approach in students, improves academic performance. In addition, the findings indicate the positive relationship of trait neuroticism with both the surface study approach and the low academic performance of students. In general, the results showed that personality traits, both directly and indirectly through study strategies, associated with academic performance
Volume 23, Issue 1 , June 2016, , Pages 1-22
Abstract
Depression as a usual disorder in coronary heart disease decreases mental health and ejection fraction of these patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of individual and group cognitive-behavioral therapies on depression decrease and ejection fraction increase in coronary ...
Read More
Depression as a usual disorder in coronary heart disease decreases mental health and ejection fraction of these patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of individual and group cognitive-behavioral therapies on depression decrease and ejection fraction increase in coronary heart disease, and to compare the two psychotherapy methods. Subjects were coronary heart disease patients between ages of 30 to 60 with medium or severe depression. The subjects were randomly assigned to three matched groups, including two experimental groups for individual cognitive-behavioral therapy (n=20) and group cognitive-behavior therapy (n=16) and a control group (n=20). The control group received no psychological treatment. The patients were selected using available sampling method. All participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II, as well as, Ejection Fraction Test as pre-tests and post-tests. Data was analyzed using repeated measures and Scheffé test. Individual and group cognitive-behavioral therapies had significant effects on depression reduction, but they had no effect on ejection fraction increase in coronary heart disease patients. Regarding to depression reduction, there was no significant difference between the two methods. Individual and group cognitive-behavioral therapies can reduce the rate of depression and lessen the need to psychiatric drugs in coronary heart disease patients.
A. Jamshidbeik; M. Kalantari; F. Shakebai
Volume 21, Issue 1 , June 2014, , Pages 175-186
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigation the efficacy of group cognitive-behavioral therapy with TADS method and its comparison with pharmacotherapy in the treatment of 14-17 year-old girl adolescents depression in Isfahan. Accordingly, in an empirical study with a control group and the evaluation ...
Read More
The purpose of this study was to investigation the efficacy of group cognitive-behavioral therapy with TADS method and its comparison with pharmacotherapy in the treatment of 14-17 year-old girl adolescents depression in Isfahan. Accordingly, in an empirical study with a control group and the evaluation as a pre-test, post-test and follow-up of 27 girl adolescents with diagnosis of depression were selected and they were divided into three groups in random method: TADS, pharmacotherapy and control group. The subjects of TADS experimental group have received a TADS cognitive-behavioral therapy in a period of twelve sessions in partnership with parents. The subjects of pharmacotherapy groups have received depression treatment (fluoxetine) in the course of 2 months. While the control group have not received the intervention and were put in the waiting list and after two month all three groups were followed up. The subjects of three groups were evaluated with the use of the Structured Clinical Interview for Disorders of Axis I (SCID-I) and revised Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). Data were analyzed with the use of one-way analysis of variance with statistical software SPSS20. Results indicated that TADS cognitive therapy program decrease depression more effective than pharmacotherapy significantly (P<0.01). On the basis of the results of the post hoc Tukey test, experimental action effect was stable. (P<0.01). Finally, it is suggested that the group cognitive therapy used in a TADS method as one of the effective intervention methods to reduce depression in adolescents.
M. Bayrami; Y. Movahedi; R. Mohammadzadigan; M. Movahedi; S. Vakili
Volume 20, Issue 2 , December 2013, , Pages 1-18
Abstract
Mindfulness in psychotherapy research has been conceptualized as an enhanced state of self-awareness thought to promote well-being. In this research, the effectiveness of group cognitive therapy based on mindfulness in reducing anxiety and depression in high school students was studied.This research ...
Read More
Mindfulness in psychotherapy research has been conceptualized as an enhanced state of self-awareness thought to promote well-being. In this research, the effectiveness of group cognitive therapy based on mindfulness in reducing anxiety and depression in high school students was studied.This research was an experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The subjects included 40 high school male students in Khorramabad city. At the outset, the test of anxiety and depression was administered to 420 students. Those students who had disappointing scores in the test were selected and administrated to clinical interview. Among them, 20 students were randomly assigned to experimental group and 20 other students to control group. The experimental group received group mindfulness training for 8 sessions as each session lasted 90 minutes (one session each week). Upon the completion of the training, a posttest was administrated to both groups.Results of multivariate analysis of variance indicated a significant decrease in anxiety and depression in the experimental group compared with the control group. Besides, cognitive therapy based on mindfulness increased psychological health in adolescents (p<0/01).
M. Zemestani; I. Davoudi; M. Mehrabizadeh Honarmand; Y. Zargar
Volume 20, Issue 1 , June 2013, , Pages 183-212
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of brief group behavioral activation (BA) and metacognitive therapy (MCT) on depression, anxiety, and cognitive emotional regulation strategies (including self-blame, acceptance, rumination, positive reappraisal and catastrophizing) in University students. ...
Read More
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of brief group behavioral activation (BA) and metacognitive therapy (MCT) on depression, anxiety, and cognitive emotional regulation strategies (including self-blame, acceptance, rumination, positive reappraisal and catastrophizing) in University students. In a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design, with a control group, 41 bachelor students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, after primary clinical assessment and acquisition of study criteria, were randomly assigned to either BA (n = 13), MCT (n = 14), or a waiting-list control group (n= 14). The treatment groups received treatments in 8 sessions. The Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire were used for measuring variables, before and after the intervention, and 2-month follow up. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. Post hoc pair-wise comparisons showed that both treatments were equally effective for depressive and anxiety symptoms. However, therapeutic techniques differed with regard to their effects on specific facets of emotion regulation, such as Positive Reappraisal and Catastrophizing, with MCT being more effective in modifying this strategies, compared to BA. Therapeutic gains were maintained to some extent over 2-month follow up, except for Acceptance variable, indicating that MCT᾽S therapeutic effects, on this strategy were maintained, comparing to BA. Given the efficacy of both treatments on depression and anxiety symptoms and cognitive emotion regulation strategies, brief BA and MCT could be an alternative for the clients that seek an effective and economic treatments in university counseling centers.
S. A. Marashi
Volume 20, Issue 1 , June 2013, , Pages 213-226
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of religious mourning ceremonies of the first ten days of “Muharram”, on the degree of depression of the ceremonies participants. The under study population consisted of students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz who were studying in the academic year ...
Read More
This study investigates the impact of religious mourning ceremonies of the first ten days of “Muharram”, on the degree of depression of the ceremonies participants. The under study population consisted of students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz who were studying in the academic year 91-92 (2013). 27 students were selected by an accidental-available sampling method. Before the beginning and after the end of the first ten days of “Muharram” pre-test and post-test were carried out respectively. The instrument used in this study was the second version of Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI-II). The research was a field pre-experimental with pre-test and post-test without a control group. Paired t-test revealed no significant difference between the pre-test and the post-test. In addition, depressed participants had higher scores than the cut-off point in the pre-test) showed a significant reduction in depression scores in the post-test. On the other hand, non-depressed subjects (below the cut-off point in the pre-test) showed no significant difference between the pre-test and the post-test.
A. Nazari Chegani; N. Behroozi; S. E. Hashemi Sheykh Shabani; M. Mehrabizadeh Honarmand
Volume 19, Issue 2 , December 2012, , Pages 81-100
Abstract
The present study investigated the relationship of secure and insecure avoidant attachment styles with depression and life satisfaction with mediating role of optimism and social support among female undergraduate students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The sample consisted of 300 employees who ...
Read More
The present study investigated the relationship of secure and insecure avoidant attachment styles with depression and life satisfaction with mediating role of optimism and social support among female undergraduate students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The sample consisted of 300 employees who were selected randomly by multi-stage sampling method. In order to investigate Attachment Styles Inventory (AAI; Simpson, 1990), optimism (LOT-R; Scheier, Carver & Bridge, 1994), Social Support (PSSI; Phlips, 1986), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck, 1974) and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS; Ryff, Lee, Essex & Schmutte, 1994). Results showed that secure attachment life style with satisfaction and depression has respectively significant negative relationship and positive relationship, and there is respectively significant positive relationship and negative relationship between insecure avoidant attachment style and life satisfaction and depression. There are significant positive relationships between secure attachment style and social support and optimism. Research also confirmed the mediating role of optimism and social support variables.
A. Aghayousefi; M. Dalir
Volume 19, Issue 2 , December 2012, , Pages 101-118
Abstract
The facts about death and dying are the most emotional and complex topics of childhood. As the acquisition and development of the death concept has been a topic of interest for decades the main goal of the present study was the investigation of the relationship between awareness of death concept and ...
Read More
The facts about death and dying are the most emotional and complex topics of childhood. As the acquisition and development of the death concept has been a topic of interest for decades the main goal of the present study was the investigation of the relationship between awareness of death concept and depression among children seven to nine years old. To this end, a sample of 103 male and female students was selected from the first, second, and third grades of elementary schools. The participants answered the questions of the Death Interview for Children and Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). Data analysis showed that all the subcomponents of death concept significantly and positively correlated with depression in children. In addition, the results of stepwise regression analysis revealed that only Inevitability subcomponent can predict depression in children. With regard to these findings, awareness of death concept can contribute to children's depression. But, a mature awareness of death concept is not so. The results were discussed based on the stress exposure model of depression.
K. Mohammad; M. Najafi; G. Dehshiri; A. Nikbakht
Volume 19, Issue 2 , December 2012, , Pages 177-198
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the effectiveness of individual and group cognitive-behavioral therapy on adolescents’ depression. The research design was the pre-test and post-test experimental research with control group and follow up. For these purposes, 26 adolescents with ...
Read More
The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the effectiveness of individual and group cognitive-behavioral therapy on adolescents’ depression. The research design was the pre-test and post-test experimental research with control group and follow up. For these purposes, 26 adolescents with depression were randomly selected and assigned to three groups of individual: cognitive-behavioral therapy, group cognitive-behavioral therapy and control group. Depression Questionnaire for Children and depression diagnostic interview were used to assess the extent of depression. The results showed that individual and group cognitive-behavioral therapy significantly affected reducing signs of depression in post-test and in follow up stages. But it did not reveal any significant difference between individual and group therapy in post-test and in follow up. Generally, the results of this research indicated that individual and group cognitive-behavioral therapy is effective in reducing adolescents’ depression and they can be used as a clinical intervention by specialists.
K. Tahmassian; A. Anari
Volume 19, Issue 1 , June 2012, , Pages 227-244
Abstract
The aim of the present research was to study the direct and indirect relationships between academic self-efficacy and adolescence depression. Participants were 946 high school students (471 girls and 475 boys) in Tehran who were selected by cluster sampling method. Child Depression Inventory (CDI), Self-Efficacy ...
Read More
The aim of the present research was to study the direct and indirect relationships between academic self-efficacy and adolescence depression. Participants were 946 high school students (471 girls and 475 boys) in Tehran who were selected by cluster sampling method. Child Depression Inventory (CDI), Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, and Peer Rejection Questionnaire were also used. Path analysis revealed that the model fit was satisfactory. The academic efficacy had a significant direct and an indirect effect, through peer rejection, on depression. The effect of academic efficacy on academic achievement was significant, but the indirect effect, through academic achievement, on depression was not significant. Clinical implications of adolescent depression were discussed.
R. Shahni; M.R. Shairi; M.A. Asghari Moghaddam; M. Naseri; M. Delavari
Volume 18, Issue 2 , December 2011, , Pages 1-20
Abstract
This Study was done to determine the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral treatment in reduction of negative emotions and pain severity in patients with chronic pain. After selecting 12 eligible people for the test, the subjects were divided randomly in two groups, cognitive-behavioral pain therapy group ...
Read More
This Study was done to determine the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral treatment in reduction of negative emotions and pain severity in patients with chronic pain. After selecting 12 eligible people for the test, the subjects were divided randomly in two groups, cognitive-behavioral pain therapy group and the other control group (6 persons per each group). The cognitive-behavioral therapy group received the treatment for 8 sessions (a session per week, for 2 hours), and the control group was put in waiting list for treatment. The subjects in the two groups have completed the relevant questionnaires twice, once before the treatment and again at the end of treatment (approximately 2 months later). Then, the difference between pre-test and post-test of the two groups was compared. The results showed, in general, that in comparison to the control group, cognitive-behavioral therapy led to reduction of negative emotions in experimental group.
