Mahin Etemadnia; parsa javanmard; Abbas Bakhshipour Roudsari; Mansour Bayrami
Abstract
IntroductionThe present study evaluated the triple vulnerability model for depression, general anxiety, and social phobia. Depression and anxiety disorders have significant overlap with each other. Emotional disorders occur together because their underlying vulnerability is the same, but this common ...
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IntroductionThe present study evaluated the triple vulnerability model for depression, general anxiety, and social phobia. Depression and anxiety disorders have significant overlap with each other. Emotional disorders occur together because their underlying vulnerability is the same, but this common vulnerability appears heterogeneously as a result of exposure to various environmental influences, genetic-biological factors, etc. Each level of the triple vulnerability model for each disorder was examined with looming vulnerability style as a disorder-specific psychological vulnerability for GAD and social phobia. This model assumes that three components of vulnerability are involved in the etiology of emotional disorders; the first component is the general biological vulnerability, which refers to the genetic dimensions of temperament such as extroversion and introversion, which are related to high levels of anxiety and dependent negative emotions. The second component is general psychological vulnerability, which the triple model of vulnerability indicates that the feeling of unpredictability and uncontrollability of life events and emotional states is considered as psychological vulnerability to mood and anxiety disorders. The third component is disorder-specific vulnerability. The triple vulnerability model postulates that specific psychological vulnerability determines the origin and expression of mood and anxiety disorders through learning experiences that cause a specific focus of disturbance and distress. MethodThis research is a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population consisted of undergraduate students from Urmia universities, including Government, Azad, Industrial, and Payam Noor universities. Based on the research methodology and data analysis requirements, and following Klain’s (2005) recommendation of a minimum of twenty participants per parameter to ensure robust results, 370 participants were initially selected from this population using a convenience sampling method. To account for potential attrition, only 340 completed questionnaires were analyzed after removing those with distorted responses or incomplete answers. These 340 students completed Neuroticism and Extraversion Subscales (Neo-FFI), Anxiety Control Questionnaire (ACQ-R), Looming Maladaptive Style Questionnaire (LMSQ-R), Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS), Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), and Albany Panic and Phobia Questionnaire (APPQ). The final sample included 177 male and 162 female participants, with a mean age of 20.5 years (SD = 2.56) and an age range of 18 to 27. ResultsThe results of path analysis indicated that neuroticism had significant direct effects on all three disorders, and holding neuroticism constant, extraversion was inversely associated with depression and social phobia. Perceived control was significantly associated with GAD only, holding neuroticism and extraversion constant. Of the disorder-specific psychological vulnerability, holding general vulnerability dimensions constant, looming vulnerability style was not specific predictor of GAD and social phobia. Based on the results reported in the first model of the study (general bio-vulnerability), the effect coefficients of all variables are significant at the level (p <0.01). In the second model (general psychological vulnerability), the coefficients of the effect of neuroticism and extraversion on all three variables are significant; However, the perceived control pathway coefficient is significant only on pervasive anxiety (p <0.01). In the third model of the research (specific vulnerability with the addition of near-risk perception style), the coefficients of the effect of neuroticism, extraversion and perceived control on all three variables are significant; However, after maintaining the effect of the dimensions of general vulnerability, namely neuroticism, extraversion, and perceived control, the coefficient of the near-risk perception pathway on social anxiety and depression is significant. Perceived control path's coefficients on social anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder and depression were reported as -0.25, -0.30 and -0.28, respectively (p <0.01). The coefficient of near-risk perception style path's coefficient on social anxiety (0.26) is at the level of 0.01 and the pathway coefficient of near-risk perception style on depression (0.19) is at the level of 0.05; however, the coefficient of near-risk perception style on pervasive anxiety (0.11) is not significant. ConclusionThe looming vulnerability style is a broadly shared cognitive vulnerability hypothesized to interact with disorder-specific mechanisms across various anxiety disorders (e.g., fear of social rejection in social phobia, excessive worry and catastrophizing in generalized anxiety disorder). However, the present study’s findings, using Barlow's triple model, did not support this hypothesis. One potential explanation may be the limitations in the measurement tool for risk perception style, particularly its insufficient representation of generalized anxiety disorder-related factors. Further research is required to better understand this relationship and refine measurement approaches in this area.Existing conceptual models suggest that personality dimensions, such as neuroticism and extraversion, contribute to the severity, overlap, and persistence of both depression and anxiety. However, these personality dimensions alone do not fully explain the etiology, progression, and complexity of emotional disorders. Consequently, examining disorder-specific factors within a broader etiological model-one that integrates both shared characteristics and unique dimensions-could enhance our understanding of the causes and differentiation of these disorders.
Maryam Moshtaghi; Mohammad Javad Asghari Ebrahimabad; Hamid Reza Aghamohamadian Sheirbaf
Abstract
The aim of present study was to investigate the effectiveness of Acceptance and commitment Based therapy on psychological capitals and neuroticism among mothers of a child with Down Syndrome. The present research was a quasi-experimental conducted by pretest and posttest with control group design. The ...
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The aim of present study was to investigate the effectiveness of Acceptance and commitment Based therapy on psychological capitals and neuroticism among mothers of a child with Down Syndrome. The present research was a quasi-experimental conducted by pretest and posttest with control group design. The research population was all mothers with a child with Down Syndrome in Mashhad in 2017. The sample was 30 mothers selected by available and purposeful sampling methods and they were assigned into experimental and control groups by random assignment method. Experimental group received 8 weekly 90-minute sessions of Acceptance and commitment Based therapy. Both groups were completed Demographic Questionnaire, Psychological Capital Scale and NEO-FFI (Neuroticism dimension) before and after treatment. The data were analyzed through Covariance Analysis. The results indicated that Acceptance and commitment Based therapy improved psychological capitals and neuroticism in experimental group as compare with control group (p < 0/001). Based on the findings, Acceptance and commitment Based therapy increased psychological capitals and neuroticism among mothers with a Down Syndrome child.
S. Sholi; K. Beshlideh; S.E. Hashemi SheykhShabani; N. Arshadi
Volume 18, Issue 1 , June 2011, , Pages 47-72
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between neuroticism, work-family conflict, role overload, procedural justice, distributive justice and job control with job burnout in employees of Ahvaz Gas Company. The participants of the study were 260 employees who completed questionnaire ...
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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between neuroticism, work-family conflict, role overload, procedural justice, distributive justice and job control with job burnout in employees of Ahvaz Gas Company. The participants of the study were 260 employees who completed questionnaire including NEO Personality Inventory, Work-Family Conflict, Role Overload, Organizational Justice, Job Control and job Burnout. The results indicated that there were significant positive relationship between neuroticism, work-family conflict and role overload with job burnout. Moreover, the significant negative relation was found between procedural justice, distributive justice and job control with Job burnout. The hierarchical regression analysis indicated that neuroticism, work-family conflict, role overload, procedural justice, distributive justice and job control accounts for approximately 77% of variance of job burnout. The stepwise regression analysis indicated that neuroticism and procedural justice predicted job burnout significantly.
S.E. Hashemi Sheykhshabani
Volume 18, Issue 1 , June 2011, , Pages 153-168
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to explore the relationships between personality characteristics including neuroticism, extroversion, and agreeableness, openness to experience and conscientiousness and job performance of police officers. One hundred forty eight police officers participated in the ...
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The purpose of the present study was to explore the relationships between personality characteristics including neuroticism, extroversion, and agreeableness, openness to experience and conscientiousness and job performance of police officers. One hundred forty eight police officers participated in the study and completed research questionnaires. Correlation coefficients indicated that neuroticism was negatively correlated with job performance; conscientiousness, agreeableness, and extraversion were positively correlated with job performance; and no correlation was found between openness and job performance. Regression analysis revealed that among five personality characteristics, conscientiousness and extroversion predicted job performance significantly. Finally, findings based on five factor model of personality have been discussed.
