Document Type : Research Article

Authors

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of forgiveness-based group intervention on Psychological well-being of veterans and their wives. This research was based on a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test and control group respectively.The population also included veterans and their wives Isfahan in 2012. In order to perform this study 20 couples of veterans and their wives who were available selected (each group consisting 10 couples). Ryff psychological well-being questionnaire (1995) was used to gather the data. Data were analyzed using Multivariate analysis (MANOVA). Forgiveness-based group intervention was trained for 5 weeks on the experimental group and the control group did not have any intervention. The results showed that forgiveness-based group intervention had a significant effect on psychological well-being in veterans and their wives in post test )P<0.01). The mean scores on the subscales of positive relations with others )P<0.01) and personal growth )P<0.02) were significantly increased in post-test.

Keywords

فارسی
اسماعیلی، مریم؛ کلانتری، مهرداد؛ عسگری، کریم؛ مولوی، حسین و مهدوی، سعیده (1389). اثربخشی روش‌های ایمن ‌سازی در برابر استرس در مقابل آموزش روابط بین فردی و مهارت‌های اجتماعی بر بهزیستی روان‌شناختی فرزندان پسر جانبازان مبتلا به استرس پس از سانحه. طب جانباز، 3 (10) 1-11.
اشنایدر و لوپز (2002). معنویت و روانشناسی مثبت. ترجمه مهرداد کلانتری، سیده راضیه طبائیان، الهام آقایی، پریناز سجادیان (1390). چاپ اول، اصفهان: کنکاش.
ایمانی‌فر، حمیدرضا؛ فاطمی، جمیله؛ امینی، فاطمه (1391). بخشش از دیدگاه روان‌شناسی و قران کریم. مجله انسان پژوهی دینی، 27 (9)، 175-149.
بیانی، علی‌اصغر، محمدکوچکی، عاشور؛ بیانی، علی (1387). روایی و پایایی بهزیستی روانشناختی ریف. مجله روانپزشکی و روانشناسی بالینی ایران، 2 (14)، 151-146.
حمیدی‌پور، رحیم؛ ثنایی‌ذاکر، باقر؛ نظری، علی‌محمد و فراهانی، محمدنقی (1389). بررسی تأثیر زوج درمانی گروهی مبتنی بر بخشش بر رضایت زناشویی. مجله مطالعات اجتماعی روانشناختی زنان، 8 (4)، 72-49.
زندی‌پور، طیبه؛ یادگاری، هاجر (1386). ارتباط بخشش با رضایت از زندگی در بانوان دانشجوی متأهل غیربومی دانشگاه‌های تهران. مجله مطالعات زنان. 5 (3)، 122-109.
 
لاتین
Baharudin, D., & Che Amat, M. A., Mohd Jailani, M. R., Sumari, D. F. (2011). The Concept of Forgiveness as a Tool in Counseling Intervention for Well-being Enhancement. PERKAMA International Convention.
Berry, J. W., & Worthington, E. L. Jr. (2001). Forgiveness, relationship quality, stress while imagining relationship events, and physical and mental health. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48, 447–455.
Buss, D. (2000). The evolution of happiness. American Psychologist. 55 (1), 5-23.
Carson, J. W., Keefe, F. J., Goli, V., Fras, A. M., Lynch, T. R., Throp, S. R., & et al. (2005). Forgiveness and chronic low back pain: A preliminary study examining the relationship of forgiveness to pain, anger, and psychological distress. Journal of Pain, 6, 84–91.
Enright, R. (2011). Psychological Science of Forgiveness: Implications for Psychotherapy and Education, Presented at the Conference, Neuroscience and Moral Action: Neurological Conditions of Affectivity, Decisions, and Virtue Pontifical University Della Santa Croce Rome, Italy.
Enright, R. D., Freedman, S., & Rique, J. (1998). The psychology of interpersonal forgiveness. In R. D. Enright, & J. North (Eds.), Exploring forgiveness (46–62).  Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
Frederikson, L. G. (2002). Unacknowledged casualties of the Vietnam War: Experiences of the partners of New Zealand veterans. Qualitative Health Research, 6 (1), 49–70.
Friedberg, J. P., Adonis, M. N., Von Bergen, H. A., & Ferkauf, S. S. (2005). ShortCommunication: September 11th related stress and trauma in New Yorkers. Journal of Stress and Health, 21, 53–60.
Ghaemmaghami, P. Allemand, M., & Martin, M. (2011). Forgiveness in Younger, Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Age and Gender Matters. Journal Adult Dev, 18, 192-203.
Glynn, S. M, Eth, S, Randolph, E. T., Foy, D. W, Urbaitis, M, Boxer, L, Paz, G. G., Leong, G. B, Firman, G., Salk, J. D., Katzman, J. W., & Crothers, J. (1999). A test of behavioral family therapy to augment exposure forcombat -related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 243–251.
Johnson, H., & Thompson, A. (2008). The development and maintenance of post- traumatic stress disorder (P. T. S. D) in civilian adult survivors of war trauma and torture: A review Clinical psychology Review.
Karremans, J. C., & Van Lange, P. A. M. (2004). Back to caring after being hurt: The role of forgiveness. European. Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 207–227.
Karremans, J. C., Van Lange, P. A. M., Ouwerkerk, J. W., & Kluwer, E. S. (2003). When forgiving enhances psychological wellbeing: The role of interpersonal commitment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1011–1026.
Lawler, K. A., Younger, J. W., Piferi, R. L., Jobe, R. L., Edmondson, K. A., & Jones, W. H. (2005). The unique effects of forgiveness on health: An exploration of pathways. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28, 157–167.
Lyons, J. A., & Root, L. P. (2001). Family members of the PTSD veteran: Treatment needs and barriers. National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Clinical Quarterly, 10 (3), 48–52.
Matsuyuki, M. (2011). An examination of the process of forgiveness and the relationship among state forgiveness, self compassion, and psychological well being experienced by Buddhists in the united states. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Education at the University of Kentucky.
McCullough, M. E., Fincham, F. D., & Tsang, J.-A. (2003). Forgiveness, forbearance, and time: The temporal unfolding of transgression-related interpersonal motivations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 540–557.
McCullough, M. E., Rachal, K. C., Sandage, S. J., Worthington, E. L., Jr., Wade Brown, S., & Hight, T. L. (1998). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships: II—Theoretical elaboration and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1586–1603.
McCullough, M. E., & Worthington, E. L., Jr. (1999). Religion and the forgiving personality. Journal of Personality, 67, 1141-1164.
Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and family therapy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Myerberg, L. (2011). Forgiveness and self -regulation: Forgiveness as a Mechanism of Self-Regulation: An Ego-Depletion Model, Honors Thesis in Psychology University of Richmond.
Myers, D. G. (2000). The funds, friends, and faith of happy people. American Psychologist, 55, 56 – 67.
Riggs, D. S., Byrene, C. A., Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T. (1998). The quality of the intimate relationships of male Vietnam veterans: problems associated with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of traumatic stress. 11, 87-101.
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 719-727.
Toussaint, L. L., & Webb, J. R. (2005). Gender differences in the relationship between empathy and forgiveness. The Journal of Social Psychology, 145, 673–685.
Tsang, J., McCullough, M. E., & Fincham, F. D. (2006). The longitudinal association between forgiveness and relationship closeness and commitment. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25, 448–472.
Tse, W. S., & Yip, T. H. (2009). Relationship among dispositional forgiveness of others, interpersonal adjustment and psychological well-being: Implication for interpersonal theory of depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 365-368.
Weine, S., Muzurovic, N., Kulauzovic, Y., Besic, S., Lezic, A., Mujagic, A., Muzurovic, J., Spahovic, D., Feetham, S., Ware, N., Knafl, K., & Pavkovic, I. (2004). Family consequences of refugee trauma. Family Process, 43, 147–160.