نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسنده
مربی گروه روانشناسی دانشگاه خلیج فارس
چکیده
هدف پژوهش حاضر مقایسه عملکرد دانشآموزان دختر و پسر 6 تا 8 ساله دبستانهای بوشهر در آزمون بندرگشتالت به عنوان یک آزمون رسشی و رشدی بوده است. در این مطالعه 589 آزمودنی (398 پسر و 191 دختر) در سنین 6،7 و 8 پایههای اول، دوم و سوم دبستانهای پسرانه و دخترانه بوشهر به صورت تصادفی برگزیده شدند. اجرا و نمرهگذاری این آزمون بر طبق نظام نمرهگذاری کوپیتز(1963،1975) انجام گرفت. نتایج به دست آمده از تحلیل واریانس عاملی[1]،” فرضیه اول و دوم تحقیق را مبنی بر تفاوت سطح عملکرد کودکان گروههای 6، 7 و 8 ساله و تفاوت سطح عملکرد بین دختران و پسران در آزمون بندرگشتالت تأیید می کند. همچنین تحلیل واریانس اندازههای مکرر وجود تفاوت در سطح عملکرد خطاهای چهارگانه تحریف، چرخش، یکپارچگی و تکرار غیرارادی آزمودنیها را نشان میدهد. این یافتهها فرضیه سوم و فرضیههای فرعی آن رابجز برای فرضیه فرعی دوم (خطای چرخش) تأیید میکند. فرضیه چهارم تحقیق با استفاده از روش آماری ضریب همبستگی گشتاوری پیرسون آزمایش و تأیید شد، که در نتیجه بین وضعیت اجتماعی - اقتصادی و آزمون بندرگشتالت در سطح آماری 0/01= Pرابطه معنیداری دیده شد. بالاخره، نتایج به دست آمده از مطالعات رشدی بیانگر این است که کودکان گروه سنی 6 سال تا 6 سال 11 ماه از لحاظ سطح عملکرد رشدی از هنجار رشدی کوپیتز تا حدودی بالاتر هستند، لیکن در گروههای سنی 7 سال تا 7 سال 11 ماه و 8 سال تا 8 سال 11 ماه هیچگونه تفاوتی بین این مطالعه با مطالعه هنجاری کوپیتز دیده نشد.
عنوان مقاله [English]
A Comparison of Performance of 6- to 8-Year Old Students of Bushehr’s Elementary Schools in Bender-Gestalt Test
نویسنده [English]
- G.R. Rajabi
Instructor, Department of Psychology, Persian Gulf University
چکیده [English]
This study was aimed at comparing the performance of 6- to 8-year old male and female students of Bushehr’s elementary schools in Bendr-Gestalt Test (BGT) measuring children’s maturational aspects. In this study, 589 subjects (398 boys and 181 girls) were randomly selected from 6-, 7- and 8-year old students studying in the first through third grades. The test was administered and scored according to the Kopitz System (Kopitz, 1963, 1975). The results of a factor analysis carried out on the data confirmed the first two hypotheses of this study indicating significant differences in the maturational patterns of boys and girls as well as students across the three age groups. Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance performed on the data showed significant differences among the three age groups regarding all four types of classic errors in BGT (i.e., Distortion, Rotation, Integration and perseveration). According to these findings, the third hypothesis of the study and its subsidiary hypotheses (except for rotation) was also confirmed. The fourth hypothesis of this study was also confirmed indicating a significant relationship between socio - economic status and performance on the maturation aspects of BGT. Finally, these data imply that Iranian 7 and 8- year old students follow a pattern of maturation similar to those reported by Kopitz. Iranian 6-year old students, however, seem to prevail a higher (i.e, faster) maturational pattern than theif age-equivalent counterparts (as reported by Kopitz, 1975).
Andert, J.N, Hustak, T. & Dinning, W.D, (1978). Bender-Gestalt reproduction times for retarded adults. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 34, 927-929.
Bender, L. (1938). A Visual - motor gestalt test and it’s clinical use. American Orthopsychitaric Association Research Monographs. No.3. New York: American Orthopsychitaric Association.
Bender, L. (1964). A Bender - motor Gestalt test: Grades and manual of instruction. The American Orthopsychitaric Association.Inc.
Bender, L. (1967). The Visual - motor Gestalt function 6 and 7 - years old normal and schizophrenic. In J.Zubin & G.A.Jervis(Eds), Psycopathology of mental devlopment. New York. Grune & Stratton.
Brannigan, Gary and others. (1995). Further validation of the qualitative scoring system for the modified Bender-Gestalt test. Psychology in the SchooL V32 hi, 24-26
Chorost, S.B, Spivaek, G,Levin. M. (1959). Bender-Gestalt rotation and E.E.G abnormalities in childrenJournal of Consulting Psychology. 23, 55-90.
Clawson, A. (1959). The Bender visual - motor Gestalt test as in index of emotional disturbance. Journal of Projective Techniques. 23, 143-206
Elber, m. (1958). A Bender-Gestalt validity study: The performance of mental related children. Dissertation Abstracts. 18. 296.
Evans. R.I, (1973). Jean piaget. The Man and Ideas, New York: Dutton.
Fuller, Gerald, B;Vanc and Booney (1993). Comparison of the Minnesota Percepto - Diagnostic Test - Revised and Bender-Gestalt in predicting Achievement. Psychology In the School. 30(3), 220-226.
Ghasemzadeh, H (1988) A pilot study of the Bender-Gestalt test in a sample of Iranian normal children. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 44(5), 787-792.
Ham, J.D (1964). The Bender-Gestalt test. A scoring method for identifying brain damage. Journal of Consulting Psychologhy. 28, 34-40
Halpin, V.G (1955). The Hutt adaptation of Bender-Gestalt Test. New York:
Grune & Stratton.
Hanvick. I (1953). A note on rotation in the Bender-Gestalt test as predictors of E.E.G.abnormaljtjes in children. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 9,399.
Harriman, M. and Harriman, P. (1950). Bender-Gestalt as a measure of school reading. J.clin. psych, 6, 175-177.
Hutt, M.L.(1950).Test of personality: picture and drawing techniques C:
Revised Bender visual- motor Gestalt test. In weider, A.(Ed.) contribution toward Medical Psychology. New York: Ronald press.
Hutt, M.L. and Briskin, G,J.(1960). The clinical use of the revised Bender-Gestalt test. New York, Grune & Stratton, Inc.
Joseph, R. (1982). The neuropsychology of development: Hemispheric laterality, limbic language, and the origin of thought. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 88, 4-33.
Koppitz, E.M. (1958). The Bender-Gestalt test and learning disturbances in young children. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 14, 292-292.
Koppitz, E.M. Sulivan. J, Blyth, D. and Schelton, J. (1959). Prediction of first grade school achievment with the Bender-Gestalt test and human figure drawing. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 15, 164-168.
Koppitz, E.M. Mardis, V. & Stepheenson, T. (1961). A note on screening school beginners with the Bender-Gestalt test. Journal of Education! Psychology. 52, 80-81
Koppitz, E.M. (1962). The Bender-Gestalt test with human figure drawing test for young school children. Columbus, Ohio, Dept. of Education.
Koppitz, E.M. (1963).The Bender-Gestalt test for young children. New York Grune & Stratton.
Koppitz, E.M. (1975). The Bender-Gestalt test for young children, vol.11. Research and Application, 1963 - 1973, Now York; Grune & Stratton.
Lachman, F.M.(1960). Perceptual - motor development in children retarded in reading ability. Journal of Consulting psychology. 24, 427-431.
Lacks, P, & Newport, K (1980). A comparision of scoring systems and level of scorer experience on the Bender-Gestalt test. Journal of Personality Assessment. 44, 351-357.
Lee.J.M. and Clark. W.W.(1951). Lee-Clark Bender - Reading test. Los Angeles California Test Burean.
Luria, A.R. (1973). The working brain. New York: Basic Books.
Luria, AR. (1982). Language and cognition. New York: John Wiley.
Masely, D.A. (1970). Performance of deprived children the Bender-Gestalt test, Disseration Abstracts International, 30,8(A) 33-29.
Miller, L,G, Leowen Feud, R, and Turner, J.(1963). Reliability of Koppitz scoring system for the Bender-Gestalt , Journal of Clinical Psychology.
19:2111.
Pascal, G. and suttel. (1951). The Bender-Gestalt test.New York: Grune & Stratton.
Pauker, J.D. (1976). A quick-scoring system for The Bender-Gestalt:
Interrater reliabilily and scoring validity. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 32,
86-89.
Smith. L. and Keogh. (1961). Group technique and proposed scoring system for the Bender-Gestalt test with children. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 17,
172-172.
Smith. G and Keogh. B. (1962). The groupe Bender-Gestalt as a reading readiness screening instrument. Perceptual Motor - Skills, 639 - 645.
Vygotsky, L.S. (1962). Thought and language. Cambridge, M.AMIT Press.
Wertheimer, W. (1923). Studies in the theory of Gestalt psychologische for schung. 4, 301-350.
Zuelzer, M.B Sledman. J.M. (1976). Koppitz Bender-Gestalt scores in first grade children as related to ethno -cultural background, socioeconomic, class and sex factor. Journal of Counsulting and Clinical Psychology.
44,5,875.
)