دست‌آوردهای روان‌شناختی

شماره جاری

بر اساس شماره‌های نشریه

بر اساس نویسندگان

بر اساس موضوعات

نمایه نویسندگان

نمایه کلیدواژه ها

درباره نشریه

اهداف و چشم انداز

اعضای هیات تحریریه

اصول اخلاقی انتشار مقاله

بانک ها و نمایه نامه ها

پیوندهای مفید

پرسش‌های متداول

فرایند پذیرش مقالات

اطلاعات آماری نشریه

اخبار و اعلانات

راهنمایی مقالات به زبان انگلیسی

فرم های نشریه

راهنمای تهیه مقاله

راهنمای دریافت گزارش همانندجویی

راهنمای دریافت کد (ORCID)

پیش‌بینی اختلال اضطراب فراگیر بر اساس سبک‌های دلبستگی با واسطه‌گری طرحواره‌های ناسازگار اولیه در نوجوانان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، روان‌شناسی بالینی، دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران

2 دانشیار، گروه آموزشی روان‌شناسی دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران

3 استادیار، گروه آموزشی مشاوره و راهنمایی دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران

چکیده

اختلال اضطراب فراگیر جزء شایع‌ترین اختلالات روان‌شناختی در ﻣﻴﺎن ﻛﻮدﻛﺎن و نوجوانان محسوب می‌شود که عمدتاً با اضطراب نسبت به عملکرد و رویدادهای روزانه مشخص می‌شود. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی پیش‌بینی اختلال اضطراب فراگیر براساس سبک‌های دلبستگی با واسطه‌گری طرحواره‌های ناسازگار اولیه انجام شد. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل دانش‌آموزان مقاطع مختلف دبیرستان سنین بین 18-13 ساله ساکن استان تهران در سال تحصیلی 1399-1398 بودند، که با روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی ساده، 297 نفر از آنها انتخاب شدند. برای جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از پرسشنامه‌های نگرانی پنسیلوانیا (PSWQ)، مقیاس بازنگری‌شده سبک دلبستگی بزرگسالان (RAAS) و نسخه کوتاه طرحواره یانگ (YSQ-SF) استفاده شد. داده‌ها با استفاده از الگویابی معادلات ساختاری و در نرم‌افزارهای SPSS و AMOS ویراست 24 تحلیل شد. نتایج نشان داد که مسیر مستقیم دلبستگی ایمن و دلبستگی اجتنابی با اختلال اضطراب فراگیر منفی و معنی‌دار است (01/0p<) و سبک دلبستگی دوسوگرا ارتباط معنی‌داری با اختلال اضطراب فراگیر نداشت. همچنین نتایج تحلیل بوت‌استراپ نشان داد طرحواره‌های ناسازگار اولیه فقط اثر سبک‌های دلبستگی ایمن و اجتنابی را بر اضطراب فراگیر میانجی‌گری می‌کند و در رابطه بین سبک دلبستگی دوسوگرا، طرحواره‌های ناسازگار اولیه نقش میانجی ندارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Prediction of Generalized Anxiety Disorder based on Attachment Styles by Mediating Early Maladaptive Schemas in Adolescents

نویسندگان [English]

  • zahra ebrahimi 1
  • Shahrokh Makvand Hoseini 2
  • Seyed Mosa Tabatabaee 3

1 Master student of Psychology, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.

2 Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.

3 department of cognitive sciences, faculty of psychology and educational sciences, Semnan university,

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Adolescence is considered an important period of life that is accompanied by considerable biological and psychological changes that may lead to anxiety disorders in some cases. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) as one of the most prevalent psychological disorders among adolescents is mainly characterized by heightened levels of anxiety that interferes with performance during life. Clinicians warn that untreated GAD can be harmful and may shift to a more severe disorder such as major depression disorder. Therefore, identifying underlying factors and concomitants of the disease seems pivotal. This study aimed to investigate the prediction of generalized anxiety disorder based on 3 attachment styles as well as examine the mediated role of maladaptive schemas.
 
Method
The statistical population of the study included students of different levels of high school, ages 13-18 years living in Tehran province, in the autumn and winter of the academic year of 2019 – 2020, from which 297 students were selected by a simple random sampling method. The Pennsylvania Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS), and Young’s Schema Questionnaire-short form (YSQ-SF) were used for data collection. A statistical analysis of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was performed using the SPSS-16 software.
Results
A negative and significant (P<0/01) direct effect was observed for secure attachment and avoidant attachment styles, while no significant direct effects were found for ambivalent attachment style relationship to generalized anxiety disorder. Also, the early maladaptive schemas could significantly mediate the secure attachment style and avoidant attachment style relationship to generalized anxiety disorder, while no mediating role was detected for the ambivalent attachment style. A Bootstrapping analysis also confirmed this finding. All 5 categories of maladaptive attachment schemas significantly were correlated to GAD symptoms.
 
Conclusion
Based on the findings of the present study, it could be concluded that increased measures of secure and avoidant attachment styles in adolescents are associated with decreased levels of GAD symptoms. Increase indices in each of the 5 categories of maladaptive schemas (The 18 early maladaptive schemas are classified into 5 main areas: Disconnection/Rejection, Impaired Autonomy, and Performance, Other-Directedness, Hypervigilance/ Inhibition, Impaired Limits) are associated with increased GAD severity, so the relationship is significant. Also, early maladaptive schemas could mediate the relationship between secure and avoidant attachment styles with generalized anxiety disorder in adolescents. According to the results of this study, careful consideration of attachment styles and early maladaptive schemas to prevent generalized anxiety disorder in adolescents is recommended.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Adolescents
  • Attachment Styles
  • Early Maladaptive Schemas
  • Generalized Anxiety
مراجع
Aber, A., & Mousavi, M. (2020). Predicting mood and anxiety symptoms based on revised adult attachment, dysfunctional attitude, and life orientation. Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 62(5), 632-641. [Persian]
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. N. (2015). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. London, Psychology Press.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed. London, England, Washington, DC.
Asadzadeh, N., Makvandi, B., Askari, P., Pasha, R., & Naderi, F. (2019). The effectiveness of reality therapy on social adjustment, psychological well-being and self-criticism of generalized anxiety disorder referring to Ahvaz psychological clinics. Journal of Psychological Achievements, 26(2), 159-178. [Persian]
Bayrami, M., & Keshavarzi, S. (2015). Prediction of homesickness changes from attachment styles and peer relationship. Journal of Psychological Achievements, 22(2), 137-152. [Persian]
Besharat, M. A., Mohammadi Hasel, K., Nikfarjam, M. R., Zabihzadeh, A., & Fallah, M. H. (2012). A comparison of attachment styles in individuals with depression, anxiety disorders, and those without these disorders. Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(35), 227-236. [Persian]
Besharat, M. A., Hedayati, M., & Kordmirza Nikuzadeh, E. (2013). Mediating role of interpersonal problems in the relationship between attachment pathologies and anxiety symptoms. Journal of Developmental Psychology, 10(39), 236-225.  [Persian]
Bidari, F., Amirfakhraei, A., Zarei, E., & Keramati, K. (2021). Effectiveness of schema therapy on the irrational beliefs and emotional self-regulation of the women with marital conflict with early maladaptive schemata. Journal of Psychological Achievements, 28(2), 241-264. [Persian]
Borjali, M., Madbeigi, Z., & Gholshani, F. (2017). The relationship between early maladaptive schemas, maternal attachment styles, and anxiety disorders in children. Journal of Family and Research, 14(2), 31-48. [Persian]
Brown, T. A., Antony, M. M., & Barlow, D. H. (1992). Psychometric properties of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire in a clinical anxiety disorders sample. Journal of Behavior Research and Therapy, 30(1), 33-37.
Chorpita, B. F., Tracey, S. A., Brown, T. A., Collica, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (1997). Assessment of worry in children and adolescents: An adaptation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Journal of Behavior Research and Therapy, 35(6), 569-581.
Collins, N. L., & Read, S. J. (1990). Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 644-663.
Davey, G. C., & Wells, A. (2006). Worry and its psychological disorders: Theory, assessment and treatment. United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons.
Dehshiri, G. R., Golzari, M., Borjali, A., & Sohrabi, F. (2010). Psychometrics particularity of Farsi Version of Pennsylvania State Worry Questionnaire for college students. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1(4), 67-75. [Persian]
Demirci, O. O., Ates, B., Sagaltici, E., Ocak, Z. G., & Altunay, I. K. (2020). Association of the attachment styles with depression, anxiety, and quality of life in patients with psoriasis. Journal of Dermatologica Sinica, 38(2), 81-87.
D’Souza, C.G. (2019). The Role of Early Maladaptive Schemas in the Development of Depression, Anxiety and Academic Burnout. Psychology Theses. https://scholarworks.uaeu.ac.ae/psych_theses/2
Essau, C. A., Conradt, J., & Petermann, F. (2000). Frequency, comorbidity, and psychosocial impairment of anxiety disorders in German adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 14(3), 263-279.
Esmaili, M., Moradi, A., & Tavallai, A. (2011). The diagnostic role of autobiographical memory, attachment and identity in the patients with the post-traumatic stress and generalized anxiety disorders. Journal of Research in Psychological Health, 7(3), 66-76. [Persian]
Farhadi, M., Mohagheghi, H., & Moghadam, B. N. (2020). The relationship between attachment styles and student interpersonal problems: The role of mediating emotional intelligence. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences, 27(1), 73-84. [Persian]
Ghaderi, B., Mohammadkhani, S., & Hassanabadi, H. R. (2016). Cognitive and metacognitive predictors of anxiety in adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 7(4), 13-26. [Persian]
 Hatami, M., & Omidbeygi, M. (2015). Relationship between attachment styles and emotional schemes in adolescents deprived of parental. Journal of Psychological Science, 14(55), 342-357. [Persian]
Hosseinpour, N., Mirzahossein, H., Zarghami Hajebi, M., & Monirpour, N. (2018). Investigating the effect of safe attachment stimulation in the level of subconscious in reducing the disturbing memories in students with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Psychological Science, 17(70), 729-734. [Persian]
Holt, S. L. (2013). Childhood maltreatment as a predictor of subsequent interpersonal problems in young adult relationships: The mediating role of maladaptive schemas. (Doctoral dissertation). Bowling Green State University.
Intrieri, R. C., & Margentina, S. J. (2019). Attachment and its relationship to anxiety sensitivity. Journal of Current Psychology, 38(1), 213-227.
Khormaei, F., & Zarei Manoujan, N. (2017). The relation between girls and boys from the perspective of adolescent girls: A qualitative study. Biannual Journal of Applied Counseling, 6(2), 89-106. [Persian]
Lam, L. T., Rai, A., & Lam, M. K. (2019). Attachment problems in childhood and the development of anxiety in adolescents: A systematic review of longitudinal and prospective studies. Journal of Mental Health & Prevention, 14, 100154.
Leahy, R. L., Tirch, D., & Napolitano, L. A. (2011). Emotion regulation in psychotherapy: A practitioner's guide. New York, Guilford press.
Linares, L., Jauregui, P., Herrero-Fernández, D., & Estévez, A. (2016). Mediating role of mindfulness as a trait between attachment styles and depressive symptoms. Journal of Psychology, 150(7), 1-16.
Lotfi, R., Donyavi, V., & Khosravi, Z. (2007). Comparison of early maladaptive schemas between personality disorder (cluster B) and normal subjects. Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research, 5(2), 1261-1266. [Persian]
Machado, J., Bruno, J., Rotonda, C., Siles, J., Steinmetz, T., Zambelli, C., & Tarquinio, C. (2020). Partner attachment and the development of traumatic and anxious-depressive symptoms among university students. Journal of Sexologies, 29(1), 19-26.
Mammad, K., Ahami, A., Azzaoui, F. Z., Boulbaroud, S., Idrissi, W., Karjouh, K., & Fofana, L. (2017). Diagnosis of anxiety disorders in university students through the early maladaptive schemas and Beck’s inventory. Journal of Psychology, 8(13), 2114-2125.
Obeid, S., Haddad, C., Akel, M., Fares, K., Salameh, P., & Hallit, S. (2019). Factors associated with the adults' attachment styles in Lebanon: The role of alexithymia, depression, anxiety, stress, burnout, and emotional intelligence. Journal of Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 55(4), 607-617.
Pajouhinia, Sh., Faraji, R., & Fatemi Ardestani, MH. (2014). Relationship between attachment styles to somatization and anxiety. Journal of the Neuroscience of Shefaye Khatam, 2(4), 1-8. [Persian]
Saggino, A., Balsamo, M., Carlucci, L., Cavalletti, V., Sergi, M. R., da Fermo, G., & Tommasi, M. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Italian version of the young schema questionnaire L-3: Preliminary results. Journal of Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1-13.
Sarvghad, S., Rezaei, A., & Irani, F. (2012).  Relationship of attachment style and personality traits to anxiety. Journal of Woman & Society, 3(10), 117-136. [Persian]
Shelemy, L., Harvey, K., & Waite, P. (2020). Meta-analysis and systematic review of teacher-delivered mental health interventions for internalizing disorders in adolescents. Journal of Mental Health & Prevention, 19, 182-200.
Showraki, M., Showraki, T., & Brown, K. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder: Revisited. Journal of Psychiatric Quarterly, 91(3), 905-914.
Staniaszek, K., & Popiel, A. (2018). Development and validation of the Polish experimental short version of the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-ES-PL) for the assessment of early maladaptive schemas. Journal of Annals of Psychology, 20(2), 401-427.
Taylor, R. J. (2002). Family unification with reactive attachment disorder children: A brief treatment. Journal of Contemporary Family Therapy, 24(3), 475-481.
Urban, J. R. (2020). Attachment theory and its relationship with anxiety. Journal of The Kabod, 6(2),1-12
Wang, C. E., Halvorsen, M., Eisemann, M., & Waterloo, K. (2010). Stability of dysfunctional attitudes and early maladaptive schemas: A 9-year follow-up study of clinically depressed subjects. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41(4), 389-396.
Yasaei, M. (2020). Child development and personality. Tehran: Markaz Publications. [Persian]
Yoosofnejad Shirvani, M., & Peyvastegar, M. (2011). The relationship between life satisfaction and early maladaptive schemas in university students. Journal of Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology, 12(44), 55-65. [Persian]
Zhang, D. H., & He, H. L. (2010). Personality traits and life satisfaction: A Chinese case study. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 38(8), 1119-1123.
دست‌آوردهای روان‌شناختی
دوره 30، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 30
مهر 1402
صفحه 121-138
فایل ها
سابقه مقاله
  • تاریخ دریافت: 31 مرداد 1400
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 28 فروردین 1401
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 16 مرداد 1401
هم رسانی
ارجاع به این مقاله
آمار