نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکترا مدیریت آموزشی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران.

2 استاد علوم تربیتی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران.

10.22055/psy.2022.42048.2912

چکیده

پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی اثر رهبری سمی مدیران بر ایجاد ترومای سازمانی با توجه به نقش واسطه‌ای بدبینی سازمانی انجام گرفت. روش این پژوهش توصیفی-همبستگی بود. اعضای جامعه پژوهش شامل تمامی دبیران مدارس متوسطه اول و دوم استان خوزستان در سال 1399 به تعداد 16750 نفر بود که از این جامعه بر مبنای فرمول کوکران نمونه‌ای به حجم 407 نفر با روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی طبقه‌ای انتخاب شدند. شرکت‌کنندگان در پژوهش، پرسشنامه‌های رهبری سمی Schmidt، ترومای سازمانی Vivian and Hormann و بدبینی سازمانیDean et al.  را تکمیل نمودند. جهت تحلیل داده‌ها از روش تحلیل مسیر با استفاده از نرم‌افزارAMOS  و SPSS ویراست 22 استفاده شد. نتایج نشان دادند که الگوی پیشنهادی پژوهش از برازش خوبی با داده‌ها برخوردار است. یافته‌ها حاکی از آن بود که اثر مستقیم رهبری‌ سمی ‌مدیران بر ترومای سازمانی و بدبینی سازمانی مثبت و معنی‌دار است (05/0 < p). علاوه بر آن، اثر مستقیم بدبینی سازمانی به ترومای سازمانی نیز مثبت و معنی‌دار بود (05/0< p). نتایج مسیرهای غیرمستقیم نشان داد که رهبری‌ سمی مدیران از طریق بدبینی سازمانی بر ترومای سازمانی مدارس اثر مثبت و معنی‌دار دارد. لذا بسیار مهم است که مدیران مدارس رویکرد مدیریت عادلانه‌ای را اتخاذ کنند تا دبیران نگرش و رفتاری را در چارچوب بدبینی سازمانی از خود نشان ندهند و از بروز رفتارهای مخربی که سلامت روانی کارکنان را به خطر می‌اندازند، جلوگیری شود. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Toxic Leadership of Managers on the Creation of Organizational Trauma: The Mediating Role of Organizational Cynicism in First and Second Secondary Schools’ Teachers in Khuzestan Province

نویسندگان [English]

  • Esmail Rahmani 1
  • Siroos ghanbari 2

1 Ph.D. Student in Educational Management, Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.

2 Professor, Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Toxic leadership is a style of leadership in which leaders, due to their negative behavior and detrimental personal characteristics, inflict long-lasting and serious harm directly on their followers and indirectly on their organizations. The interpersonal style of the leader, thus, has implications for formulating the organizational culture, both when it is positive and when it is negative (Mehta & Maheshwari, 2014). Trauma after a life-threatening event can lead to exhaustion and serious damage to an individual's ability to interact positively with others in the organizational community. Toxic leader behaviors and toxic interactions can lead to physical, mental, and emotional exhaustion. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of toxic leadership by managers on the creation of organizational trauma with regard to the mediating role of organizational pessimism.
 
Method
This correlational study was applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of implementation. The study population was all first and second secondary schools teachers in Khuzestan province in 2020 (N = 16750). Cochran's formula was used to determine the sample size (alpha= 0.048; error value= 0.05 and P & O ratio = 0.5). Therefore, the sample size was 407. The questionnaires were used to collect data Schmidt Toxic Leadership Questionnaire (2008), Dean et al. Organizational Cynicism Questionnaire (1998), and Vivian and Hormann Organizational Trauma Questionnaire (2015).
 
Results
Toxic leadership by managers had a positive and significant effect (0.81) on organizational cynicism at the level of P <0.05. Toxic leadership by Principals had a positive and significant effect (0.16) on school organizational trauma at the level of P <0.05. Organizational Cynicism had a positive and significant effect (0.79) on school organizational trauma at the level of P <0.05. Toxic leadership by Principals due to Organizational Cynicism had an indirect, positive and significant effect (0.63) on school organizational trauma at the level of P <0.05.
 
Discussion
Toxic leaders exhibit highly destructive behaviors and some dysfunctional personal characteristics. Through poisoning, these behaviors and personality traits cause serious and lasting damage to their followers and organizations. And with selfish behaviors, harming others and reinforcing and pursuing personal goals, willingly or unwillingly, will also have negative effects. Considering that Toxic leadership has a direct and positive effect on the creation of organizational trauma in schools, in the meantime, teachers' cynicism and mistrust will intensify this relationship and create a school where everyone is hopeless and mistrustful of each other, and trauma and Lack of organizational health will prevail in the whole school. It is very important for school administrators to adopt a fair management approach so that teachers do not show attitudes and behaviors in the framework of organizational pessimism. Also, correcting the non-functional behaviors of managers as behavioral patterns in schools can prevent the occurrence of destructive behaviors that endanger the mental health of employees.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Organizational cynicism
  • Organizational trauma
  • Toxic leadership
Abdollahi Godollo, R., & Seyed Ameri, M. H. (2020). The relationship between organizational anti-citizenship behavior, organizational laziness, & organizational trauma on the work conscientiousness of physical education teachers with the mediating role of organizational cynicism. Scientific Journal of Organizational Behavior Management in Sport Studies, 7(3), 59-76.‏ https://www.doi.org/10.30473/fmss.2020.52170.2102 [Persian]
Alanezi, A. (2022). Toxic leadership behaviours of school principals: A qualitative study. Educational Studies, 1-15.‏ http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2022.2059343
Alex&er, B. N., Greenbaum, B. E., Shani, A. B., Mitki, Y., & Horesh, A. (2021). Organizational posttraumatic growth: Thriving after adversity. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 57(1), 30-56. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886320931119
Ardalan, M. A., AbdolMaleki, J., & Heidari, N. (2020). The relationship between Ethical Leadership with teachers’ organizational citizenship behavior: Mediating role of teachers' social capital. Journal of School Administration, 8(4), 133-160. https://doi.org/https://jsa.uok.ac.ir/article_61358.html [Persian]
Aslan, S., & Eren, S. (2014). The effect of cynicism & the organizational cynicism on alienation. The clute institute international Academic Conference, Munich, Germany. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289504971_The_Effect_of_Cynicism_and_The_Organizational_Cynicism_on_Alienation
Badri, R., Mahdavi, A., Zarrabi, M. T., (2013). Motivation Profiles and School-Burnout: A Person-Oriented Analysis. Psychological Achievements, 19(2), 45-62. https://psychac.scu.ac.ir/article_11744.html [Persian]
Bayat Mokhtari, M., & Mirzaei, V. (2022). Investigating the relationship between organizational pessimism and organizational commitment with the mediating role of quality of work life. Police Organizational Development, 18(80), 65-94. https://www.magiran.com/paper/2451876/ [Persian]
Beit Mashal, B., Arshadi, N., Heidari, A., & Asgari, P. (2021). Designing & testing a model of some consequences of job burnout. Psychological Achievements, 28(1), 153-176. https://www.doi.org/10.22055/psy.2021.32786.2501 [Persian]
Darfesh, H., Jahanifar, M., & Mojtahedi, G A. (2022). The Role Perception of Organizational Justice on Job Satisfaction and Social Health of Secondary School Teachers in Behbahan. Psychological Achievements, 29(1), 37-56. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.22286144.1401.29.1.3.9 [Persian]
Dean, J. W., Brandes, P., & Dharwadkar, R. (1998). Organizational cynicism. Academy of Management Review, 23, 341-353. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1998.533230
Dehghanan, H., Shakeri, E., & Azarirad, S. (2020). Investigating the relationship between poor volunteers’ fit with their organization & intention to quit with emphasis on the role of burnout, spirituality & narcissism. Public Administration Perspaective, 11(2), 149-176. https://www.doi.org/10.29252/jpap.2020.96865 [Persian]
Dehghani Soltani, M., Mesbahi, M., & Mirzasadeghi, N. (2020). Studying the effect of toxic leadership on organizational trauma: The intermediating role of hypocrisy & machiavellian behaviors. Journal of Human Resource Management, 10(3), 159-184.‏ https://doi.org/10.22034/jhrs.2020.236600.1441 [Persian]
Dobbs, J. M., & Do, J. J. (2019). The impact of perceived toxic leadership on cynicism in officer c&idates. Armed Forces & Society, 45(1), 3-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X17747204
Ebrahimi S. A., Bagheri, H., Eynali, M., & Baki Hashemi, S. M. (2019). The role of organizational trauma on silence & organizational cynicism in a health service provider center. Khatam Healing, 7(3), 50-60. http://shefayekhatam.ir/article-1-1944-fa.html [Persian]
Eidi Pour, K., Yosefy, B., Zardoshtian, S., & Eydi, H. (2020). Effect of toxic leadership style on organizational cynicism & job alienation of staff in the sports & youth ministry of iran with a mediating role of machiavellianism. Sport Management Studies, 12(59), 135-152. https://doi.org/10.22089/smrj.2018.5378.2060 [Persian]
Faruk, L., & Sitar, K. (2016). Examining the organizational cynicism among teachers at schools: A mixed methods study. Educational Research & Reviews, 11(21), 2009-2020.‏ http://www.academicjournals.org/ERR
Ghanbari, S., & Majooni, H. (2021). The role of destructive leadership in burnout mediated by organizational justice & procrastination. Strategic Research on Social Problems in Iran, 10(3), 69-98. https://doi.org/10.22108/srspi.2021.130961.1738 [Persian]
Hadoinejad, M., & Raushi, S. (2017). The toxic climate of organization: conceptualization & measurement. Management Studies in Development & Evolution, 25(82), 61-80. https://www.sid.ir/paper/202833/fa [Persian]
Hannah, S. T., Avolio, B. J., & May, D. R. (2011). Moral maturation & moral conation: A capacity approach to explaining moral thought & action. The Academy of Management Review, 36(4), 663-685. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2010.0128
Heppell, T. (2011). Toxic leadership: Appling the Lipman-Blumen model to political leadership. Representation, 3, 241-249. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2011.596422
Inandi, Y., & Gilic, F. (2021). The relationship between school administrators’ leadership styles & organisational cynicism from teachers’ perspectives. South African Journal of Education, 41(1), 1-2-12. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350162775_The_relationship_between_school_administrators%27_leadership_styles_and_organisational_cynicism_from_teachers%27_perspectives
Jafari, S., Aminbeidokhti, A., & Ghasemian Dastjerdi, Z. (2019). The role of managers’ professional leadership in students’ competency development by mediating trust & collaboration between teachers & professionalization of teachers. Journal of Educational Scinces, 26(1), 77-96. https://www.sid.ir/paper/186713/fa [Persian]
Karacaoğlu, K., & İnce, F. (2012). Reliability & validity of the Turkish version of Br&es, Dharwadkar, & Dean’s (1999) Organizational Cynicism Scale: the case of organized industrial zone, Kayseri. Business & Economics Research Journal, 3(3), 71-77.‏ https://ideas.repec.org/a/ris/buecrj/0093.html
Kilic, M., & Gunsel, A. (2019). The dark side of the leadership: The effects of toxic leaders on employees. European Journal of Social Sciences, 2(2), 51-56.‏ https://doi.org/10.26417/ejss-2019.v2i2-64
Mahlangu, V. P. (2020). Understanding toxic leadership in higher education work places through betrayal trauma theory. BCES Conference Books, 18, 115-121.  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341792669_Understanding_Toxic_Leadership_in_Higher_Education_Work_Places_through_Betrayal_Trauma_Theory
Maleki Minbashrazgah, M., R., A., Eynali, M., & Bagheri garbollagh, H. (2021). Reflection on the role of organizational trauma on organizational cynicism with the moderating role of psychological capital (case study: Staff of Semnan university). Culture in Islamic University, 11(38), 117-136. https://www.doi.org/10.22034/ciu.2021.1058 [Persian]
Maxwell, S. M. (2015). An exploration of human Resource personal & toxic leadership. Doctoral Dissertation, Walden University. https://www.proquest.com/openview/a2eb6db0e5af39b85b303c0af3d27e8f/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750
Mirzaei, V., Rahimnia, F., Mortazavi, S., & Shirazi, A. (2018). Organizational cynicism of the nurses: a phenomenological study. Journal of Qualitative Research in Health Sciences, 7(1), 88-102. https://profdoc.um.ac.ir/paper-abstract-1061892.html [Persian]
Moghaddam, A., & Mahmoudi Meym&, M. (2018). The effect of organizational cynicism on tendency to deviant behaviours; the moderating role leadership style. Management Studies in Development & Evolution, 27(89), 73-89. https://doi.org/10.22054/jmsd.2018.26185.2479 [Persian]
Mushtaq, W., Qammar, A., & Shafique, I. (2021). Effect of cyberbullying on employee creativity: Examining the roles of family social support & job burnout. Foresight, 24(5), 596-609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/FS-01-2021-0018
Nelson, D. L., & Quick, J. C. (2013). Organizational behavior: Science, the real world, & you. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Cengage learning.‏ https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1130282272898673280
Niazi, Y. (2023). Disappointing behavior in the organization. The second international conference on management, psychology and accounting. Tehran. https://www.sid.ir/paper/1066658/fa#downloadbottom [Persian]
Ortega, A. C. (2019). Academic Libraries and Toxic Leadership. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of San Diego,  issertations. https://doi.org/10.22371/05.2019.001
Ozler, D. E., & Atalay, C. G. (2011). A research to determine the relationship between organizational cynicism & burnout levels of employees in health sector. Business & Management Review1(4), 26-38.‏ https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-RESEARCH-TO-DETERMINE-THE-RELATIONSHIP-BETWEEN-OF-%C3%96zler-Atalay/d5062647e8b7c31ae54ccd8db958fca6bfbc2477
Pena, I. A., Roussel, Y., Daniel, K., Mongeon, K., Johnstone, D., Weinschutz Mendes, H.,  & MacKenzie A. (2017). Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy in zebrafish caused by aldh7a1 deficiency. Genetics, 207(4), 1501-1518. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.117.300137
Pfrombeck, J., Doden, W., Grote, G., & Feierabend, A. (2020). A study of organizational cynicism & how it is affected by social exchange relationships at work. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology93(3), 578-604.‏ https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12306
Qian, Y. (2007). Do national patent laws stimulate domestic innovation in a global patenting environment? A cross-country analysis of pharmaceutical patent protection, 1978–2002. The Review of Economics & Statistics89(3), 436-453.‏ https://econpapers.repec.org/article/tprrestat/v_3a89_3ay_3a2007_3ai_3a3_3ap_3a436-453.htm
Rahmani, A. & Ghanbari S. (2023). The Effect of Toxic Leadership on Organizational Trauma Mediated by Teachers Emotional Exhaustion, among High School Teachers in Khuzestan Province. Journal of Educational Sciences, 30(1), 39-60. https://doi.org/10.22055/edus.2022.39374.3313 [Persian]
Rahmani, A. & Ghanbari S. (2022). The Role of Toxic Leadership in Organizational Trauma mediated by Hypocritical Behavior. Journal of Research in Educational Systems, 16(58), 20-34. https://doi.org/10.22034/jiera.2022.167788 [Persian]
Schmidt, A. A. (2008). Development and validation of the toxic leadership scale. United States: University of Maryland, College Park.‏ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277186751_Development_and_Validation_of_the_Toxic_Leadership_Scale
Sepahund, R., Momenimofrad, M., & Saedi, A. (2020). Identifying & prioritizing the factors affecting organizational trauma using delphi fuzzi approach. Transformation Management Journal, 12(1), 251-272. https://doi.org/10.22067/pmt.v12i1.75971 [Persian]
Shokoh, Z., & Nikpour, A. (2019). Investigating the impact of toxic leadership on work engagement in governmental organizations. Management Researches, 12(44), 133-154. https://doi.org/10.22111/jmr.2019.30307.4621 [Persian]
Sprang, G., Miech, E. J., & Gusler, S. (2023). The role of secondary traumatic stress breakthrough champions in reducing worker trauma and improving organizational health using a configurational analysis approach. Implementation Research and Practice, 4. https://doi.org/10.1177/26334895231164582
Simin, A., Naami, A., Arshadi, N., & Hashemi, S. (2020). Designing & testing a model of precedents & outcomes of proactive coping skills in National Iranian Drilling Company (NIDC). Psychological Achievements, 27(2), 193-210. https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2020.32138.2473 [Persian]
Tatari, M., Bahrami, Sh., Khademi, M,. & Sabzi, A, H. (2019). Presenting pattern for effect of organizational pessimism and political behavior on organizational health of the staff of the ministry of sports and youth. Applied Research of Sport Management, 8(2), 89-100. https://doi.org/10.30473/arsm.2019.35141.2493 [Persian]
Turhan, M., & Erol, Y. C. (2020). Oğretmen görüşlerine göre eğitim örgütlerinde kronizm, sessizlik ve sinizm arasındaki ilişki. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 35(4), 874-886.‏ https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/hunefd/issue/57647/818901
Vivian, P., & Hormann, S. (2015). Persistent traumatization in nonprofit organizations. OD Practitioner, 47(1), 25-30. file:///C:/Users/THIS%20PC/Downloads/Persistent%20Traumatization-1.pdf
Williams, K. R. (2018). Toxic leadership in defense & federal workplaces: sabotaging the mission & innovation. International Journal of Public Leadership, 14(3), 179-198. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJPL-04-2018-0023/full/html
Winn, G. L., & Dykes, A. C. (2019). Identifying toxic leadership & building worker resilience. Professional Safety Journal, 64(3), 37-45.
Yıldırım, İ. (2022). What is the role of organizational cynicism in school effectiveness? SAGE Open, 12(3), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221111102
Yusif, A. N. (2019). Followers coping with stress in toxic leader-follower dyadic relationships: A realist synthesis. Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland University College.‏ https://www.proquest.com/openview/6b1ca2880224b69b357b26049866e134/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
Zare, F., & Sepahv&, R. (2019). Examination of the role of toxic leadership style on organizational trauma by considering the role of mediator of organizational silence. Journal of New Approaches in Educational Administration, 10(37), 189-216. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.20086369.1398.10.37.9.3 [Persian]