رابطه عوامل روان‌شناختی با زورگویی سایبری در دانش‌آموزان: نقش واسطه‌ای استفاده مشکل‌آفرین از اینترنت

ابراهیمی, سارا; لکی, زینب

doi:10.22055/psy.2022.40330.2816

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

¹ عضو هیئت علمی سازمان پژوهش و برنامه‌ریزی آموزشی

² دکتری حقوق کیفری و جرم‌شناسی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.40330.2816

چکیده

پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی نقش واسطه‌ای استفاده مشکل‌آفرین از اینترنت در رابطه بین ارتکاب زورگویی سایبری و عوامل روان‌شناختی انجام شد. روش پژوهش حاضر توصیفی از نوع همبستگی بود. جامعه پژوهش شامل کلیه دانش‌آموزان پسر متوسطه شهر تهران در سال تحصیلی 1401-1400 بود که با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس 325 نفر از آن‌ها به عنوان نمونه پژوهش انتخاب شدند. برای جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از پرسشنامه تجربه زورگویی- قربانی سایبری، مقیاس غربالگری استفاده پرخطر و مشکل‌آفرین از اینترنت، مقیاس کوتاه افسردگی- شادی، مقیاس عزت‌نفس و مقیاس بازنگری‌شده پیوند اجتماعی استفاده شد. به‌منظور تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها از مدل‌یابی معادلات ساختاری استفاده شد. یافته‌ها نشان داد بین افسردگی با استفاده مشکل‌آفرین از اینترنت و زورگویی سایبری رابطه مثبت و معنی‌دار و مستقیم، بین عزت‌نفس با استفاده مشکل‌آفرین از اینترنت رابطه منفی و غیرمعنی‌دار و با زورگویی سایبری رابطه منفی و معنی‌دار و مستقیم، بین پیوند اجتماعی با استفاده مشکل‌آفرین از اینترنت و زورگویی سایبری رابطه منفی و معنی‌دار و مستقیم و بین استفاده مشکل‌آفرین از اینترنت و زورگویی سایبری رابطه مثبت و معنی‌دار وجود دارد. اثر غیرمستقیم متغیرهای افسردگی و پیوند اجتماعی بر زورگویی سایبری از طریق استفاده مشکل‌آفرین از اینترنت، از نظر آماری معنی‌دار و اثر غیرمستقیم عزت‌نفس بر زورگویی سایبری از طریق استفاده مشکل‌آفرین از اینترنت، از نظر آماری معنی‌دار نبود. بر این اساس، عوامل روان‌شناختی هم به طور مستقیم و هم غیرمستقیم با واسطه استفاده مشکل‌آفرین از اینترنت با زورگویی سایبری رابطه دارند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

روان‌شناسی تربیتی

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Relationship between Psychological Factors and Cyberbullying in Students: The Mediating Role of Problematic Internet Use

نویسندگان [English]

Sara Ebrahimi ¹
Zeynab Laki ²

¹ Faculty Member of Organization for Educational Research and Planning (OERP)

² PhD in Criminal Law & Criminology, Shahid Beheshti University

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Despite its many benefits, the Internet can be a great way to express risky online behaviors during adolescence. Committing cyberbullying and problematic use of the Internet are among the potentially high-risk behaviors on the Internet. Problem behaviors in adolescence originate from permanent characteristics rather than from immediate, instantaneous characteristics. To understand these behaviors, it is necessary to focus on personality-related factors in addition to the perceived environment and behavioral systems. Considering the undeniable tendency of adolescents to excessive Internet use and the negative consequences resulting from this choice and the lack of empirical investigation of this issue in Iranian research, despite the importance of the relationship between problematic Internet use and psychological variables and cyberbullying, as well as contradictory findings on the significance of the relationship between some of these variables with the problematic Internet use and committing cyberbullying in past foreign studies, the present study aims to develop a structural model of the relationship between committing cyberbullying and psychological factors including social connectedness, self-esteem and depression among adolescent boy students through the problematic Internet use and to test the explanatory power of different models from the combination of some theoretical orientations through an assumed model, in order to provide more explanations about the relationships of the variables that were indicated in the past researches. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of problematic Internet use in the relationship between cyberbullying and psychological factors.

Method
The method of the present study was descriptive-correlational. The study population consisted of all boys’ high school students in Tehran in the academic year 1400-1401. The basis for choosing the sample size was the logic proposed by Kline (2010), that according to the free parameters of the assumed model and the possibility of dropping out of the participants, 325 people was selected as the research sample using the convenience method. To collect data, we used the Cyberbullying/ Victimization Experiences Questionnaire (Antoniadou, Kokkinos & Markos, 2016), Problematic and Risky Internet Use Screening Scale (Jelenchick, Eickhoff, Christakis, Brown, Zhang, Benson et al., 2014), Short Depression-Happiness Scale (Joseph, Linley, Harwood, Lewis & McCollam, 2004), Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965) & Revised Social Connectedness Scale (Lee & Robbins, 1998). The psychometric properties of all instruments were examined and confirmed. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling.
The inferential results showed that there is a positive, significant and direct relationship between depression and problematic Internet use and cyberbullying; negative & insignificant relationship between self-esteem with problematic Internet use, & negative, significant & direct relationship between self-esteem with cyberbullying; negative, significant and direct relationship between social connectedness with problematic Internet use and cyberbullying, & there is a positive and significant relationship between problematic Internet use with cyberbullying. Indirect effects of depression and social connectedness on cyberbullying through the problematic Internet use was statistically significant, and indirect effect of self-esteem was statistically insignificant. Accordingly, the indirect relationship between depression and social connectedness with cyberbullying through problematic Internet use was statistically significant, and the indirect relationship between self-esteem and cyberbullying through problematic Internet use was not statistically significant.

Discussion
The findings of the present study proposed relationships in understanding problematic and risky online behaviors among adolescents and highlighted the important influence of psychological characteristics on problematic online behaviors and cyberbullying among students, as well as supporting evidence for the problematic behavior theory in explaining risky online behaviors, and provided offline students. The results of the present study can be used in preventive interventions for students' participation in cyberbullying, academic counseling centers or school counseling to guide parents, teachers and students to raise awareness about psychological well-being through the use of the Internet.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

cyberbullying
problematic Internet use
depression
self-esteem
social connectedness

مراجع

Abela, J. R. Z., Aydin, C., & Auerbach, R. P. (2007). Responses to depression in children: Reconceptualizing the relation among response styles. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 913–927. DOI: 10.1007/s10802-007-9143-2

Aftab, R., Taghilu, S., & Karbala’i Mohammad Miguni, A. (2016). The structural model of relationship between borderline personality traits, interpersonal difficulties and internet addiction. Journal of Psychological Achievements, 23(2), 113-136. https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2017.12583 [Persian]

Ahn, D., & Shin, D. H. (2013). Is the social use of media for seeking connectedness or for avoiding social isolation? Mechanisms underlying media use and subjective well-being. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2453–2462. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.022

Ak, Ş., Özdemir, Y., & Kuzucu, Y. (2015). Cybervictimization & cyberbullying: The mediating role of anger, don’t anger me! Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 437–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.030

Alvarez-Garcia, D., Barreiro-Collazo, A., Núnez, J. C., & Dobarro, A. (2016). Validity & reliability of the Cyber-Aggression Questionnaire for Adolescents (CYBA). The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 8, 69-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpal.2016.02.003

Amichai-Hamburger, Y., & Ben-Artzi, E. (2003). Loneliness and internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 19(1), 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(02)00014-6

Andreassen, C. S., Pallesen, S., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). The relationship between addictive use of social media, narcissism, & self-esteem: Findings from a large national survey. Addictive Behaviors, 64, 287–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.03.006

Antoniadou, N., Kokkinos, C. M., & Markos, A. (2016). Development, construct validation and measurement invariance of the Greek cyber-bullying/victimization experiences questionnaire (CBVEQ-G). Computers in Human Behavior, 65, 380–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.08.032

Assady Gandomani, R., & Teymourzadeh, L. (2014). Examine the relationship between self-esteem and depression with satisfaction of body image in adolescent girls. Journal of Future Studies Management, 25, 13-21. https://sanad.iau.ir/en/Article/786318 [Persian]

Barnes, G. M., Hoffman, J. H., Welte, J. W., Farrell, M. P., & Dintcheff, B. A. (2006). Adolescents’ time use: Effects on substance use, delinquency and sexual activity. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 36, 697–710. DOI: 10.1007/s10964-006-9075-0

Basharpoor, S., & Zardi, B. (2019). Psychometric properties of Cyber Bullying/Victimization Experiences Questionnaire in students. Journal of School Psychology, 8(1), 43-57. DOI: 10.22098/jsp.2019.795 [Persian]

Branic, N. (2014). Routine activities theory. In W.G. Jennings (Ed), Encyclopedia of Crime & Punishment, Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118519639.wbecpx059

Brewer, G., & Kerslake, J. (2015). Cyberbullying, self-esteem, empathy, and loneliness. Computers in Human Behavior, 48, 255–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.073

Busseri, M. A., Willoughby, T., & Chalmers, H. (2007). A rationale and method for examining reasons for linkages among adolescent risk behaviors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36, 279-289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-006-9105-y

Campbell, M.A., Slee, P. T., Spears, B., Butler, D., & Kift, S. (2013). Do cyberbullies suffer too? Cyberbullies’ perceptions of the harm they cause to others and to their own mental health. School Psychology Internationa, 34(6), 613–629. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034313479698

Caplan, S. E. (2010). Theory and measurement of generalized problematic internet use: A two-step approach. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(5), 1089–1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.012

Casas, J.A., Del Rey, R., & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2013). Bullying & cyberbullying: convergent and divergent predictor variables. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 580–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.11.015

Chang, F. C., Chiu, C. H., Miao, N. F., Chen, P. H., Lee, C. M., Chiang, J. T., & Pan, Y. C. (2015). The relationship between parental mediation and internet addiction among adolescents, and the addociation with cyberbullying & depression. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 57, 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.11.013

Choi, T. K., Worley, M. J., Trim, R. S., Howard, D., Brown, S. A., Hopfer, C. J., et al. (2016). Effect of adolescent substance use and antisocial behavior on the development of early adulthood depression. Psychiatry Research, 238, 143–149. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.02.036

Çolak, T.S., & Doğan, U. (2016). Does the use of social media ensure social support & happiness? International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 8(4), 229–240. DOI: 10.15345/iojes.2016.04.018

Davoudi, I., Eshrati, T., Zargar, Y., & Sheikhshabani, E, H. (2014). A study of structural relations of some psychological risk and protective factors of addiction potential. Clinical Psychology & Personality, 12(22), 99-116. [Persian] 20.1001.1.23452188.1393.12.1.9.2

Dolev-Cohen, M., & Barak, A. (2013). Adolescents’ use of instant messaging as a means of emotional relief. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(1), 58–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.016

Fan, C. Y., Chu, X. W., Zhang, M., & Zhou, Z. K. (2016). Are narcissists more likely to be involved in cyberbullying? Examining the mediating role of self-esteem. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(15), 3127-3150. DOI: 10.1177/0886260516666531

Fontana, A., Antonietta Benzi, I. M., & Cipresso, P. (2022). Problematic internet use as a moderator between personality dimensions and internalizing and externalizing symptoms in adolescence. Current Psychology, 1, 1-10. DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02409-9

Gámez-Guadix, M, Orue, Izaskun, Smith, Peter, K., & Calvete, E. (2013). Longitudinal and reciprocal relations of cyberbullying with depression, substance use, and problematic internet use among adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(4), 446-452. DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.03.030

Gámez-Guadix, M., Borrajo, E., & Almendros, C. (2016). Risky online behaviors among adolescents: longitudinal relations among problematic internet use, cyberbullying perpetration, and meeting strangers online. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(1), 100–107. DOI: 10.1556/2006.5.2016.013

Griffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., & Demetrovics, Z. (2014). Social networking addiction: An overview of preliminary findings. In K. Rosenberg & L. Feder (Eds.), Behavioral addictions: criteria, evidence and treatment (119–141). New York: Elsevier. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-407724-9.00006-9

Hankin, B. L., Young, J. F., Abela, J. R., Smolen, A., Jenness, J. L., Gulley, L. D., et al. (2015). Depression from childhood into late adolescence: influence of gender, development, genetic susceptibility, and peer stress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124(4), 803–816. DOI: 10.1037/abn0000089

Jelenchick, L. A., Eickhoff, J., Christakis, D. A. Brown, R. L., Zhang, C., Benson, M., Moreno, A. (2014). The Problematic & Risky Internet Use Screening Scale for adolescents and young adults: Scale development & refinement. Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 171–178. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.035

Jessor, R. (1991). Risk behavior in adolescence: a psychosocial framework for understanding and action. Journal of Adolescent Health, 12(8), 597–605. DOI: 10.1016/1054-139x(91)90007-k

Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2021a). Empathy and offending, aggression, and bullying: Taking stock & moving forward. In D. Jolliffe & D. P. Farrington (Eds.), Empathy versus offending, aggression, and bullying: Advancing knowledge using the Basic Empathy scale (247–254). Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429287459

Jones, S., Johnson-Yale, C., Miller Maier, S., & Pérez, F. S. (2009). U.S. college students’ Internet use: Race, gender, and digital divides. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(2), 244–264. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01439.x

Jose, P. E., Ryan, N., & Pryor, J. (2012). Does social connectedness promote a greater sense of well-being in adolescence over time? Journal of Research on Adolescence, 22(2), 235–251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2012.00783.x

Joseph, S., Linley, P. A., Harwood, J., Lewis, C. A., & McCollam, P. (2004). Rapid assessment of well-being: The Short Depression-Happiness Scale (SDHS). Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 77(4), 463–478. https://doi.org/10.1348/1476083042555406

Kırcaburun, K. (2016). Self-esteem, daily internet use and social media addiction as predictors of depression among Turkish adolescents. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(24), 64–72. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307513046

Kırcaburun, K., & Baştug, I. (2016). Problematic internet use as the predictor of cyberbullying tendencies among adolescents. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 48, 385–396. DOI: 10.9761/JASSS3597

Kırcaburun, K., Kokkinos, C. M., Demetrovics, Z., Király, O., Griffiths, M., & Çolak, T. S. (2019). Problematic online behaviors among adolescents & emerging adults: Associations between cyberbullying perpetration, problematic social media use, and psychosocial factors. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 17, 891–908. DOI: 10.1007/s11469-018-9894-8

Kline, R. B. (2010). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: The Guilford Press. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9f61/4aefcc38de8aa425a190560055dff40fabed.pdf

Kokkinos, C. M., Antoniadou, N., & Jokos, A. (2014). Cyber-bullying: an investigation of the psychological profile of university student participants. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 35(3), 204–214. DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2014.04.001

Kopecký, K. (2014). Cyberbullying and other risks of internet communication focused on university students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 112, 260–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1163

Kowalski, R. M., Limber, S. E., Agatston, P. W. (2012). Cyberbullying: Bullying in the digital age, (2nd edn.). Malden, M A, Wiley-Blackwell. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=1931879

Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Social networking sites and addiction: ten lessons learned. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14, 311. doi: 10.3390/ijerph14030311

Lee, R. M., & Robbins, B. S. (1995). Measuring belongingness: the social connectedness & social assurance scales. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42(2), 232–241. DOI: 10.1037/0022-0167.42.2.232

Lee, R. M., & Robbins, S. B. (1998). The relationship between social connectedness & anxiety, self-esteem, and social identity. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 338–345. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.45.3.338

Lee, Z. H., & Chen, I. H. (2021). The association between problematic internet use, psychological distress, and sleep problems during COVID-19. Sleep Epidemiology, 1, 1-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.sleepe.2021.100005

Lynch, T. R., Hempel, R. J., & Dunkley, C. (2015). Radically open-dialectical behavior therapy for disorders of over-control: Signaling matters. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 69(2), 141-162. DOI: 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2015.69.2.141

Malone, G. P., Pillow, D. R., & Osman, A. (2012). The general belongingness scale: assessing achieved belongingness. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(3), 311–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.027

Meerkerk, G. J., van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M., Franken, I. H. A., & Garretsen, H. F. L. (2010). Is compulsive internet use related to sensitivity to reward and punishment, & impulsivity? Computers in Human Behavior, 26(4), 729-735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.01.009

Nakayama, H., Ueno, F., Mihara, S., Kitayuguchi, T., Higuchi, S. (2020). Relationship between problematic Internet use & age at initial weekly internet use. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 9(1), 129-139. doi: 10.1556/2006.2020.00009

O’Connor, K. L., Dolphin, L., Fitzgerald, A., & Dooley, B. (2016). Modeling problem behaviors in a nationally representative sample of adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 50, 5–15. DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.03.010

Orth, U., Robins, R. W., & Roberts, B. W. (2008). Low self-esteem prospectively predicts depression in adolescence and young adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(3), 695–708. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.95.3.695

Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2010). Cyberbullying and self-esteem. Journal of School Health, 80(12), 614–621. DOI: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2010.00548.x

Perrella, R., & Caviglia, G. (2017). Internet addiction, self-esteem, and relational patterns in adolescents. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 14(1), 82–87. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316597717

Radovic, A., Gmelin, T., Stein, B. D., & Miller, E. (2015). Depressed adolescents’ positive and negative use of social media. Journal of Adolescence, 55, 5–15. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.12.002

Rajabi, Gh., & Behlool, N. (2008). Assessing the reliability and validity of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale of first year students of Shahid Chamran University. Educational and Psychological Research, 3(2), 33-48. https://www.sid.ir/paper/227402/en [Persian]

Riglin, L., Thapar, A., Shelton, K. H., Langley, K., Frederickson, N., & Rice, F. (2016). Profiling depression in childhood and adolescence: the role of conduct problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(4), 481–490. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12465

Sevari, K., & Beshlideh, K. (2012). The simple and multiple relationships of shyness and loneliness with addiction to internet. Journal of Psychological Achievements, 19(2), 199-212. https://psychac.scu.ac.ir/article_11752.html?lang=en [Persian]

Shensa, A., Escobar-Viera, C.G., Sidani, J.E., Bowman, N.D., Marshal, M.P., & Primack, B. A. (2017). Problematic social media use & depressive symptoms among US young adults: A nationally-representative study. Social Science & Medicine, 182, 150–157. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.03.061

Shokri, O. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Problematic and Risky Internet Use Screening Scale. Clinical Psychology & Personality, 13(1), 133-144. 10.22070/2.12.133 [Persian]

Shokri, O., Pourshahriar, H., Aghayi, M., & Sanayipour, M. H. (2015). Psychometric analysis scale of dysfunctional attitude towards children & adolescents. Journal of Thought & Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 10(36), 47-56. https://www.magiran.com/p1443785 [Persian]

Stefani, S., & Tiatri, S. (2021). How adolescent’s self-esteem affects internet addiction tendency during COVID-19 pandemic in Takengon, Central Aceh. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 570, 951-957. 10.2991/assehr.k.210805.150

Valkenburg, P. M., Peter, J., & Shouten, A. P. (2006). Friend networking sites & their relationship to adolescents’ well-being & social self-esteem. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 9(5), 584–590. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9.584

Whittaker, E., & Kowalski, R. M. (2015). Cyberbullying via social media. Journal of School Violence, 14(1), 11–19. DOI: 10.1080/15388220.2014.949377

Woods, H. C., & Scott, H. (2016). Sleepyteens: Social media use in adolescence is associated with poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression and low sel-esteem. Journal of Adolescence, 51, 41–49. DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.05.008

Zych, I., Farrington, D. P., & Ttofi, M. M. (2019). Protective factors against bullying and cyberbullying: A systematic review of meta-analyses. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 45, 4-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.06.008

دست‌آوردهای روان‌شناختی

رابطه عوامل روان‌شناختی با زورگویی سایبری در دانش‌آموزان: نقش واسطه‌ای استفاده مشکل‌آفرین از اینترنت

مراجع

مراجع

دوره 31، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 32
دی 1403

رابطه عوامل روان‌شناختی با زورگویی سایبری در دانش‌آموزان: نقش واسطه‌ای استفاده مشکل‌آفرین از اینترنت

مراجع

مراجع

دوره 31، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 32دی 1403

دوره 31، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 32
دی 1403