نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• لیلا قاسمی ¹
• سحر صفرزاده ²

¹ کارشناسی ارشد روان‌شناسی تربیتی، گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران

² استادیار گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران

چکیده

پژوهش حاضر با هدف ارائه مدل پیش بینی کیفیت روابط مادر- کودک بر اساس ابعاد خردمندی و احساس تنهایی اجتماعی-عاطفی با میانجی‌گری فقدان لذت‌جویی در مادران کودکان مبتلا به اتیسم بود. این مطالعه حاضر همبستگی- توصیفی از نوع تحلیل مسیر بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش حاضر شامل کلیه مادران دارای کودکان اتیسم در شهر اهواز بوده که 200 نفر از این مادران به روش در دسترس از مدارس کودکان اتیسم انتخاب و مورد آزمون قرار گرفتند. ابزار پژوهش شامل پرسشنامه‌های کیفیت روابط مادر- کودک (Pianta)، پرسشنامه سه بعدی خردمندی (Ardelt)، فرم کوتاه‌شده مقیاس احساس تنهایی اجتماعی-عاطفی بزرگسالان (Ditommaso et al.) و پرسشنامه فقدان لذت‌جویی (Snaith et al.) بود. برای تحلیل داده‌ها از ضریب همبستگی پیرسون و تحلیل مسیر با استفاده از نرم‌افزارSPSS-20  و AMOS-20 انجام شد. نتایج به‌دست آمده نشان دادند بین همه ضرایب مسیر به جز احساس تنهایی خانوادگی به کیفیت روابط مادر- کودک (59/0 p=، 03/0-β=)، بعد عاطفی خردمندی به فقدان لذت‌جویی (53/0 p=، 03/0=β=)‌، احساس تنهایی رمانتیک به فقدان لذت‌جویی (02/0- p=، 67/0β=)، و احساس تنهایی اجتماعی به فقدان لذت‌جویی (97/0 p=، 002/0-β=) معنی‌دار بودند. هم‌چنین در نتایج نیز مشخص شد بین بعد شناختی خردمندی (017/0 p=، 127/0β=) و انعکاسی خردمندی (035/0 p=، 113/0β=) و احساس تنهایی خانوادگی (005/0 p=، 057/0-β=) با کیفیت روابط مادر- کودک از طریق میانجی‌گری فقدان لذت‌جویی رابطه غیر‌مستقیم وجود دارد. اما بین بعد عاطفی خردمندی (49/0‌p=، 017/0β=)، احساس تنهایی رمانتیک (59/0 p=، 13/0β=) و احساس تنهایی اجتماعی (99/0‌p=، 084/0β=) با کیفیت روابط مادر- کودک از طریق میانجی‌گری فقدان لذت‌جویی رابطه غیر‌مستقیم مشاهده نشد. بر این اساس پیشنهاد می‌شود با ایجاد انجمن‌های مربوط به کودکان اتیسم و مشارکت در انجمن‌ها، نسبت به حمایت از حداقل توانمندی‌ها، و آشنایی با سایر ویژگی‌های رفتاری مختلف در این کودکان گام برداشته شود و از این طریق از میزان وابستگی کودک اوتیسم به مادر کاسته شود و بر اساس حداقل توانایی دیده شده در این کودکان بتوان برنامه بهره‌وری مناسب از اوقات و زندگی آنان تنظیم و اجرا شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• احساس تنهایی
• خردمندی
• فقدان لذت‌جویی
• کیفیت روابط مادر-کودک
• مادران کودکان مبتلا به اتیسم

عنوان مقاله [English]

Presenting a Model for Predicting the Quality of Mother-child Relationships based on Dimensions of Wisdom and Social-emotional Loneliness with the Mediation of Hedonism in Mothers of Children with Autism

نویسندگان [English]

• Leila Ghasemi ¹
• Sahar Safarzadeh ²

¹ MA student in Psychology, Department of Psychology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran

² Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Considering the course of world developments due to modernization and technological advancement, the 21st century man has undeniably witnessed many changes in the lifestyle and human relationships, which have caused many changes in the quality of life. Due to such changes, in recent years, more attention has been paid to the quality of parent-child relationships in the etiology of children's behavioral problems and morbid fears. In many research studies, the psychological characteristics of the mother in causing the child's behavioral problems and disorders, such as children's autism, have been the focus of researchers. In this, the psychological characteristics of the mother, such as the relationship she has with the child and the lack of pleasure-seeking, play an important role. Therefore, this examination of the different dimensions and conditions of parent-child relationships in children with autism and autism is very necessary.The aim of this study was to design the quality of mother-child relationships based on the dimensions of wisdom and social-emotional loneliness strategies mediated by the lack of pleasure in mothers of children with autism in Ahvaz.
 
Method
The statistical population of the present study was all mothers with autistic children in Ahvaz and the sample consisted of 200 mothers with autistic children in Ahvaz who were selected and tested by the available method of autism children's schools. The Structural Equations and Research Tools Research Project includes Quantum Mother-Child Quality Questionnaires (1994), Ardlett's Wise Three-Dimensional Questionnaire (2003), an abbreviated form of the Detomaso et al., and the Questionnaire of Lack of Pleasure by Senate et al. (1995). Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis were used to analyze the data.
 
Results
The results showed that there is a direct relationship between cognitive, reflective and emotional dimensions of wisdom and the quality of mother-child relationships. There is a direct relationship between the feeling of romantic and social loneliness and the quality of mother-child relationships, but this direct relationship with family loneliness was not significant. There is also a direct relationship between cognitive dimension, wisdom reflection and lack of pleasure, but the direct relationship between emotional dimension of intelligence and lack of pleasure was not significant. There is a direct relationship between the feeling of family loneliness and the lack of pleasure, but this direct relationship was not significant with the feeling of romantic and social loneliness. At the same time, there is a significant direct relationship between lack of pleasure and quality of mother-child relationships. The results also found that there was an indirect relationship between cognitive dimension and reflexivity, sense of family loneliness, and mother-child relationships through mediated lack of pleasure. Also, during the research results, the suitability of the research model was confirmed.
 
Discussion
Based on the results of the present study, the indirect effect of the cognitive dimension of wisdom and the reflective dimension of wisdom on the quality of mother-child relationships through anhedonia was significant. However, the indirect effect of the emotional dimension of wisdom on mother-child relationship quality through anhedonia was not significant. To explain this finding, it can be suggested that individuals who fear ridicule tend to worry that others might mock or laugh at them (Ruch et al., 2015). This misinterpretation of others' laughter negatively affects their social interactions (Kashdan et al., 2014), and they fear that their differences from the outside society could increase perceived burdens from life circumstances and impact their mental health. Such mental preoccupations may lead to a decline in appropriate parent-child relationships. However, wisdom as a factor may increase parent-child interaction by reducing feelings of anhedonia, thus enhancing the mother-child relationship, and consequently, the mother's behavior may positively impact the child.Furthermore, the results of the present study indicate that the indirect effect of romantic loneliness and social loneliness on mother-child relationship quality through anhedonia was not significant, whereas the indirect effect of family loneliness on mother-child relationship quality through anhedonia was significant. This finding can be interpreted to suggest that anhedonia, such individuals, when interacting with others, may interpret a smile or laugh from the other party as directed toward themselves (Chłopicki et al., 2010). Although loneliness is more common among mothers of children with disabilities than mothers of typical children, it is recommended that individuals increase their social engagement, communicate with others, and participate in educational workshops and related courses to improve their awareness and interactions.
Based on the findings, it is recommended that educational programs and specialized workshops aimed at enhancing parental behavior skills with autistic children or increasing feelings of enjoyment be held in educational settings and schools by experienced psychologists. It is also suggested to establish autism-related associations, and furthermore, based on the minimum observed abilities of these children, a suitable productivity plan for their time and lives can be developed and implemented.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Autism
• Lack of Pleasure
• Loneliness
• Maternal-Child Relationship
• Wisdom