Psychotherapy
Abolfazl Sarlaki; Mona Farokhzad; Fatemeh Khanzadeh; Mahsa Younesi sinaki; Seyedeh Zahra Razavi Mahdiian; Mojtaba Tayyar Parvin
Abstract
IntroductionMajor depressive disorder is a common mental illness in women that can lead to negative consequences on psychological, family, social, and economic levels. According to the psychodynamic theory, this disorder is caused by a perceived real loss in relationships, resulting in anger and guilt ...
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IntroductionMajor depressive disorder is a common mental illness in women that can lead to negative consequences on psychological, family, social, and economic levels. According to the psychodynamic theory, this disorder is caused by a perceived real loss in relationships, resulting in anger and guilt towards the other person. These negative emotions are often directed toward oneself, leading to depressive symptoms. Short-term intensive dynamic psychotherapy aims to help patients bring their unconscious emotions to the conscious level, known as "Unlocking the Unconscious". The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of short-term intensive dynamic psychotherapy on objective relationships, anger, and guilt in women with major depressive disorder.MethodsIn terms of the purpose, the present study was in the applied research group, and in terms of methodology, it was a semi-experimental type of pre-test - post-test - 3-month follow-up with a control group. The statistical population included all women with major depressive disorder who were referred to counseling centers and psychological services in Isfahan in the spring of 1402. 32 women with major depressive disorder were selected by available sampling and randomly assigned to the experimental group (16 people) and the control group (16 people). Dovanloo's (1995) intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy protocol was performed only for the experimental group during 8 sessions of 90 minutes weekly, and the control group was placed on the waiting list. Subjects were evaluated in 3 stages (pre-test, post-test, and 3-month follow-up) with Bell's Object Relation Inventory(BORI), State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory 2 (STAXI-2), kugler and Jones Guilty Feelings ‘S Questionnaire(KJGFQ), and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) . Data analysis was done with repeated measures analysis of variance and the Bonferroni post hoc test using SPSS-28 software.ResultsThe results of this research showed that the short-term psychodynamic intervention was effective on alienation, insecure attachment, the total score of subjective relationships, internal occurrence of anger, internal control of anger, trait guilt, the total score of guilt and depression symptoms, and up to 3 months after The intervention was stable(p>0/05). Short-term intensive psychodynamics had the greatest effect on depression symptoms (ηp2=0.543), anger internalization (ηp2=0.436), and anger internal control (ηp2=0.412).ConclusionDynamic psychotherapy is an approach that is effective in reducing unpleasant emotions by creating a safe space and relationships based on empathy and trust encouraging a person to touch his original feelings and consequently improving the Object Relations of patients with depression. In short-term dynamic psychotherapy, the therapist helps the patient, so that he can face the feeling of anger towards his favorite object and be able to feel and understand it again and find out that he is also damaged through applying pressure To feel guilt can lead to a reduction of guilt in the patient and improvement of depression symptoms.
Psychotherapy
Atena Asadinia; احمد منصوری
Abstract
IntroductionAdolescence is one of the critical periods of life, which is associated with extensive changes in physical, sexual, social, cognitive and emotional aspects. These changes can cause them distress. Adolescents' inability to tolerate distress can have physical and psychological health consequences. ...
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IntroductionAdolescence is one of the critical periods of life, which is associated with extensive changes in physical, sexual, social, cognitive and emotional aspects. These changes can cause them distress. Adolescents' inability to tolerate distress can have physical and psychological health consequences. On the other hand, several therapeutic and educational interventions have been used to increase distress tolerance and related factors such as social cognition and intolerance of uncertainty. Emotion regulation training is another intervention that can be used in this field. Emotion regulation training enhances psychological health and is associated with multiple positive psychological outcomes, including better interpersonal functioning, greater perceived well-being, and better physical health. Therefore, considering the importance of adolescence, the effect of emotions on people's lives and health, as well as the need of educational centers for interventions based on emotion regulation, the aim of present study was to investigate the effectiveness of emotion regulation training on social cognition, intolerance of uncertainty and distress tolerance in adolescents.MethodThis study is applied in terms of purpose and quasi-experimental research with pretest-posttest design and control group in terms of method. The statistical population included all boy students of public elementary schools in Mashhad city in 2022. Thirty boy teenage students of elementary school were selected by available sampling method and then randomly designed into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group participated in 8 sessions of emotion regulation training based on the Gross model (Gross, 2002) while control group was not in any training. Inclusion criteria for the study were being 11 to 15 years, not having specific physical and psychological problems and informed consent. Exclusion criteria were absences of more than two session, participation in the other psychotherapies and unwillingness to participate in the research. Ethical principles were obtaining informed consent from parents, protecting the anonymity and confidentiality of participants, avoid harm to participants. The participants answered to the intolerance of uncertainty scale (Carleton, et al., 2007), social stories questionnaire (1986) and distress tolerance scale (Simons & Gaher, 2005). Data were analyzed by SPSS26 software, using Multivariate analysis of covariance. The significance level was 0.05.ResultsThe average age of the experimental group, control group and total participants was 12.06, 12.13 and 12.01, respectively. The results of Multivariate analysis of covariance showed that there is a significant difference between the two experimental and control groups in the variables of social cognition (p= 0.001, F= 12.22) and distress tolerance (p= 0.02, F= 6.02), but there is no difference between groups in the intolerance of uncertainty (P= 0.052, F= 4.16). In other word, mean scores of social cognition and distress tolerance increased in the experimental group compared to the control group.DiscussionThe results of present study showed that emotion regulation training increases social cognition and distress tolerance. Therefore, emotion regulation training might be an efficient way to increases these variables. Also, psychologists and other mental health professionals can use this training to improve and increase social cognition and tolerance of distress in adolescents.
