Psychological Achievements

Looming Style as a Specific Vulnerability Factor for the Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders

Mahin Etemadnia; parsa javanmard; Abbas Bakhshipour Roudsari; Mansour Bayrami

Volume 31, Issue 2 , December 2024, Pages 1-28

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.39731.2776

Abstract

IntroductionThe present study evaluated the triple vulnerability model for depression, general anxiety, and social phobia. Depression and anxiety disorders have significant overlap with each other. Emotional disorders occur together because their underlying vulnerability is the same, but this common ... Read More IntroductionThe present study evaluated the triple vulnerability model for depression, general anxiety, and social phobia. Depression and anxiety disorders have significant overlap with each other. Emotional disorders occur together because their underlying vulnerability is the same, but this common vulnerability appears heterogeneously as a result of exposure to various environmental influences, genetic-biological factors, etc. Each level of the triple vulnerability model for each disorder was examined with looming vulnerability style as a disorder-specific psychological vulnerability for GAD and social phobia. This model assumes that three components of vulnerability are involved in the etiology of emotional disorders; the first component is the general biological vulnerability, which refers to the genetic dimensions of temperament such as extroversion and introversion, which are related to high levels of anxiety and dependent negative emotions. The second component is general psychological vulnerability, which the triple model of vulnerability indicates that the feeling of unpredictability and uncontrollability of life events and emotional states is considered as psychological vulnerability to mood and anxiety disorders. The third component is disorder-specific vulnerability. The triple vulnerability model postulates that specific psychological vulnerability determines the origin and expression of mood and anxiety disorders through learning experiences that cause a specific focus of disturbance and distress. MethodThis research is a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population consisted of undergraduate students from Urmia universities, including Government, Azad, Industrial, and Payam Noor universities. Based on the research methodology and data analysis requirements, and following Klain’s (2005) recommendation of a minimum of twenty participants per parameter to ensure robust results, 370 participants were initially selected from this population using a convenience sampling method. To account for potential attrition, only 340 completed questionnaires were analyzed after removing those with distorted responses or incomplete answers. These 340 students completed Neuroticism and Extraversion Subscales (Neo-FFI), Anxiety Control Questionnaire (ACQ-R), Looming Maladaptive Style Questionnaire (LMSQ-R), Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS), Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), and Albany Panic and Phobia Questionnaire (APPQ). The final sample included 177 male and 162 female participants, with a mean age of 20.5 years (SD = 2.56) and an age range of 18 to 27. ResultsThe results of path analysis indicated that neuroticism had significant direct effects on all three disorders, and holding neuroticism constant, extraversion was inversely associated with depression and social phobia. Perceived control was significantly associated with GAD only, holding neuroticism and extraversion constant. Of the disorder-specific psychological vulnerability, holding general vulnerability dimensions constant, looming vulnerability style was not specific predictor of GAD and social phobia. Based on the results reported in the first model of the study (general bio-vulnerability), the effect coefficients of all variables are significant at the level (p <0.01). In the second model (general psychological vulnerability), the coefficients of the effect of neuroticism and extraversion on all three variables are significant; However, the perceived control pathway coefficient is significant only on pervasive anxiety (p <0.01). In the third model of the research (specific vulnerability with the addition of near-risk perception style), the coefficients of the effect of neuroticism, extraversion and perceived control on all three variables are significant; However, after maintaining the effect of the dimensions of general vulnerability, namely neuroticism, extraversion, and perceived control, the coefficient of the near-risk perception pathway on social anxiety and depression is significant. Perceived control path's coefficients on social anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder and depression were reported as -0.25, -0.30 and -0.28, respectively (p <0.01). The coefficient of near-risk perception style path's coefficient on social anxiety (0.26) is at the level of 0.01 and the pathway coefficient of near-risk perception style on depression (0.19) is at the level of 0.05; however, the coefficient of near-risk perception style on pervasive anxiety (0.11) is not significant. ConclusionThe looming vulnerability style is a broadly shared cognitive vulnerability hypothesized to interact with disorder-specific mechanisms across various anxiety disorders (e.g., fear of social rejection in social phobia, excessive worry and catastrophizing in generalized anxiety disorder). However, the present study’s findings, using Barlow's triple model, did not support this hypothesis. One potential explanation may be the limitations in the measurement tool for risk perception style, particularly its insufficient representation of generalized anxiety disorder-related factors. Further research is required to better understand this relationship and refine measurement approaches in this area.Existing conceptual models suggest that personality dimensions, such as neuroticism and extraversion, contribute to the severity, overlap, and persistence of both depression and anxiety. However, these personality dimensions alone do not fully explain the etiology, progression, and complexity of emotional disorders. Consequently, examining disorder-specific factors within a broader etiological model-one that integrates both shared characteristics and unique dimensions-could enhance our understanding of the causes and differentiation of these disorders.

The Role of Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism in Predicting Self-Presentation Tactics in Students

Mona Mohammadi; Mahnaz Mehrabizadeh Honarmand; Iran Davoudi; Saeid Afrozpour; Mehdi Soleimani

Volume 31, Issue 2 , December 2024, Pages 29-48

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.40071.2794

Abstract

Introduction In recent years, studies in the field of narcissism have received increasing attention from researchers, but despite the growing interest in the concept of narcissism, there are many unanswered questions, especially about the nature of this structure. A review of clinical research on narcissism ... Read More Introduction In recent years, studies in the field of narcissism have received increasing attention from researchers, but despite the growing interest in the concept of narcissism, there are many unanswered questions, especially about the nature of this structure. A review of clinical research on narcissism and narcissistic personality pathology shows that there are two narcissistic phenotypes, grandiose narcissism and vulnerable narcissism. Grandiose narcissism is defined as a grandiose notion of oneself, disrespecting others, and being entitled and includes characteristics such as self-arrogance, pretentiousness, and dominance. Feelings of anger, despair, emptiness, low self-esteem and even suicide when they fail are common experiences of these people. At the interpersonal level, people with these characteristics withdraw from interpersonal relationships due to sensitivity to rejection and criticism. In contrast, the vulnerable type is not obvious most of the time and is characterized by a strong need for approval, admiration from others and sensitivity to rejection. These people have a negative self-concept, and their sense of self-worth depends on the approval of others, and if they do not receive it, they avoid people and social relationships. Considering the difference between these two types of narcissism, its further investigation and recognition in different interpersonal contexts leads to more accurate clinical diagnosis and more specialized services. One of the structures that can be related to types of narcissism is self-presentation guides. Narcissistic people use self-presentation tactics more than others due to their high need to influence others. The present study aimed to investigate the role of grandiose narcissism and vulnerable narcissism in predicting self-presentation tactics in students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. Method The descriptive research method of conventional (focal) correlation and its statistical population are all graduate students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz who were studying in 1996-97 (N = 1500). After obtaining the necessary permits from Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, the questionnaires were distributed among the selected students based on a multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software. A total of 250 students were randomly selected based on Cochran's formula according to the size of the population, in a multi-stage cluster method. Finally, by stratified random sampling method, the sample size was selected from the target population (n = 222). Collection tools included a pathological narcissism questionnaire (Pincus et al., 2009) and a scale of self-Presentation tactics (Tedeschi & Melburg, 1984). The pathological narcissism questionnaire contains 52 descriptive questions. This questionnaire has seven subscales, including self-concealment, devaluation, conditional self-respect, self-improvement with self-sacrifice, exploitation, grandiose fantasy, and righteous anger. These seven subscales are in two higher-level dimensions of grandiose narcissism with the components of exploitation, self-enhancement with selflessness and grandiose fantasy, and vulnerable narcissism with the components of self-concealment, conditioned self-esteem, justified anger, and devaluation, all of which subscales are identified as pathological narcissism. The self-expression questionnaire is a paper-and-pencil tool that contains 63 questions and 12 components. Questionnaire of self-presentation tactics, five types of defensive self-presentation tactics, including: non-responsibility, self-incapacitation, excuse, apology and justification, and 7 self-presentation tactics of self-expression including: request, exaggeration, intimidation, humiliation, entitlement, role model and examines self-indulgence. Results The results showed that the linear combination of defensive and assertive self-presentation tactics can be predicted by the linear combination of predictor variables. The significance of the whole model showed that there is a significant relationship between the two variables of self-Presentation tactics and existential expression with grandiose and vulnerable narcissis (P<0.005). Predictive variables explain 28% of the variance of the criterion variables. Overall, the findings showed that the types of narcissism (grandiose and vulnerable) can be predicted based on the type and extent of using different types of self-presentation tactics (defensive and assertiveness). Of the two criterion variables, presentation tactics are more important in the linear criterion variable. On the other hand, in the first function, among the predictor variables, the narcissistic narcissist has the largest share in the linear composition of its category. In other words, the first function of self-Presentation tactics is predicted by grandiose narcissism. In explaining the results of the present study, it seems that people with grandiose narcissism had a greater tendency to use defensive self-expression and self-presentation tactics than vulnerable narcissists. In grandiose narcissism, insecurity (e.g., fear of negative evaluation) is very important. Deep feelings of inadequacy and psychological insecurity in narcissism lead to the tendency of narcissistic people to use defensive self-presentation tactics. Discussion According to the findings of the present study, it is suggested that clinical specialists pay special attention to the types of narcissism and the self-presentation tactics of clients with narcissistic personality disorder in order to know and understand more about these people

Effectiveness of Training Anger Management According to Cognitive Approach on the Impulsivity in Bully Male Students

eghbal zarei; maryam mobbasser; shiringol karimpour

Volume 31, Issue 2 , December 2024, Pages 49-70

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.40246.2806

Abstract

IntroductionBullying represents one of the most harmful and aggressive forms of misconduct, prevalent in many school environments. This behavior can have lasting and detrimental effects on both the individual being bullied and the bully themselves, contributing to a range of psychological issues, emotional ... Read More IntroductionBullying represents one of the most harmful and aggressive forms of misconduct, prevalent in many school environments. This behavior can have lasting and detrimental effects on both the individual being bullied and the bully themselves, contributing to a range of psychological issues, emotional distress, and even physical harm. Within the school context, bullying is a persistent issue that significantly impacts students' lives, shaping their experiences and influencing their mental well-being and academic performance.Bullying can take on multiple forms, encompassing verbal and physical aggression, threats, ridicule, and coercion. It often includes direct harassment, verbal abuse, and hostile behaviors intended to intimidate, isolate, or demean others. This behavior can also manifest in subtler forms, such as threatening body language or expressions that convey contempt or hostility. Through these varied behaviors, bullying not only disrupts the victim’s sense of safety and self-worth but can also affect the overall school climate, leading to a hostile environment that impacts all students.The significance of addressing bullying is critical, as unchecked bullying can lead to a cycle of aggression and retaliation that escalates the intensity of the misconduct over time. Research has shown that bullying not only leads to psychological harm in victims—such as anxiety, depression, and decreased self-esteem—but can also reinforce negative behaviors in bullies, increasing their likelihood of engaging in other forms of delinquent or antisocial behavior.In response to this pervasive issue, the current study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of anger management training based on cognitive approaches in reducing impulsivity among male bully students. By addressing impulsivity, a known predictor of aggressive and bullying behaviors, this intervention seeks to equip students with cognitive tools to recognize, regulate, and redirect their anger in healthier, less destructive ways. This approach focuses on helping bully students develop skills in self-awareness, emotional regulation, and constructive communication, ultimately fostering a shift toward more prosocial behavior. MethodThis study utilized a quasi-experimental design, incorporating pretest, posttest, a control group, and a two-month follow-up to assess the effectiveness of cognitive-based anger management training on reducing impulsivity in male bully students. The statistical population included male bully students enrolled in the first year of high school in Bandar Abbas during the 2019-2020 academic year. Through purposive sampling, 30 male students exhibiting bullying behaviors were selected and then randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group, with each group initially containing 15 students.The experimental group participated in eight intervention sessions, each lasting 75 minutes, over the course of one month. These sessions focused on anger management techniques based on the cognitive approach as outlined by Shokouhi Yekta and Kakabaraei (2017). However, during the study, 2 students from the experimental group and 3 from the control group discontinued participation, leaving a final sample of 25 students—13 in the experimental group and 12 in the control group.The study employed two primary assessment tools: the Illinois Bullying Scale (IBS), developed by Espelage and Holt (2001), to measure bullying behavior, and the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS), established by Barratt, Stanford, Kent, and Felthous (2004), to assess impulsivity levels. Data collected from these tools were analyzed using Mixed ANOVA in SPSS-23 software, a statistical method chosen due to the study’s structure, which involved two groups (experimental and control) and three measurement points (pretest, posttest, and follow-up). This approach allowed for a comprehensive examination of the intervention's short- and long-term effects on impulsivity in bully students. ResultsThe results demonstrated that cognitive-based anger management training had a significant impact on reducing impulsivity among male bully students (p < 0.001). Descriptive findings further revealed a decrease in mean impulsivity scores and its specific dimensions among students who exhibited bullying behaviors. Importantly, these reductions were sustained during the two-month follow-up period, indicating that the intervention's effects persisted over time. Consequently, the bullying behaviors of these students did not revert to pre-intervention levels, suggesting that cognitive-based anger management may be an effective long-term strategy for mitigating impulsive tendencies and associated aggressive behaviors in bullying students. ConclusionThe findings of this study suggest that cognitive-behavioral anger management training is an effective method for reducing impulsivity in male students who engage in bullying behaviors. By focusing on key areas such as anger management skills, practical techniques, and cognitive self-instruction, this approach enables students to manage their anger more constructively. Specifically, cognitive-behavioral training helps bullying students recognize and understand the thoughts and emotions related to anger and bullying, increases their tolerance for anger-provoking situations, and raises their awareness of related physiological changes.This training encourages students to improve social cognition through techniques like relaxation exercises, positive self-talk, and assertiveness skills. As a result, they experience a reduction in impulsive behaviors, which also decreases their tendency to engage in bullying. Moreover, cognitive-based anger management training equips students with alternative ways to express emotions, fostering more adaptive and non-aggressive forms of self-expression. This approach teaches effective coping strategies, students who undergo this training are less likely to exhibit anger, irritability, and impulsive aggression.

The Relationship between Psychological Factors and Cyberbullying in Students: The Mediating Role of Problematic Internet Use

Sara Ebrahimi; Zeynab Laki

Volume 31, Issue 2 , December 2024, Pages 71-96

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.40330.2816

Abstract

IntroductionDespite its many benefits, the Internet can be a great way to express risky online behaviors during adolescence. Committing cyberbullying and problematic use of the Internet are among the potentially high-risk behaviors on the Internet. Problem behaviors in adolescence originate from permanent ... Read More IntroductionDespite its many benefits, the Internet can be a great way to express risky online behaviors during adolescence. Committing cyberbullying and problematic use of the Internet are among the potentially high-risk behaviors on the Internet. Problem behaviors in adolescence originate from permanent characteristics rather than from immediate, instantaneous characteristics. To understand these behaviors, it is necessary to focus on personality-related factors in addition to the perceived environment and behavioral systems. Considering the undeniable tendency of adolescents to excessive Internet use and the negative consequences resulting from this choice and the lack of empirical investigation of this issue in Iranian research, despite the importance of the relationship between problematic Internet use and psychological variables and cyberbullying, as well as contradictory findings on the significance of the relationship between some of these variables with the problematic Internet use and committing cyberbullying in past foreign studies, the present study aims to develop a structural model of the relationship between committing cyberbullying and psychological factors including social connectedness, self-esteem and depression among adolescent boy students through the problematic Internet use and to test the explanatory power of different models from the combination of some theoretical orientations through an assumed model, in order to provide more explanations about the relationships of the variables that were indicated in the past researches. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of problematic Internet use in the relationship between cyberbullying and psychological factors. MethodThe method of the present study was descriptive-correlational. The study population consisted of all boys’ high school students in Tehran in the academic year 1400-1401. The basis for choosing the sample size was the logic proposed by Kline (2010), that according to the free parameters of the assumed model and the possibility of dropping out of the participants, 325 people was selected as the research sample using the convenience method. To collect data, we used the Cyberbullying/ Victimization Experiences Questionnaire (Antoniadou, Kokkinos & Markos, 2016), Problematic and Risky Internet Use Screening Scale (Jelenchick, Eickhoff, Christakis, Brown, Zhang, Benson et al., 2014), Short Depression-Happiness Scale (Joseph, Linley, Harwood, Lewis & McCollam, 2004), Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965) & Revised Social Connectedness Scale (Lee & Robbins, 1998). The psychometric properties of all instruments were examined and confirmed. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling.The inferential results showed that there is a positive, significant and direct relationship between depression and problematic Internet use and cyberbullying; negative & insignificant relationship between self-esteem with problematic Internet use, & negative, significant & direct relationship between self-esteem with cyberbullying; negative, significant and direct relationship between social connectedness with problematic Internet use and cyberbullying, & there is a positive and significant relationship between problematic Internet use with cyberbullying. Indirect effects of depression and social connectedness on cyberbullying through the problematic Internet use was statistically significant, and indirect effect of self-esteem was statistically insignificant. Accordingly, the indirect relationship between depression and social connectedness with cyberbullying through problematic Internet use was statistically significant, and the indirect relationship between self-esteem and cyberbullying through problematic Internet use was not statistically significant. DiscussionThe findings of the present study proposed relationships in understanding problematic and risky online behaviors among adolescents and highlighted the important influence of psychological characteristics on problematic online behaviors and cyberbullying among students, as well as supporting evidence for the problematic behavior theory in explaining risky online behaviors, and provided offline students. The results of the present study can be used in preventive interventions for students' participation in cyberbullying, academic counseling centers or school counseling to guide parents, teachers and students to raise awareness about psychological well-being through the use of the Internet.

The effect of self-hypnosis on attention and the pattern of electroencephalography in candidates for university entrance examination

Ehsan Shahsavari Shirazi; Manijeh Shehniyailagh; Alireza Hajiyakhchali

Volume 31, Issue 2 , December 2024, Pages 97-116

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.40788.2848

Abstract

IntroductionSelf-hypnosis is simply a focused state of mindfulness that allows one to make the most of their mental capacities and abilities. In a final analysis, self - hypnosis is practically a tool that can be used to make better use of skills or techniques of self - control. All forms of hypnosis ... Read More IntroductionSelf-hypnosis is simply a focused state of mindfulness that allows one to make the most of their mental capacities and abilities. In a final analysis, self - hypnosis is practically a tool that can be used to make better use of skills or techniques of self - control. All forms of hypnosis are actually self-hypnosis. Even in so-called hypnotic situations, it is the client who hypnotizes himself, another person, usually called a hypnotherapist, provides the right conditions and guides the client to the hypnotic trance. Self- hypnosis is a way in which people can focus on their mental content and use their imagination, mental imagery and thoughts to evoke certain emotions so that they can finally make changes in their behaviors and attitudes. In other words, in a state of hypnotic ecstasy, the person can change their inner world. Feelings, perceptions, and behaviors also change when a person is able to change their thoughts and their visual imagery that they normally engage with. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of self-hypnosis on attention and the pattern of electroencephalography in candidates for university entrance examination.MethodThe statistical population was all the clients who referred to the Mr. Karami counseling center in Shiraz, in 2019. The statistical sample consisted of 24 male students between 18 to 20 years old, who were selected from the counseling center using targeted sampling method. Then they were assigned into two groups of control (12 persons) and experimental group (12 persons) randomly. Research tools were Demographic Characteristics Questionnaire, Stroop Effect Test and Electroencephalography recorder. 10 self-hypnosis sessions for each subject in experimental group were done, over two weeks. During the interventions of experimental group, the control group was under the passage of time. In post-test, both groups were compared in terms of attention and Electroencephalographic patterns. The statistical data analysis was performed using the analysis of covariance at p < 0.05. SPSS software was used for data analysis.ResultsThe results of pre-test and post-test comparison showed that the effects of intervention on experimental group were significant. Therefore, it seems that self-hypnosis affects attention and the pattern of electroencephalography in candidates for university entrance examination. DiscussionDue to the effectiveness of self-hypnosis on attention and the pattern of electroencephalography in candidates for university entrance examination, self-hypnosis can be used in entrance exam preparation centers to improve the attention of candidates

A Structural Model of a Just World Beliefs on Social Support with Mediated by Emotional Schemas in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Tahereh Hosseini; Mehdi Zare Bahramabadi; Reza Ghorban Jahromi

Volume 31, Issue 2 , December 2024, Pages 117-138

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.42037.2911

Abstract

IntroductionToday, diabetes is known as the most common metabolic disease with an increasing prevalence, a decrease in life expectancy by one third, and an estimated 171 million people worldwide as the most important chronic disease. Since diabetes does not only damage physical and mental performance, ... Read More IntroductionToday, diabetes is known as the most common metabolic disease with an increasing prevalence, a decrease in life expectancy by one third, and an estimated 171 million people worldwide as the most important chronic disease. Since diabetes does not only damage physical and mental performance, and the complications of this disease affect mental status, individual, family, and social relationships, sexual function, perception of health, attitude to the future, life expectancy, etc., therefore, in order to increase the quality of life of people with diabetes, it seems necessary to conduct this research to correctly identify this important construct and the factors affecting its maintenance and continuation. Therefore, in this study, we seek to answer the question of whether emotional schemas play a mediating role in the relationship between the relationship to a just world and social support. Until a few years ago, infectious diseases were considered as the biggest health problem in third-world countries. So that all the power of the countries was used to control and prevent the epidemics of these diseases; But currently, the increase in the burden of non-communicable diseases, especially in developing countries, is considered a serious threat.Proper control of diabetes requires the patient's ability to take care of himself and his commitment to maintaining his health. A diabetic patient must have a proper and accurate diet plan, exercise regularly, take his medications, and sometimes inject insulin several times a day. Diabetes Mellitus or sugar disease is one of the chronic diseases that have plagued mankind for many years, and it can be seen in all ages. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the mediating role of emotional schemas in the relationship between belief in a just world and social support. MethodThe research method is descriptive correlation and structural equation modeling in a special way. The statistical population included all patients with type 2 diabetes referred to specialized diabetes clinics in Tehran, and 350 people were randomly selected from among those who were referred to the Taban Diabetes Clinic (Tehran District 2) in the autumn of 2020-2021. All research processes were done virtually due to the Covid-19 virus pandemic. Research tools include the scale of belief in a just world (Dalbert, 1999) and (Sutton & Douglas, 2005), the scale of perceived social support (Zimet et al., 1988), the scale of emotional schemas (Leahy, 2002), which is the software was provided to the participants. ResultsThe results showed that the fit indices of the research model were favorable (GFI<0.9) and emotional schemas played a mediating role in the relationship between belief in a just world and social support. This model explains 63% of the changes in belief in a just world in diabetic patients. The obtained results showed that the direct relationship between social support and belief in a just world is significant. Also, emotional schemas can play a mediating role in the relationship between social support and belief in a just world.Based on the descriptive indicators of age, gender, and education level of the sample group, out of 350 people in the sample group, the highest frequency was among respondents aged between 46 and 55 years with 156 people (44.6 percent) and then respondents aged between 35 and 45 years with 131 people (37.4 percent). 59 percent (208 people) of the sample group were women and 41 percent (142 people) were men. Also, 49 percent (173 people) had a diploma education, 26 percent (92 people) had a bachelor's degree, and 11 percent (37 people) had a master's degree. The obtained data were analyzed using the structural equation method. First, the assumptions of this analysis were examined. Outliers were removed and univariate and multivariate normal distributions were established. The construct validity of all three concepts of social support, emotional schemas, and belief in a just world was examined and confirmed. To examine the causal model of belief in a just world based on social support with the mediating role of emotional schemas, the initial research model was analyzed. DiscussionThis means that emotional schemas play a mediating role in the relationship between social support and belief in a just world. In fact, the understanding of social support can prevent the occurrence of adverse physiological effects of the disease in a person, increase the level of self-care and self-confidence of a person, and leave a positive impact on a person's physical, mental, and social condition, and clearly increase performance and improve quality of life. The general result of this research indicates that people with diabetes who have higher social support believe more in the fairness of the world and this belief is doubled when the cognitive flexibility of these people is effective as an executive function of the mind.

The Effect of Mindfulness on Job Burnout and Well-being: Mediating Role of Job Stress

Hesam Soleimani; Nasrin Arshadi; Kioumars Beshlideh

Volume 31, Issue 2 , December 2024, Pages 139-160

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43128.2972

Abstract

IntroductionHuman resources are the most critical asset for organizations to achieve their goals, and employees' mental health plays a fundamental role in this regard. One of the factors influencing mental health is job burnout, which stems from stress and work overload, leading to physical and emotional ... Read More IntroductionHuman resources are the most critical asset for organizations to achieve their goals, and employees' mental health plays a fundamental role in this regard. One of the factors influencing mental health is job burnout, which stems from stress and work overload, leading to physical and emotional exhaustion, a negative outlook on the job, and reduced interactions (Peters & Rajasingam, 2019). Job burnout encompasses three dimensions: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment (Artz et al., 2022). Job burnout not only reduces the quality of work life but also leads to poor employee performance (Wang et al., 2020).Another key factor that influences the quality of life, performance, and profitability of individuals, reflecting their positive evaluation of their functioning in life, is psychological well-being (Kaabomeir et al., 2021). The psychological well-being model comprises six core components: autonomy, environmental mastery, positive relations with others, purpose in life, personal growth, and self-acceptance (Ryff, 1989).Job stress can be considered the most significant factor influencing health, job quality of life, work performance, and also burnout and psychological well-being. This stress arises from job- and workplace-related stressors that many agree are inherently stressful. Generally, job stress occurs when the demands of the workplace exceed an individual’s capabilities (Weinstein et al., 2009).Mindfulness is defined as the purposeful attention to the present moment without judgment. To achieve mindfulness, one must become aware of and detach from constant judgments about external and internal experiences (Gehart, 2012). The seven key factors of mindfulness are: (1) non-judging, (2) patience, (3) beginner's mind, (4) trust, (5) non-striving, (6) acceptance, and (7) letting go. Research shows that mindfulness is positively associated with mental health and reduce stress and burnout in the workplace (Mackenzie et al., 2006).Therefore, due to the importance of job burnout and psychological well-being in organizations and the ability of mindfulness to influence both, a theoretical model was designed to explore the relationship between mindfulness, job burnout, and psychological well-being with job stress as a mediator. MethodThis study is a correlational design using structural equation modeling, which is a multivariate correlational method. The population of the research was all the employees of the Dareh-Aloo Copper Industries. The sample consisted of 300 employees who were selected by a simple random sampling method, and 210 of them filled out the forms properly. The instruments used include Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI), the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) stress questionnaire, the Psychological Well-being Scale, and the Burnout Inventory. ResultsInitially, descriptive indices, normality of data test results, and correlation coefficients were reported. After preliminary analysis, it was observed that the direct path of mindfulness to job burnout and mindfulness to well-being were not significant and confirmed all the direct effects of mindfulness on burnout and well-being were through job stress. Subsequently, Findings indicated the proposed model after modifying fits the data properly. c2/df (2.31), GFI (0.98), AGFI (0.94), IFI (0.99), TLI (0.97), CFI (0.99), NFI (0.98), RMSEA (0.08) DiscussionThe present study aimed to examine the relationship between mindfulness, job burnout, and psychological well-being, with job stress as a mediator. The results indicated that after necessary adjustments, the model showed a good fit with the data. The study found no direct relationship between mindfulness and job burnout, aligning with the findings of Suyi et al. (2017). It also revealed that job stress mediates the relationship between mindfulness and job burnout. In terms of the indirect relationship, Pflügner et al. (2020) demonstrated that mindfulness affects job burnout through job stress. Suyi et al. (2017) confirmed these findings by supporting the mediating role of job stress in the relationship between mindfulness and job burnout.According to Maslach & Jackson (1993), burnout results from stressors and an individual's inability to cope with them, leading to physical and emotional exhaustion, a negative view of the job, and detachment from clients and coworkers. Burnout can be defined as a psychological experience arising from chronic stress (Milfont et al., 2008), while Shirom (2003) introduced it as an emotional response to persistent stress, gradually depleting energy and causing physical and psychological fatigue and job dissatisfaction.Previous research has shown that mindfulness enhances effective coping strategies for dealing with stress. Mindfulness directs individuals toward efficient coping mechanisms and prevents them from avoiding problems, leading to better stress management and reduction. Mindful individuals are more likely to engage in stressful situations and attempt to resolve them, rather than avoiding these situations or allowing them to negatively affect those (Weinstein et al., 2009).Furthermore, the results indicated no direct relationship between mindfulness and psychological well-being. Mindfulness affects psychological well-being through job stress, demonstrating that job stress serves as an effective mediator. The findings of Talebi (2017) and Sedaghat et al. (2011) also supported the increase in psychological well-being through mindfulness via job stress. Job stress has several negative consequences, including physical, psychological, and behavioral problems such as depression, frustration, anxiety, job dissatisfaction, and social isolation. These consequences are clearly in contrast to psychological well-being. While stress at optimal levels may lead to alertness, accuracy, and performance, when these stressors exceed an individual's tolerance, they lead to undesirable outcomes, reducing psychological well-being and mental health.

Predict of Social Adjustment in the Elderly based on Distress Tolerance, Emotion Regulation and Perceived Social Support

Abdolbaset Mahmoudpour; Fatemeh Alkasir; soliman ahmadboukani

Volume 31, Issue 2 , December 2024, Pages 161-184

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43200.2980

Abstract

Introduction The Elderly have been a major issue for experts, policymakers, and even the public in recent years. The aim of this study was to predict social adjustment in the elderly based on distress tolerance, emotion regulation, and perceived social support. In recent years, the aging society has ... Read More Introduction The Elderly have been a major issue for experts, policymakers, and even the public in recent years. The aim of this study was to predict social adjustment in the elderly based on distress tolerance, emotion regulation, and perceived social support. In recent years, the aging society has received attention in the field of global health, while some societies face it and others will face it in the not-too-distant future. One of the variables that can be effective in the social adaptation of the elderly is perceived social support. Social support plays a role as a psychosocial protective factor in relation to mental health problems. Social support is generally expressed in two ways: received social support and perceived social support. The meaning of received social support is the extent to which an elderly person enjoys obvious support, such as support from family and friends, and the meaning of perceived social support is satisfaction and having social support with positive emotions. Emotional distress, likely to be triggered by the current coronavirus situation, is another risk factor for premature death, as anxiety is known to be a predictor of all-cause death. This calls for addressing the psychological and behavioral effects, including perceived social support and emotion regulation that COVID-19 may have on social adjustment and the lives of individuals in this age group. However, little is known about emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and perceived social support and their association with social adjustment among the elderly during the coronavirus pandemic. Therefore, it seems necessary to discover the factors affecting social adaptation in achieving the growth of its physical, psychological, and social dimensions; therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of predicting social adjustment in the elderly based on distress tolerance, emotion regulation, and perceived social support. Methods The present research was of the applied type and among descriptive and correlational research. The statistical population of the present study was all the elderly in Ahvaz in the period of November 1400 to December 1400 in the age range of 57 to 74 years. Data were collected using the Bell Social Adjustment Questionnaire (1962), Simmons & Gahr (2005) Distress Tolerance, Gross & John Emotion Regulation (2003), and Social Support (Zimmet, 1988). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis). Results The results showed that there is a direct relationship between anxiety tolerance, emotion regulation, and perceived social support with social adjustment (p <0.05). The adjusted R square value was equal to 0.416, which showed that the variables of distress tolerance, emotion regulation, and perceived social support explained 41.6% of the variance of social adjustment. The value of the standardized regression coefficient for the component of emotional distress tolerance (p<0.01, β=0.281), absorption of negative emotions (p<0.05, β=0.122), subjective estimation of distress (p<0.01, β=0.184), trying to relieve distress (p<0.01, β=0.274), marketing emotions (p<0.01, β=0.255), inhibiting emotions (p<0.01, -0.321 =β), emotional social support (p<0.01, β=0.325), support from relatives (p<0.01, β=0.153) and support from others (p<0.01, β=0.223). Therefore, it was concluded that distress tolerance, emotion regulation, and perceived social support can predict social adjustment. The findings of the present study indicate the importance of the variables of anxiety tolerance, emotion regulation, and perceived social support in explaining social adjustment in the elderly. Discussion Therefore, it is recommended to train for stress tolerance, emotion regulation, providing adequate support from family and important people in life, and developing the dimensions of adjustment in the elderly. Conclusion Emotion regulation strategies, distress tolerance, and perceived social support in the elderly can change their social adjustment capacity and thus affect their mental health. From a fundamental point of view, the research of the current research can be considered as a main factor in explaining social adaptation, and at the practical level, for more adaptation in the elderly, emotion regulation strategies, distress tolerance, and social support are considered. One of the limitations of the present study was conducted only on the elderly people of Ahvaz city. It is suggested to conduct research on a larger sample and elderly people with psychological disorders such as depression and schizophrenia.

The Relationship between Optimism and Resilience through the Mediating Role of Self-efficacy in Adolescence

Fatemeh Nemati; Seyed Mousa Golestaneh; Mahnaz Joukar

Volume 31, Issue 2 , December 2024, Pages 185-210

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.43173.2977

Abstract

IntroductionAdolescence is a challenging developmental stage in which adolescents experience significant changes in their academic and work life due to the mismatch between developmental needs and the learning environment during puberty. Self-efficacy in adolescence is considered one of the most important ... Read More IntroductionAdolescence is a challenging developmental stage in which adolescents experience significant changes in their academic and work life due to the mismatch between developmental needs and the learning environment during puberty. Self-efficacy in adolescence is considered one of the most important factors for positive development. In Bandura's social-cognitive theory, this concept means an individual's confidence in their abilities to control their thoughts, feelings, actions, and perform effectively in stressful situations. Self-efficacy, as a predictive personality trait, can be influential in various aspects of adolescents' personal, social, and academic life. Among the important abilities in adolescence is a set of psychological abilities known as positive psychological capital. Psychological capital is the positive aspect of human life and is defined based on personal understanding, having a goal to achieve success and stability against problems. Psychological capital is an integrated and interconnected structure of which resilience is a part. Resilience is defined as the process of optimal adaptation in the face of problems, traumatic events, threats, or any stressful situation that may occur in life.Resilience is an ability and skill that enables a person to adapt to problems and challenges. This factor contributes to the positive development process of adolescence. This study examined the effect of the relationship between optimism with resilience with the mediation of self-efficacy in adolescence. MethodThe aim of the present study is applied research and correlational data collection which is done through structural equation modeling. The participants are male and female sixth graders and first and second high school students who were studying in Bushehr in 1400-1401. 12 schools were randomly selected from each Bushehr elementary, first, and second high school. To test the research hypothesis, 600 students were selected through using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. Due to the conditions and limitations of the coronavirus disease, questionnaires were provided to students via social media such as Shad, Telegram, and WhatsApp, and eventually, out of 600 distributed questionnaires, 97 questionnaires were rejected and 503 questionnaires with valid information were identified and used in the analysis. Instruments included were a questionnaire Muris's (2001) Self-Efficacy Scales (SEQ-C), DeCaroli John and Sagon's (2014) Resilience Questionnaire, and Sher and Carver's (1985) optimism questionnaire. Analysis with the help of structural equation modeling was performed using SPSS and AMOS-24. In this study for the final assessment of questionnaires to measure Self-Efficacy, Resilience, and optimism Cronbach's alpha was used, and its values, respectively, were 0.90, 0.91, and 0.62. ResultsBased on the presented model, the relationship between optimism and resilience was confirmed with the mediation of self-efficacy in adolescence; The results showed there was a positive and significant relationship between optimism, self-efficacy with resilience. There was a positive and significant relationship between optimism and self-efficacy directly. There was a positive and significant relationship between self-efficacy and resilience directly. Furthermore, the results of the Bootstrap test showed that the path of optimism is significant indirectly through self-efficacy with resilience (p<0.01). Based on the presented model, the relationship between optimism by comparing the parameters of the proposed model with the final model, it can be concluded that the final model has a better fit than the data. The model's CFI fit index was above 0.92, and the RMSEA was equal to 0.09, indicating that the model was a good fit for the data. Considering the moderating role of gender in the structural equation model and the resilience variable, a separate model was drawn for girls and boys, and the results show that all relationships are positive and significant, and the relationship between self-efficacy and resilience is better in boys than in girls. DiscussionAccording to the findings of this research, it can be concluded that the closer we get to adolescence, the effect of optimism decreases and also there is a positive and significant relationship between optimism and resilience through the mediation of self-efficacy. Optimism can have a significant impact on adolescents' self-efficacy and self-assertiveness, making them to feel more empowered when facing challenges. Highly optimistic adolescents have more resilience characteristics than adolescents with low optimism; High self-efficacy teenagers have higher resilience than people with low self-efficacy; The more optimistic the teenagers were, the more self-efficacy they had. One quality that distinguishes resilient people is optimism. These people are not psychologically harmed and have a positive outlook on life's challenges, which makes them more resilient to adversity even in the face of risk and difficulty. Resilient people have plans and goals for the future, find meaning in life, and, because of their high level of optimism, do not give up easily and instead put in more effort when they fail.

Systematic Review of Effective Areas of Educational-Therapeutic Interventions Based on Choice Theory on Individual Behavior Management

moslem amiri; Javad Mesrabadi; Abolfazl Farid; Siavash Sheikhalizadeh

Volume 31, Issue 2 , December 2024, Pages 211-248

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43240.2981

Abstract

IntroductionBehavioral problems can be investigated in different areas of communication, and each of the behavioral challenges in this field shows that it is necessary for psychological programs and interventions to pay attention to the optimal management of individual behavior in order to prevent and ... Read More IntroductionBehavioral problems can be investigated in different areas of communication, and each of the behavioral challenges in this field shows that it is necessary for psychological programs and interventions to pay attention to the optimal management of individual behavior in order to prevent and reduce existing harms. Meanwhile, choice theory is one of the practical theories for behavior management in various fields. In this theory that William Glasser based it on behavior, the general goal is to gain a correct and practical understanding of human behavior and improve the quality of life through teaching the concepts, structures and principles of this theory and its application. It introduces its various aspects in the field of individual health and well-being, family and administrative-organizational issues, as well as responsibility in performing behavior, improving interpersonal relationships and achieving a happy and satisfying life. In choice theory, behavior management means controlling, managing and issuing behavior from within the person and accepting the responsibility of doing it by the person. In general, this theory explains why and how people behave and believe that everything that comes out of us is a behavior, and all behaviors are motivated from within us and are aimed at a goal. Also, the purpose of every behavior is to satisfy one of our five basic needs: survival, love and belonging, power, freedom and fun. Glasser also believes that not only are we always behaving, but we are always trying to behave in ways that give us the greatest and most effective control over our lives. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the effective domains of educational-therapeutic interventions based on choice theory on the management of individual behavior in previous studies and based on a systematic review. MethodSearch for research records was done using numerous internal electronic databases, using the keywords: choice theory, William Glasser, reality therapy, group reality therapy, quality school or quality schools, glasser school or glasser schools, lead management, peaceful parenting, parenting based on choice theory, and psychology of internal control. After extraction, the content of the articles was qualitatively evaluated with the PRISMA checklist, and the content analysis method was used to review the data. After searching and evaluating the studies, the final analysis was performed on 53 studies with 62 variables. ResultsResults showed that effective domains of educational-therapeutic interventions based on choice theory fall into 5 categories: emotional-mood disorders, destructive behavioral disorders, procrastination, interpersonal relationships and individual and social skills. Most of the primary research conducted in this research in the field of behavior management from the perspective of selection theory, respectively, include the field of personal and social skills with 16 studies, the field of interpersonal relations with 15 studies, the field of emotional-mood disorders with 15 studies, and the field of destructive behavioral disorders. With 10 researches, and the field of meditation with 6 researches. DiscussionIn the general explanation of the findings, it can be said that the selection theory is regulated in such a way that it is useful and usable for therapists, counselors, teachers, trainers and other people involved in education and guidance of people. Based on the teachings of this theory, people realize that acting on new, effective and responsible choices enables them to discover and experience a life full of healthy and harmless creativity. Also, one of the basic hypotheses of the selection theory is that people always try to achieve what is called a successful identity by exerting better control over their lives; That is, they see themselves as those who have the ability to communicate love and affection, they feel that they are important to others, they experience a sense of value, they have a sense of responsibility, and they believe that satisfying their needs is their responsibility, not the duty of others. The results of this study can be used as a summary to clarify as much as possible the effective domains of choice theory on the management of individual behavior and a comprehensive map for conducting studies more coherently and with better quality for researchers to provide future research. In fact, the findings of the present study can be a summary of the studies done, and these classes were considered as the result of a re-analysis of the data with a different perspective. Therefore, the basics of choice theory can be used as educational and therapeutic interventions in the counseling centers of schools and universities, family and couple training workshops, organizational management and individual and clinical counseling in order to manage individual behavior and improve interpersonal relationships.

Presenting a Model for Predicting the Quality of Mother-child Relationships based on Dimensions of Wisdom and Social-emotional Loneliness with the Mediation of Hedonism in Mothers of Children with Autism

Leila Ghasemi; Sahar Safarzadeh

Volume 31, Issue 2 , December 2024, Pages 249-278

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43257.2983

Abstract

IntroductionConsidering the course of world developments due to modernization and technological advancement, the 21st century man has undeniably witnessed many changes in the lifestyle and human relationships, which have caused many changes in the quality of life. Due to such changes, in recent years, ... Read More IntroductionConsidering the course of world developments due to modernization and technological advancement, the 21st century man has undeniably witnessed many changes in the lifestyle and human relationships, which have caused many changes in the quality of life. Due to such changes, in recent years, more attention has been paid to the quality of parent-child relationships in the etiology of children's behavioral problems and morbid fears. In many research studies, the psychological characteristics of the mother in causing the child's behavioral problems and disorders, such as children's autism, have been the focus of researchers. In this, the psychological characteristics of the mother, such as the relationship she has with the child and the lack of pleasure-seeking, play an important role. Therefore, this examination of the different dimensions and conditions of parent-child relationships in children with autism and autism is very necessary.The aim of this study was to design the quality of mother-child relationships based on the dimensions of wisdom and social-emotional loneliness strategies mediated by the lack of pleasure in mothers of children with autism in Ahvaz. MethodThe statistical population of the present study was all mothers with autistic children in Ahvaz and the sample consisted of 200 mothers with autistic children in Ahvaz who were selected and tested by the available method of autism children's schools. The Structural Equations and Research Tools Research Project includes Quantum Mother-Child Quality Questionnaires (1994), Ardlett's Wise Three-Dimensional Questionnaire (2003), an abbreviated form of the Detomaso et al., and the Questionnaire of Lack of Pleasure by Senate et al. (1995). Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis were used to analyze the data. ResultsThe results showed that there is a direct relationship between cognitive, reflective and emotional dimensions of wisdom and the quality of mother-child relationships. There is a direct relationship between the feeling of romantic and social loneliness and the quality of mother-child relationships, but this direct relationship with family loneliness was not significant. There is also a direct relationship between cognitive dimension, wisdom reflection and lack of pleasure, but the direct relationship between emotional dimension of intelligence and lack of pleasure was not significant. There is a direct relationship between the feeling of family loneliness and the lack of pleasure, but this direct relationship was not significant with the feeling of romantic and social loneliness. At the same time, there is a significant direct relationship between lack of pleasure and quality of mother-child relationships. The results also found that there was an indirect relationship between cognitive dimension and reflexivity, sense of family loneliness, and mother-child relationships through mediated lack of pleasure. Also, during the research results, the suitability of the research model was confirmed. DiscussionBased on the results of the present study, the indirect effect of the cognitive dimension of wisdom and the reflective dimension of wisdom on the quality of mother-child relationships through anhedonia was significant. However, the indirect effect of the emotional dimension of wisdom on mother-child relationship quality through anhedonia was not significant. To explain this finding, it can be suggested that individuals who fear ridicule tend to worry that others might mock or laugh at them (Ruch et al., 2015). This misinterpretation of others' laughter negatively affects their social interactions (Kashdan et al., 2014), and they fear that their differences from the outside society could increase perceived burdens from life circumstances and impact their mental health. Such mental preoccupations may lead to a decline in appropriate parent-child relationships. However, wisdom as a factor may increase parent-child interaction by reducing feelings of anhedonia, thus enhancing the mother-child relationship, and consequently, the mother's behavior may positively impact the child.Furthermore, the results of the present study indicate that the indirect effect of romantic loneliness and social loneliness on mother-child relationship quality through anhedonia was not significant, whereas the indirect effect of family loneliness on mother-child relationship quality through anhedonia was significant. This finding can be interpreted to suggest that anhedonia, such individuals, when interacting with others, may interpret a smile or laugh from the other party as directed toward themselves (Chłopicki et al., 2010). Although loneliness is more common among mothers of children with disabilities than mothers of typical children, it is recommended that individuals increase their social engagement, communicate with others, and participate in educational workshops and related courses to improve their awareness and interactions.Based on the findings, it is recommended that educational programs and specialized workshops aimed at enhancing parental behavior skills with autistic children or increasing feelings of enjoyment be held in educational settings and schools by experienced psychologists. It is also suggested to establish autism-related associations, and furthermore, based on the minimum observed abilities of these children, a suitable productivity plan for their time and lives can be developed and implemented.

The Effect of Experiential Avoidance on the Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder with the Mediation of Rumination and Perceived Vulnerability to Infectious Disease in the Treatment Staff of Patients with Covid-19

afsaneh moradi; samireh karimi; elham hessami; Sara Yadollahi

Volume 31, Issue 2 , December 2024, Pages 279-310

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43610.3021

Abstract

IntroductionThe coronavirus was identified in Wuhan, China, at the end of 2019. Among the measures taken to contain and control this virus were home quarantine, social distancing, and school and university closures. Among them, nurses and staff in departments related to the coronavirus are considered ... Read More IntroductionThe coronavirus was identified in Wuhan, China, at the end of 2019. Among the measures taken to contain and control this virus were home quarantine, social distancing, and school and university closures. Among them, nurses and staff in departments related to the coronavirus are considered the most important elements of health care; because they bear the main burden of providing human health services. Therefore, health care workers and nurses may suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder due to high stress when facing critical situations, caring for injured people, frequently witnessing death and trauma, working in crowded environments, interrupting circadian rhythms due to work shifts, and the amount of responsibility in the hospital. The results of studies show that people with post-traumatic stress disorder allocate internal processes that go beyond the specific negative stimuli of trauma; therefore, they may experience difficulties in inhibiting reactions to potentially threatening stimuli. Studies have shown that experiential avoidance plays a central role in the persistence of PTSD symptoms. Another important factor that can be considered to describe and explain individual differences and psychological vulnerability to PTSD in healthcare workers is perceived vulnerability to infectious disease. Research findings show that increased perceived vulnerability is associated with increased fear and anxiety about COVID-19. Another coping mechanism for traumatic events is rumination. In relation to traumatic events, rumination causes the individual to focus on the negative consequences of the events, which in turn increases negative emotions and ultimately PTSD. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer whether the model of the relationship between experiential avoidance and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder mediated by rumination and perceived vulnerability to infectious disease is appropriate in the treatment staff of patients with COVID-19. MethodThe current research method is descriptive, and the research design is correlational. The statistical population of the present study included the medical staff caring for patients with COVID-19 working in Tehran hospitals in Khordad and Tir 1400. The sampling method was accessible. A total of 516 people completed the questionnaires, and after removing the distorted answers, the sample size included 458 people. Research tools included Mississippi PTSD Citizen Scale by kane et al., the Perceived Vulnerability to Infectious Diseases Questionnaire by Duncan et al., Rumination Questionnaire by Nolan-Hoeksma and the Acceptance and Act Questionnaire by Band et al. The criteria for entering the research included informed consent and employment in the care work in one of the designated hospitals for COVID-19, and the criteria for exiting included the distortion of the submitted answer sheet. The online method was used to implement the questionnaires, in such a way that the link to the online questionnaire was placed in the working groups of the nurses of certain hospitals for COVID-19, so that they could answer the questions of the questionnaires if they wanted to. For the sample people, before answering the questionnaires, the objectives, the importance of conducting the research, and the criteria for entering the research were explained, and they were reassured about ethical points such as confidentiality of personal information, etc. Data analysis was done using Structural Equation Analysis by Amos version 24 and SPSS version 22 software ResultsData analysis showed that experiential avoidance has an effect both directly (p<0.0001) and indirectly through mental rumination (p<0.0001) on the experience of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms. In other words, rumination plays a significant mediating role in the relationship between experiential avoidance and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms, but perceived vulnerability does not play such a role. ConclusionThe present findings showed that experiential avoidance directly affects the experience of PTSD symptoms. Also, the findings showed that the direct effect of rumination on the experience of PTSD symptoms is significant, which was consistent with previous research. In addition, in the present study, it was revealed that experiential avoidance can indirectly affect the experience of PTSD symptoms through rumination. Also, the present results showed that the direct effect of perceived vulnerability to infectious disease on the experience of PTSD symptoms is not significant, and consequently, experiential avoidance could not affect the experience of PTSD symptoms through perceived vulnerability to infectious disease. Among the limitations of the present study were the convenience sampling and the online administration of questionnaires during the COVID-19 pandemic in a few designated hospitals in Tehran; therefore, caution should be exercised in generalizing the findings of the present study to similar groups and other communities. Therefore, in order to increase the generalizability of the results, it is recommended in future research that this study be repeated on many healthcare professionals through random sampling and in person.

Effectiveness of Mindful Parenting Training on Positive Self-Expression and Mood of Female Students with Internalizing Disorders

Houra Ebrahimi rad; ilnaz sajjadian

Volume 31, Issue 2 , December 2024, Pages 311-336

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43321.3014

Abstract

IntroductionIn the past years, paying attention to the child and related issues has become important in psychology, and much research has focused on examining the psychological problems of this group, its causes and treatment. Experts divide these problems into two main groups based on behavioral characteristics: ... Read More IntroductionIn the past years, paying attention to the child and related issues has become important in psychology, and much research has focused on examining the psychological problems of this group, its causes and treatment. Experts divide these problems into two main groups based on behavioral characteristics: the first group is externalizing disorders, and the second one is internalizing disorders. Internalizing disorders include feelings of inferiority, high self-awareness, social withdrawal, shyness, fear, excessive attachment, and chronic sadness, which are often manifested due to irregularities in mood and emotions. Studies have shown that mood disorder is one of the main characteristics of internalizing disorders in children, so it can be expected that the clinical manifestations of these disorders will decrease with the improvement of mood. In addition to mood, weakness in self-expression causes the child to not be frank in expressing his feelings and opinions and not to act decisively, his self-confidence and social adaptability decrease, and he becomes vulnerable to internalizing disorders such as anxiety and depression. It seems that it is possible to draw their attention to the outside world by increasing positive self-expression in children with internalizing disorders. Therefore, the best solutions for treating children's mental disorders are family-based interventions, and one of the most efficient interventions is mindful parenting training. Empirical evidence supports the effectiveness of mindfulness parenting training in improving child behavioral problems. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of mindful parenting training on the positive self-expression and mood of students with internalizing disorders. MethodThe present research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group and a one-month follow-up. The statistical population was made up of all female students with internalizing disorder in the second year of primary school in Isfahan city in the academic year of 2018-2019 with their mothers. After coordinating with the mothers who were willing to participate in the research (n=104), Achenbach's child behavior list was provided to them in both software and paper forms. Among these people, mothers who reported T scores higher than 63 in the dimension of internalizing disorders in this list for their children were examined based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria (48 people), and of these 30 mothers along with their children who met the entry criteria and were selected. After assigning 30 student mothers in two groups of 15 people, test and control, a meeting was held to express the goals of the training course, the goals of the research, and the implementation of the pre-test. The research tools included the temperament scale (Malhotra, 1993), self-expression scale (Gambrill and Reggie, 1975), which were provided to the research groups in the form of software. Then, 8 90-minute sessions of mindful parenting training were conducted for the experimental group. The control group remained on the waiting list during this time and did not receive any intervention. Finally, after one month of the training sessions, the mothers were invited to participate in the follow-up session, and the questionnaires were provided to them again. For statistical analysis, SPSS software version 22 was used in this research to analyze the data, and the analysis of variance test with repeated measurements was used to test the hypotheses. ResultsIn the variables of positive self-expression and mood, the difference between the two experimental and control groups in the pre-test is insignificant. However, in the post-test and follow-up stage, the difference between the control group and the group of mindful parenting education is significant in positive self-expression and mood (p<0.05). The effect of parenting training in improving positive self-expression in the post-test and follow-up phases is equal to 18.7 and 21 percent, respectively, and in improving mood in the post-test phase is equal to 27.6 percent and in the follow-up, phase is equal to 36 percent. According to the results, it can be concluded that mindful parenting training is effective on positive self-expression and mood of students with internalizing disorder, and the effects of training remain in the follow-up phase. DiscussionConsidering that this research was conducted on female students in 2018-2019, therefore, caution should be taken in generalizing the results to other groups and time periods, and it is also suggested to conduct similar research on male students in other educational levels. And other cities to provide a benchmark to compare the results. It is also suggested to conduct follow-up sessions in 3-month periods and study boys and girls with externalizing disorder in order to check the effectiveness of the intervention. According to the obtained results, it is suggested to the experts in this field to use conscious parenting training in order to increase positive self-expression and improve the mood of the female students of the second year of elementary school.

Investigating the Psychometric Adequacy of the Persian Version of the Psychologically Rich Life Questionnaire in the Student and General Population

Mohsen Arbezi; Zahra Noorozi Ghader loo

Volume 31, Issue 2 , December 2024, Pages 337-366

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43440.3006

Abstract

IntroductionA psychologically rich life is the other psychologically desirable life that has recently been conceptualized and introduced by experts in the field of well-being. Another example of a good life is a psychologically rich life, defined by Oishi et al. (2019) as a life with various interesting ... Read More IntroductionA psychologically rich life is the other psychologically desirable life that has recently been conceptualized and introduced by experts in the field of well-being. Another example of a good life is a psychologically rich life, defined by Oishi et al. (2019) as a life with various interesting and perspective-changing experiences. According to them, a psychologically rich life is achieved through novel experiences gained from travel, film, music, sports, and art. Oishi et al. (2019) emphasize that the perspective-changing nature of experiences is essential for a psychologically rich life, such that interesting experiences that do not lead to perspective-changing experiences cannot add to a psychologically rich life. Conceptualizing psychologically rich life as another type of desirable life will stimulate relational and interventional research on psychologically rich life. Normativeizing the Persian version of the psychologically rich life Questionnaire (Oishi et al., 2019) could enable empirical investigation of psychologically rich life in Iranian society and lead Iranian researchers to advance in this field along with international research. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Psychologically Rich Life Questionnaire (Oishi et al., 2019) in two general population groups and College students. For this purpose, two studies were conducted. The first study was conducted on the general population, and the second was on the student population.MethodIn the first study, 450 people from the general population of Shiraz were selected using the convenience sampling method, And they responded to Psychologically rich life questionnaires (Oishi et al., 2019), depression-short form (Beck et al., 1996) and meaning of life (Steger, 2010). In the second study, 220 students of Shiraz University who were studying in the academic year of 2019-2020 were selected by convenience sampling method and answered Psychologically rich life questionnaires (Oishi et al., 2019), the flourishing scale (Diener et al., 2010), the scale of positive and negative feelings (Diener et al., 2010) and the life satisfaction questionnaire (Diener et al., 1985). Convenience sampling was used due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting university closures. An electronic questionnaire was designed, and for the general population, the questionnaire link was sent to participants through family and newsgroups. Also, in the student community, the questionnaire link was placed in student groups by professors and department heads. Before responding to the electronic questionnaire, an option was provided to obtain their consent. SPSS-16 and AMOS-21 statistical software analyzed data. The content, construct, convergent and divergent validity of the mentioned questionnaire were investigated using the opinions of educational and clinical psychology experts, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and correlation coefficients of Psychologically rich life components with related variables, respectively. In order to investigate the reliability of the questionnaire, Cranach's alpha coefficient was used. ResultsExperts confirmed the representativeness of the questionnaire items to measure psychologically rich life. In the first study, both types of exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used for construct validity. Exploratory factor analysis showed that the Persian version of the psychologically rich life questionnaire consists of three factors under the headings of «new and various experiences», «unusual experiences», and «non-uniformity». Confirmatory factor analysis also confirmed the fit of the three-factor model with the data. Also, in this study, the logical relationship between the components of a psychologically rich life and related variables indicates this questionnaire's convergent and divergent validity. In the second study, confirmatory factor analysis showed that the three-factor model of a psychologically rich life is consistent with the data. In this study, the logical relationship between the components of a psychologically rich life with related variables indicates the convergent and divergent validity of the questionnaire. In both studies, Cranach's alpha coefficient confirms the reliability of the questionnaire. ConclusionThe research findings show that the questionnaire mentioned has suitable psychometric indicators for measuring the psychologically rich life of the general and student population; researchers can use it.

Validity and Reliability of Online Shopping Addiction Scale in Iranian Sample

Farzin Bagheri Sheykhangafshe; Zahra Khani; Hojjatollah Farahani; Parviz Azadfallah

Volume 31, Issue 2 , December 2024, Pages 367-394

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43512.3008

Abstract

IntroductionThe rapid growth of e-commerce and the widespread availability of online shopping platforms have significantly transformed consumer behavior in recent years. While these advancements have enhanced convenience and accessibility, they have also introduced challenges, including the emergence ... Read More IntroductionThe rapid growth of e-commerce and the widespread availability of online shopping platforms have significantly transformed consumer behavior in recent years. While these advancements have enhanced convenience and accessibility, they have also introduced challenges, including the emergence of problematic shopping behaviors such as online shopping addiction. Online shopping addiction is characterized by compulsive and excessive online purchasing behaviors that disrupt an individual's daily life, relationships, and overall well-being. Understanding and addressing this phenomenon requires reliable and valid tools to assess its severity and underlying dimensions. In this context, the Online Shopping Addiction Scale, developed by Zhao et al., provides a comprehensive measure to evaluate the multidimensional aspects of online shopping addiction. The current study aims to assess the validity and reliability of the Online Shopping Addiction Scale in an Iranian sample. Given the increasing prevalence of online shopping behaviors in Iran, a culturally adapted and validated assessment tool is essential for identifying at-risk individuals and informing targeted interventions. This study also explores the scale's concurrent and divergent validity by examining its relationship with hoarding behaviors and psychological well-being. By establishing the psychometric robustness of the Online Shopping Addiction Scale, this research contributes to the broader understanding of online shopping addiction and provides a foundation for future studies and practical applications in Iranian society. MethodThis study employed a descriptive-analytical evaluation design to assess the psychometric properties of the Online Shopping Addiction Scale. The sample included 500 participants, comprising 404 women and 96 men, residing in Tehran in 2021. Participants were selected through a convenience sampling method and completed three instruments: the Online Shopping Addiction Scale, the Saving Inventory Questionnaire, and the Psychological Well-being Questionnaire. The psychometric analysis of the Online Shopping Addiction Scale involved confirmatory factor analysis, divergent validity, concurrent validity, Pearson correlation, and Cranach's alpha reliability assessment, all conducted using R software version 4.1 with a significance level set at 0.05. To ensure cultural and linguistic appropriateness, the scale was translated into Farsi by two independent English-speaking translators. The translations were compared with the original English version, and a collaborative effort among the translators resulted in a refined Farsi version. This version was tested with individuals from diverse age groups to identify and address any ambiguities. Following this iterative process, the final Farsi version of the questionnaire was developed and used for data collection. ResultsAccording to the investigations, the average and standard deviation of the age of the research participants were 29.68 and 9.16, respectively. Based on the results obtained, the six-factor structure (Salience, Tolerance, Mood Modification, Withdrawal, Relapse, Conflict) of the online shopping addiction scale was assessed and validated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFI = 0.93, RMSEA = 0.07). To check the construct validity of the scale, we will first check its confirmatory factor analysis. The suitability of the test items for factor analysis was investigated using the correlation index of the score of each item with the corrected total score. In the study of concurrent and divergent criterion validity, the correlation of the online shopping addiction scale with the positive saving inventory scale was significant. The relationship between online shopping addiction and psychological well-being was also negative and significant. Cranach's alpha coefficient for the total score of the online shopping addiction scale was 0.93 and for its dimensions was 0.72 to 0.91. DiscussionThe discussion of this study's findings provides strong evidence for the psychometric properties of the Online Shopping Addiction Scale in an Iranian sample. The six-factor structure, including salience, tolerance, mood modification, withdrawal, relapse, and conflict, was validated through confirmatory factor analysis, showcasing the scale’s ability to comprehensively assess various dimensions of online shopping addiction. This multidimensional approach aligns with theoretical frameworks of behavioral addiction, emphasizing the relevance of the scale for capturing the complex nature of compulsive online shopping behaviors. The cultural adaptation process, which involved iterative feedback and linguistic refinement, ensured that the scale was both contextually and linguistically appropriate, further enhancing its reliability and validity. Moreover, the study’s findings on concurrent and divergent validity highlight significant correlations between online shopping addiction, compulsive hoarding behaviors, and psychological well-being. ConclusionThese results suggest that online shopping addiction not only shares common traits with other compulsive behaviors, but also negatively impacts mental health and overall life satisfaction. The scale's excellent internal consistency across all dimensions indicates its reliability in identifying individuals at risk. While these results underscore the scale’s utility in both clinical and research contexts, they also point to the broader societal implications of increasing reliance on online shopping platforms and the potential psychological challenges that may arise.

The Causal Relationship of Temperament and Character Dimension with Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms via Mediation of Cognitive Emotion Regulation in Adolescents

Sohaila Rajabi Marandian; marzieh talebzadeh; Hamdaleh Jairvand

Volume 31, Issue 2 , December 2024, Pages 395-418

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43950.3056

Abstract

IntroductionAdolescence encompasses a developmental period with significant neurobiological changes, often associated with intense emotions or feelings, reward-seeking, and risk-taking. While bringing new experiences, these changes also present risks (Liew et al., 2023). Clinical psychologists usually ... Read More IntroductionAdolescence encompasses a developmental period with significant neurobiological changes, often associated with intense emotions or feelings, reward-seeking, and risk-taking. While bringing new experiences, these changes also present risks (Liew et al., 2023). Clinical psychologists usually divide the emotional and behavioral disorders of adolescents into two categories: internal and externalized disorders. Internalizing disorders are over-controlled symptoms directed inward, and externalizing disorders are under-controlled symptoms directed outward (Ganji, 2022). Personality dimensions are the factors that play a fundamental role in the ethology of internalized (Ahola et al., 2023) and externalizing symptoms (Abdol-mohammadi et al., 2021). According to Cloninger's psychobiological model, personality comprises two dimensions: temperament and character. The temperament dimensions are hereditary and are stable throughout life and in the later stages of individuals.In contrast, the character dimension includes self-conscious emotions that develop throughout life (Cloninger et al., 1993). On the other hand, one of the factors affecting emotional-behavioral disorders is the presence of some kind of disorder in emotional regulation (Fernandes et al., 2023). Zagaria et al. (2023) found that maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies are associated with emotional behavioral disorders and adaptive strategies are associated with emotional-behavioral health. Therefore, the main of the present study is to investigate the mediating role of positive and negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between personality traits and the occurrence of internalizing and externalizing symptoms in adolescent boys and girls in Andimeshk City. MethodThe research method was a correlational structural equation model. The statistical population comprised all the male and female students in the second grade of high school in Andimshek City in 2020-2021. A sample of 326 people (165 girls and 161 boys) were selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling method and answered the Youth Self-Report questionnaire, which contains 112 items. The test-retest reliability of this questionnaire was reported to be 0.82, and the internal consistency of each subscale was reported between 0.55 and 0.75 (Aschenbach & Rescorella, 2001). The temperament and Character Inventory contains 125 items and measures four dimensions of temperament (novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward Dependence, Persistence) and three dimensions of character (Self-directedness, Cooperativeness, self-transcendence). Reliability was obtained for temperament 0.77 and character 0.81 (Cloninger et al., 1994), and the Cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire contains 36 items. The reliability of this questionnaire was for positive, negative, and total strategies 0.91, 0.87, and 0.93, respectively. (Garnefski et al., 2001). Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficients and structural equation model in SPSS24, AMOS/18 software, and the Sobet test. ResultsThe results showed that for both indirect paths of the effect of temperament and character on internalized and externalized symptoms through positive and negative cognitive emotion regulation, zero is outside the confidence interval (lower limit and upper limit), and the obtained significant level is less than 0.05. Also, for both indirect paths of the effect of temperament and character on externalized symptoms through positive and negative cognitive emotion regulation, zero is outside the confidence interval (lower limit and upper limit), and the obtained significant level is less than 0.05. Therefore, two indirect effects are significant and confirmed. DiscussionThe results of the present study showed that positive and negative strategies of cognitive emotion regulation mediate the relationship between temperament and character on the internalized and externalized symptoms. An individual's choice of cognitive emotion regulation strategies and their regulatory effectiveness depends on their traits. Positive and negative strategies of cognitive emotion regulation, due to their adaptive and maladaptive nature, each lead to the intensification or suppression of negative emotion or the increase of positive emotions, which, in turn, leads to conscious and unconscious emotional, behavioral, and cognitive reactions in response to stressful environmental stimuli, depending on personality dimensions, and as a result, will make the adolescent susceptible to internalized and externalized symptoms. Overall, considering the findings of this study, it is recommended that clinics and educational counseling centers use the findings of this Zagaria et al. (2023) found that maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies are associated with emotional behavioral disorders and adaptive strategies are associated with emotional-behavioral health. Therefore, the main of the present study is to investigate the mediating role of positive and negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between personality traits and the occurrence of internalizing and externalizing symptoms in adolescents in Andimeshk City.

Effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy on difficulty coefficient, life expectancy and emotional processing of adolescents with self-injury background

Marziyeh Firouzeh; ساره Ehsani; Morteza Moradi Doliskani; Majid Barzegar

Volume 31, Issue 2 , December 2024, Pages 419-442

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43712.3027

Abstract

IntroductionAdolescence is an important period of human development that is associated with neurological, hormonal, physiological and social changes. During this period, teenagers cope with many stressful factors. Self-injurious behaviors appear in different ways. He has divided self-injurious behaviors ... Read More IntroductionAdolescence is an important period of human development that is associated with neurological, hormonal, physiological and social changes. During this period, teenagers cope with many stressful factors. Self-injurious behaviors appear in different ways. He has divided self-injurious behaviors into three categories: 1. severe self-injurious behaviors that are observed in mental patients and because of which a person causes serious damage to his own body tissue, such as cutting off a limb from the body. 2- Stereotyped (involuntary) self-harming behaviors that are observed in mentally retarded people with autism or Tourette syndrome. In such a situation, the person involuntarily and repeatedly hits himself (such as banging his head against the wall). 3- Self-harm behaviors are the most common type and are done under the influence of fashion or other factors, such as scratching and cutting the skin, picking wounds, nail-biting, cosmetic surgery, and skin carving. One of the most common problems among teenagers today is self-injurious behavior, which is found to a large extent in all cultures. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy on the coefficient of difficulty, life expectancy and emotional processing of adolescents with self-harm. MethodThe research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with experimental and control groups. The statistical population of the research included all female students of the second secondary level of Bushehr 2019-2020 academic year who had a history of self-injury. And the sample size includes 40 people; 20 people were randomly placed and selected in the experimental group and 20 people in the control group. The experimental group underwent dialectical behavior therapy intervention, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The research tools were the self-injurious behavior questionnaire (Sanson et al., 1998), response to difficulty profile (Stoltz, 1997), Miller Hope Scale (1986) and emotional processing questionnaire (Baker et al., 2010). ResultsThe results showed that the intervention has increased the difficulty coefficient, life expectancy, and reduced maladaptive emotional processing in adolescents (p<0.05). Also, the research findings indicated that dialectical behavior therapy is an effective method in emotional processing (p<0.001).It shows the results of the univariate analysis of covariance to investigate the effect of the independent variable on each of the dependent variables. The F value obtained for all dependent variables is significant at the P<0.05 level. Therefore, it can be said that dialectical behavior therapy influences emotional processing variables, difficulty coefficient and life expectancy. DiscussionAccording to the results of the research, this intervention can be used to improve the difficulty factor, life expectancy and emotional processing of adolescents with self-injury, along with other therapeutic interventions. Also, the focus of dialectical behavior therapy on mindfulness, which is done to observe and describe events non-judgmentally, and awareness and alertness focused on the present moment, leads to the natural development of distress tolerance, and the person learns to deal with emotions without evaluating and trying to change or control them and without arousal. Or experience distress and thereby learn the skill of coping with adverse events, which leads to an increase in the level of difficulty in facing adverse and stimulating life events.Dialectical behavior therapy, by providing a platform for adolescents to participate in educational groups, attempts to bring the individual to a kind of synthesis through the confrontation of thesis and antithesis. Therefore, by participating in dialectical behavior therapy sessions, adolescents learn to observe the natural cycle of their emotions and clearly see their ups and downs as new emotions replace previous ones.On the other hand, the adolescent learns that he is able to tolerate his intense emotions without avoidance or resistance. Finally, in the skill of facing emotions, if the adolescent wants to get rid of the emotion he is experiencing or wants to turn his emotion into action (for example, to engage in self-injurious behavior), he experiences facing his emotion by learning the skill of staying with the emotion. In fact, by learning the concept of emotion, the individual realizes that initial discomfort in facing life's adversities is a natural human characteristic, and this inevitable process should not be considered a sign of incompetence or weakness of oneself or others. Also, the focus of dialectical behavior therapy on mindfulness, which is done in order to observe and describe events non-judgmentally and to be aware and alert in the present moment, leads to the natural development of distress tolerance, and the individual learns to experience emotions without evaluating them, trying to change or control them, and without arousal or distress. In this way, the individual learns the skill of coping with adverse events, which leads to an increase in the difficulty factor in facing adverse and arousing life events.

Comparing the Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Rumination, Psychological Flexibility, Resilience, and Perceived Stress among the Women Suffering from Depression

Mona Isvand; Hosein Baghouli; Hojjat Allah Javidi; Majid Barzegar

Volume 31, Issue 2 , December 2024, Pages 443-476

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43311.2990

Abstract

IntroductionDepression is one of the common disabling and recurring psychological disorders that causes obvious changes in the individual’s different biological, cognitive, nervous, and emotional functions. Depression is also considered as the second most common cognitive disorder, and therefore ... Read More IntroductionDepression is one of the common disabling and recurring psychological disorders that causes obvious changes in the individual’s different biological, cognitive, nervous, and emotional functions. Depression is also considered as the second most common cognitive disorder, and therefore it has attracted the attention of many researchers around the world. Among the existing physical and mental diseases, depression is considered one of the most important global issues and problems, which according to the definition of the World Health Organization is the most important mood disorders. Some common symptoms of depression include: feelings of sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, worthlessness or guilt, loss of interest in activities that one used to enjoy, having trouble thinking, concentrating or making decisions, difficulty falling and staying asleep or sleeping too much, fatigue and lack of energy, changes in appetite, unexplained physical problems, thoughts of not wanting to live or hurting oneself. Depression is also a common, costly, and debilitating disease that imposes a heavy burden on global societies and can affect people of any age, gender, race, culture, social class or education level. However, people with a family history of depression, chronic pain or those who have experienced major life changes, trauma or stress may be at a higher risk of developing depression. The aim of the present study was to compare effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for rumination, cognitive flexibility, resilience, and perceived stress among the women suffering from depression in Andimeshk city. MethodThe statistical population included all women referred to psychiatric clinics. 45 patients were randomly assigned into three groups (two experimental groups and one control group). Measuring research variables with the help of Nolen-Hoeksema and Morrow’s rumination questionnaire (1991), Dennis and Vanderwaal's (2010) cognitive flexibility, Connor, and Davidson's (2003) resilience, and Cohen et al.'s (1983) perceived stress questionnaire were used. At first, after obtaining the necessary permits and coordination with the psychiatric clinics of the city, all women referred to the psychiatric clinics who were suspected of symptoms of depression were screened by a psychiatrist. The initial diagnosis was made by a psychiatrist, and then, to make the diagnosis more certain, the clinical interview of SKID 5 was conducted by the researcher. According to the criteria for entering the research, 30 patients who were willing to cooperate in the research were randomly assigned into two groups (an experimental group of 15 people each and a control group of 15 people). ResultsAnalysis was done using analysis of covariance, two-way variance analysis and repeated measures and Ben Ferroni’s follow-up test. The results indicated that there was a significant difference between effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy compared to cognitive behavioral therapy for rumination; No difference was observed in the effectiveness of the two approaches for cognitive flexibility and perceived stress. The results of the present study indicated that there was no significant difference in the effectiveness of both treatment methods on the three variables of cognitive flexibility, resilience, and perceived stress. There was a difference between the two treatments only in the variable of rumination, so that the effectiveness of the treatment based on acceptance and commitment was confirmed. Regarding cognitive behavioral therapy, no evidence was found to confirm its effectiveness. DiscussionBoth approaches can be considered as effective methods for reduction of the symptoms of depression; cognitive behavioral therapy helps the individual identify the negative mental patterns such as self-criticism, hopelessness and feelings of worthlessness; and by identifying and challenging these distressing cognitive patterns, CBT exercises help the individual change their negative thinking patterns and improve their emotional well-being. Acceptance and commitment therapy, on the other hand, empowers the individual to accept their emotions without judgement and commit to actions aligned with their values as opposed to their symptoms of depression; and this is how ACT reduces the impact of depressive thoughts and feelings. Moreover, ACT was shown to be effective for rumination. In explaining the effectiveness of ACT for rumination it can be said that teaching different methods of challenging irrational thoughts and choosing a correct approach to the problem through mechanisms such as acceptance, increasing awareness, desensitizing, being at the moment, observing without judgement, confronting, and letting go can reduce rumination symptoms in individuals. In other words, ACT helps people to experience their disturbing thoughts only as a thought at first and do what is important to themselves in life and in line with their values, and accept their thoughts and manage unwanted thoughts and feelings. Finally, it is necessary to evaluate and compare effectiveness of the two methods for depression related variables in different groups as well.

Explaining the Causal Relationships between Parenting Styles and Academic Achievement of Second Grade High School Students Based on the Mediating Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation

Shabnam Davari; Nasrin Bagheri

Volume 31, Issue 2 , December 2024, Pages 477-500

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43088.2975

Abstract

IntroductionAcademic achievement shows the degree of success of a person in achieving the specific goals of the educational environment, especially the school. Academic achievement describes to students, teachers, and their parents how well students have achieved their learning goals. It is also an important ... Read More IntroductionAcademic achievement shows the degree of success of a person in achieving the specific goals of the educational environment, especially the school. Academic achievement describes to students, teachers, and their parents how well students have achieved their learning goals. It is also an important criterion for making decisions and predicting the future of education and job opportunities for people. Family environment and parenting style of parents are among the important components that play an important role in the academic progress of students. Baumrind (1971) has classified parenting styles into three: authoritative, authoritarian and permissive styles. Research supports the direct and indirect effects of parenting styles on academic achievement (Hayek et al., 2022; Amani, 2020). Some researchers have examined the relationship between emotions and outcomes related to the educational environment and academic achievement and support the relationship between emotional regulation and academic achievement (Albadarin, 2016). MethodThe present study was conducted by the correlation method and Path analysis. The statistical population of the research consisted of all second-grade high school students studying in Private Schools in the 1st education region of Tehran in the years 2021-2022. 240 people were selected as the sample of the present study using the multi-stage random sampling method. Informed consent and being enrolled in high school were the inclusion criteria. Failure to complete the questionnaires or incomplete completion of the questionnaire were considered as exclusion criteria. Participants completed the Academic Achievement Questionnaire (Pham & Taylor, 1994) and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski & Kraaij, 2006) individually during one session, and their parents completed the Parenting Questionnaire (Baumrind, 1973). The data obtained from the study were analyzed using the maximum likelihood method in AMOS software version 24. ResultsIn genera, the results showed that the path coefficient between maladaptive strategies of cognitive regulation (p= 0.001, β= 0.208) and adaptive strategies of cognitive regulation (p= 0.001, β= 0.306) and academic achievement was significant. According to Table 1, the direct path coefficient between permissive parenting style (p= 0.001, β= 0.221) and authoritative parenting style (p= 0.001, β= 0.303) was significant with academic achievement. Also, the indirect effect coefficient between permissive parenting style and academic achievement with the mediation of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (p= 0.045, β= 0.028) and adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (p= 0.001, β= 0.073) was significant. Table 1Path coefficients in the research modelPath coefficientsbS.EβsigDirectpermissive style → maladaptive strategies of regulation0.2110.0970.1350.043permissive style → academic achievement-1.0260.286-0.2210.001authoritative style→ adaptive strategies of regulation0.4980.1480.2380.001authoritative style → academic achievement1.4830.3320.3030.001maladaptive strategies → academic achievement-0.6180.178-0.2080.001adaptive strategies → academic achievement0.7170.1380.3060.001Indirectpermissive style → maladaptive strategies → academic achievement-0.1300.066-0.0280.045authoritative style→ adaptive strategies→ academic achievement0.3570.1260.0730.001 Finally, the findings show that the fit indices x2/df, AGFI and RMSEA do not support an acceptable fit of the initial model to the data. Therefore, the model was modified by removing non-significant paths, and with this action, acceptable fit indices were obtained for the model.ConclusionThe present study aimed to explain the causal relationships between parenting styles and academic achievement of high school students through the mediation of cognitive emotion regulation. The findings of the present study showed that parenting styles and cognitive emotion regulation are related to academic achievement. In other words, the findings showed that the direct path coefficient between permissive parenting style and academic achievement was negative and the direct path coefficient between authoritative parenting style and academic achievement was positive and significant. Finally, the present study showed that the indirect path coefficient between permissive parenting style and academic achievement through maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies was negative and the indirect path coefficient between authoritative parenting style and academic achievement through adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies was positive and significant. In explaining the findings, it can be said that parenting style explains the importance of educating and preparing children to achieve success. The findings of the present study showed that the structure and various compositions of the family are related to various effects on the growth process and personality of the children and create various parenting styles that affect the personality and academic performance of the children. Thus, cognitive emotion regulation strategies under the influence of parents' parenting styles can explain the academic progress of students. It is suggested that, given the important role of parenting style in students' academic achievement, educational workshops be held with the aim of improving parenting skills and increasing parental awareness and its relationship with academic achievement.

The effectiveness of dialectical behavioral therapy on self-harmful and distress tolerance in adolescents with a history of self-harmful behaviors

Volume 30, Issue 1 , January 2023, , Pages 145-162

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.38177.2726

Abstract

IntroductionSuicidal behaviors and self-harmful are one of the phenomena that has created a major challenge for mental health. Self-assessment in adolescents usually expresses high psychological distress. The prevalence of this problem indicates adolescents’ discontent, that has lots of effects ... Read More IntroductionSuicidal behaviors and self-harmful are one of the phenomena that has created a major challenge for mental health. Self-assessment in adolescents usually expresses high psychological distress. The prevalence of this problem indicates adolescents’ discontent, that has lots of effects on the other family members and friends. Self-assessment without suicide intention is actually self-employed or any kind of action that harms a person, but in this person, there is no intention to die, and ultimately, suicide behavior is without the intention of suicide, which causes suicide without having a person to finish his life. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of dialectical behavioral therapy on self-harmful behaviors and distress tolerance in adolescents to answer the questions of if the dialectical treatment affects the beatings and tolerance of distress. MethodThe present study was a quasi-experiment with pretest post-test with control group and one-month follow-up period. The statistical population of this study was all adolescents referring to Bandar Abbas counseling clinics with a history of self-harmful behaviors. In this study, 30 patients were selected by voluntary and targeted non-targeted sampling and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (15 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group) experimental group of dialectics treatment in 12 sessions of 2 hours received. The questionnaires used in this study included self-harmful behaviors questionnaire (Klonsky & Glenn, 2009) and distress tolerance questionnaire (Simmons and Gahr, 2005). Data from the research was analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA. ResultsThe results showed that Dialectical behavior therapy based on Dimeff and Linehan (2008) therapy package on the experimental group has been effective in beating and tolerating distress in adolescents, since this treatment has been successful in improving self-harmful behaviors and tolerance of distress. Also, the results showed that dialectical behavioral therapy remained fixed on self-harmful behaviors and distress tolerance in adolescents in follow-up stageDiscussionAccording to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that dialectical behavioral therapy can be used as an effective therapeutic treatment for improving the behavior of self-esteem and tolerance in adolescents with a history of self-regulation by educating the skills of excitement, tolerance of distress, conscious mind are being used. Dialectical behavior training can be effective in reducing self-control behaviors. The results of this study with the findings of Chesli et al (2020), Abooutorabi Kashani et al (2020), Saffarinia et al (2015), zamani (2014), ghorbani (2018), Tabatabayi (2021), alavi (2012), Peymannia et al (2019) is a coherent research. Explaining the findings, it can be said that dialectical behavior therapy emphasizes learning resilience against pain in a skillful way, and it can be concluded that disturbed behaviors that are targeted in teaching dialectical behavior therapy skills to endure and survive in crises. And accepting life as it is in the present moment, and these strategies in the form of turning attention (when engaging in self-harming behavior), calming down (in time of distress), improving the moment, and thinking about the benefits and harms of self-injurious behavior.

The validation of King’s Spiritual Intelligence Scale (SISRI-24) among students at University of Isfahan

Volume 17, Issue 1 , June 2010, , Pages 141-164

Abstract

The purpose of this research was the validation of King’s Spiritual Intelligence Scale (SISRI-24) among students at university of Isfahan. Statistical population of the study was all students in academic year of 2008-2009, out of which 250 students were selected randomly. The research method was ... Read More

The effectiveness of self-regulation training with body mass index interaction on weight control, executive functioning, and emotion regulation of overweight and obese adolescent

Volume 27, Issue 2 , November 2020, , Pages 89-110

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2020.32231.2480

Abstract

Abstract Due to the difficulty in emotion regulation and executive functions of obese adolescents, psychological interventions have a great importance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of self-regulation training on weight control, executive functions and emotion regulation ... Read More

The Effectiveness of Group Cognitive Therapy Based on Mindfulness in Reducing Anxiety and Depression in High School Students

Volume 20, Issue 2 , December 2013, , Pages 1-18

Abstract

Mindfulness in psychotherapy research has been conceptualized as an enhanced state of self-awareness thought to promote well-being. In this research, the effectiveness of group cognitive therapy based on mindfulness in reducing anxiety and depression in high school students was studied.This research ... Read More

Considering the Mediating Role of Work-family Conflict in Relationship between Stress and Social Support, and Job Satisfaction and Family Satisfaction

Volume 22, Issue 1 , June 2015, , Pages 111-132

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2015.11190

Abstract

The present study was conducted intending to take into account the mediating work-family conflict role in relation with stress and social support with job and family satisfaction. Study samples included 203 industrial factory personnel selected through convenience sampling in Ahvaz over 2014. In this ... Read More The present study was conducted intending to take into account the mediating work-family conflict role in relation with stress and social support with job and family satisfaction. Study samples included 203 industrial factory personnel selected through convenience sampling in Ahvaz over 2014. In this study, which is a descriptive endeavor of a correlational nature , participants filled in the job stress scale (Parkers & Decotis, 1983), the perceived organizational support survey (Eisenberger, et al., 1997), the job in general scale (Ironson, et al., 1989), the family stress questionnaire (Hennessy, 2005), the perceived social support-family scale (Procidano & Heller, 1983), the family satisfaction scale (Aryee, et al., 1999), and the work-family conflict scale (Carlson, et al., 2000). Structural equation modeling was used to assess the suggested pattern and the bootstrapping method was used to test the mediating effect and it was performed via AMOS. Structural equation modeling indices confirmed general study patterns. Among the relations, only the direct relation of job stress and perceived organizational support were deleted from pattern 1 (work-family conflict mediation). The fitting indices obtained showed that the corrected pattern was of good fitness. Results from the bootstrapping method and the confidence distance from it showed that the work-family conflict completely mediates between job stress and perceived organizational support with family satisfaction and family-work conflict is a partial mediator between family stress and perceived family support with job satisfaction. Thus, job stress and perceived organizational support affect family satisfaction only through work-family conflict, while in the family, family stress and perceived family support directly affect job satisfaction through family-work conflict. Therefore, organizations are not only able to manage conflicts generated between work and the family, but can satisfy personnel with the job itself and the family can apply suitable approaches to reduce their own personnel stress and increase their support.

Examining the mediating role of academic resilience in the relationship between academic self-confidence and attitude towards the future career with academic engagement among the students of Ahvaz Azad University

sara Dibazar; Zeynab Sabouri; leila mirzaei; Raziye Saffarifard; zahra naghsh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.42056.2915

Abstract

Introduction Various factors are effective in the all-round growth and development of students, however, one of the factors that can play a very effective role in improving their academic performance is academic engagement in educational activities (Thomas and Allen, 2021; Jack, 2016) Bugby, Beck, Ferrier ... Read More Introduction Various factors are effective in the all-round growth and development of students, however, one of the factors that can play a very effective role in improving their academic performance is academic engagement in educational activities (Thomas and Allen, 2021; Jack, 2016) Bugby, Beck, Ferrier and Aria (2019). Various factors are effective in the occurrence of academic engagement in students, among which academic self-confidence can be mentioned. It can be said that the existence of self-confidence in students is related to their greater academic engagement (Geoffrey, Borella and Mamarella, 2017). In this regard, the existence of academic self-confidence can affect the attitude towards the future career and academic engagement in students. An important factor that Academic resilience affects both the academic self-confidence and the attitude towards the future career in students and leads to an increase in academic engagement in them. Considering the importance and basic role of students in the development of society and considering the various problems and issues that students face in the educational environment, it is felt necessary to plan to eliminate their lack of motivation and lack of self-confidence. In this way, the aim of the present study was to examine the fit of the mediator role model of academic resilience in the relationship between academic self-confidence and attitude towards the future career with academic engagement in the students of Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz.MethodThe method of the current research was a description of structural equation modeling; in which the relationship between the variables was investigated in the form of path analysis.The statistical population consisted of all the students of Ahvaz Islamic Azad University in the academic year 2018-2019. 202 students were selected as samples. Then, the research questionnaires were given to the subjects to answer. In this research, the following tools were used. Rio academic occupation questionnaires; Nouri, Jafari and Saadatmand's academic self-confidence; The attitude towards the career future of Hassanlou, Hassannejad and Khazaei Pool and Samuels' academic resilience were distributed among them. The evaluation of the proposed model was done using the path analysis method. Bootstrap test was used to measure indirect relationships.ResultsThe results of Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between all research variables at the level of p>0.01. In the path of academic self-confidence to academic engagement (β=0.066), which was not statistically significant at the level of p>0.05. The relationship was excluded, so this hypothesis was not confirmed. The path of attitude towards future career to academic engagement (β=0.185) which was statistically significant at p<0.01 level and this hypothesis was confirmed. In the path of academic self-confidence to academic resilience (β=0.301), which was statistically significant at the p<0.01 level, and this hypothesis was confirmed. In the path of attitude towards future career to academic resilience (β=0.492), which was statistically significant at the level of p<0.01, and this hypothesis was confirmed. In the path of academic resilience to academic engagement (β=0.350), which was statistically significant at the p<0.01 level, and this hypothesis was also confirmed.Discussion and conclusionThe results showed that all the direct paths except the path of academic self-confidence were significant with academic engagement. Indirect paths were also significant through academic resilience and academic engagement. Based on the results of this research, the proposed model has a good fit and is considered an important step in the direction of knowing the effective factors in students' academic engagement and motivation, considering that the presented conceptual model had a good fit, it can be considered as an innovation. and considered a new scientific finding that can be effective in the prevention and treatment of academic failure.

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Equivalence of performance analysis psychotherapy (FAP) and schema therapy on emotional experience towards spouse, forgiveness and gratitude of couples referring to Isfahan counseling centers

Marjan Torajizade; Mojtaba Mohammadi jalai Farahani; Davood Taghvaei

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 July 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43318.2991

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to compare performance analysis psychotherapy (FAP) and schema therapy on emotional experience towards spouse, forgiveness and gratitude of couples referring to counseling centers in Isfahan city. Family is a social institution that is formed from the marriage bond of ... Read More The aim of the present study was to compare performance analysis psychotherapy (FAP) and schema therapy on emotional experience towards spouse, forgiveness and gratitude of couples referring to counseling centers in Isfahan city. Family is a social institution that is formed from the marriage bond of a man and a woman. The health of married life implies the emotional and mental health of its people, which is also dependent on the continuity of the relationship between husband and wife. Marital relationship is the most intimate and special human relationship, the durability and quality of which requires having knowledge and emotional skills in it. Several studies show that the obvious and non-obvious behavioral and emotional exchanges of couples are one of the strongest predictors of marital quality and stability, and emotional experience in married life plays a prominent role in the durability or collapse of married life. MethodThe research method was semi-experimental and pre-test, post-test and follow-up with two experimental and control groups. The statistical population includes all couples in the age group of 25 to 45 years old in Isfahan city, who were selected by available sampling method, 30 couples (10 couples in the first test group, 10 couples in the second test group, and 10 couples in the control group) And for the first group, the performance analysis therapy experiment was presented during 8 sessions, and for the second group, the schema therapy experiment was also presented during 8 sessions. The data collection tools included the 6-question questionnaire of emotional experience towards the spouse of Brashaw (2009), the 15-question questionnaire of Bakhshash Ray et al. (2001) and the 6-question questionnaire of appreciation of McCullough et al. (2001). To analyze the data, the statistical method of analysis of variance with repeated measurements was used. ResultsThe results showed that there was no significant difference between the effect of the two psychotherapeutic methods of performance analysis and schema therapy on the emotional experience towards the spouse and spouse's gratitude, but there was a significant difference between the effect of the two psychotherapeutic methods of performance analysis and schema therapy on forgiveness. Therefore, the schema therapy method has been a more effective method than performance analysis psychotherapy in the use of forgiveness skills by couples in reducing marital conflicts.DiscussionIn fact, schema therapy emphasizes supporting couples from each other, opening emotions, and expressing them in a positive way, focusing on one's emotions and identifying them, expressing new experiences in married life and the emotions associated with it, forming new interactions in the relationship. Emphasis on taking care of the spouse, identifying negative interaction cycles, and eliminating them in married life helps the couple to rebuild their relationship with their spouse and in the light of a healthy and effective relationship, forgive each other and be more grateful.

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-Modeling of Suicidal Ideation in Women Based on Perceived Stress and Self-Silencing with Mediating Role of Difficulties in Emotion Regulation

Ameneh Dashti; Yadollah Zargar

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43460.3002

Abstract

AbstractIntroduction: Suicidal ideation increases the risk of levels of suicidal behavior. Therefore, it is necessary to study this complex and multifactorial phenomenon in non-clinical samples, especially women. The aim of this study was to develop a structural model of suicidal ideation based on the ... Read More AbstractIntroduction: Suicidal ideation increases the risk of levels of suicidal behavior. Therefore, it is necessary to study this complex and multifactorial phenomenon in non-clinical samples, especially women. The aim of this study was to develop a structural model of suicidal ideation based on the components of perceived stress and self-silencing, considering the mediator role of difficulty in emotion regulation in women. Method: Based on this, using multi-stage random sampling method, 350 female students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz were selected as the sample. Participants completed the Beck Suicide Ideation Scale (BSI), the Perceived Stress Inventory (PSQ), the Self-Silencing Scale, and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (S-DERS) with full knowledge and satisfaction. Structural equation modeling (AMOS-22 software) was used to evaluate the assumed relationships in the model and analyze the collected data. Result: According to the research results, all direct and indirect paths embedded in the model were significant and had an acceptable fit (p<0.001). In this research, the χ2 (df) was estimated as 0.13, which indicates the fit of the model with the data. Also, GFI, AGFI, and CFI indices were obtained as 0.94, 0.90, and 0.95, respectively, which indicates the acceptable fit of the model. Among the fit indices of RMSEA is the basis of acceptance or rejection of a hypothesized model, which was obtained as 0.05. Also, according to the multivariable regression analysis, the R value was equal to 0.237, which means that 23% of the variance of suicidal ideation can be predicted and explained by difficulty in emotion regulation, perceived stress, and self-silencing.Conclusion: Designing a model of suicidal ideation made it possible to examine the role and influence of difficulty in emotion regulation, perceived stress and self-silencing. Based on the findings of the present study, difficulty in emotion regulation has a positive and significant relationship with suicidal ideation in women.Difficulty in emotion regulation is a type of emotional vulnerability that predicts suicidal ideation. The relationship between perceived stress and difficulty in regulating emotion was another finding that was confirmed in this study. A stressful situation is defined as a situation where the demands expected of a person are greater than his ability to adapt. In fact, when dealing with stress, a person focuses on the stressful and problematic situation and the awareness of his emotions decreases. On the other hand, limited access to effective emotion regulation strategies in conditions of intensified pressure and finally the ability of a person to manage his emotions decreases.Another assumed relationship of the proposed model in this research was the relationship between self- silencing and difficulty in emotion regulation. As expected, a direct relationship between self- silencing and difficulty in emotion regulation was confirmed. This means that the more self- silencing increases, the more difficult the emotion regulation process will be. The requirement of self- silencing is the suppression and denial of emotions, and this process is strengthened by ignoring oneself and giving priority to the desires, needs and emotions of others and getting attention and approval or maintaining relationships.These results mean that; Perceived stress, self-silencing, and difficulty in emotion regulating have a high predictive power for suicidal ideation in women. In addition, the findings suggest that predictor variables all predict a total of 23% variance of suicidal ideation.Key words: Suicidal Ideation, Perceived Stress, Self-silencing, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation, Structural Equation Modeling, Women

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Causal model of health-enhancing lifestyle based on core self-evaluations and spirituality in the work environment with the mediation of social intimacy, time perspective and self-control in veteran personnel of southern oil-rich regions.

Elahe Talavari; Parvin Ehteshamzadeh; Parviz Asgari; Farah Naderi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43640.3022

Abstract

The mental health of veterans is greatly influenced by their lifestyle. Lifestyle is a pattern of characteristics, behaviors, and habits specific to an individual, if defective they increase the risk of illness or accidents in veterans. The current study was to investigate the causal relationship model ... Read More The mental health of veterans is greatly influenced by their lifestyle. Lifestyle is a pattern of characteristics, behaviors, and habits specific to an individual, if defective they increase the risk of illness or accidents in veterans. The current study was to investigate the causal relationship model of lifestyle of health promotion with Core self-evaluations and spirituality in the work environment with the mediation of social intimacy, Time perspective and self-control in the personnel of Southern Oil Regions in the south. Complications and consequences of war are one of the most important psychological and psychiatry topics in the world, which have attracted the attention of relevant experts during different times. Among these, neurological and psychological complications are the most debilitating complications that have caused numerous problems for the people who were present in the war, for their families and the society. The effects of war remain in the wounded for years, and these effects leave significant damages on the individual and his family.MethodThe statistical population of this research included all the veterans of over 25% in working in the Southern Oil Regions Company in 1400, of which 182 people were selected by voluntary method. Gathering information using health-enhancing lifestyle questionnaires by Walker et al. (1987), social self-evaluations (CSES) (2003), spirituality in the workplace (Milliman et al. 2003), self-control by Tani et al. (2004), Time perspective-ZTPI (Zimbardo, 1999), social intimacy (Costa and McCrae, 1992).ResultsStructural equation analysis method was used to analyze the data. The results of data analysis showed that the causal model of the research had a good fit. All direct paths of personality self-evaluations and spirituality in the work environment with health promoting style were significant. The direct paths of mediated social intimacy, time perspective and self-control were also significant with health promotion style. There is a causal relationship between core self-evaluation and the health-promoting lifestyle of veteran employees through social intimacy: The available results indicate that there is a causal relationship between core self-evaluation and the health-promoting lifestyle of veteran employees through social intimacy. Core self-evaluation provides resources that activate beliefs such as self-efficacy and self-esteem in the individual. If veterans have such high self-evaluations, they are more directed towards close interactions with the community and extensive social support. form and participate more in group activities, this can guide them in choosing a social and healthier lifestyle.DiscussionAlso, social intimacy, time perspective and self-control cannot mediate the causal relationship between time perspective and spirituality in the work environment with health promoting style in a significantly way (p<0.001). According to the findings of the research, it can be concluded that the veterans who are in the company of oil-rich areas, despite the unpleasant incidents they experienced and suffered injuries because of it, but these potentially stressful conditions, their lifestyle and health. Has not caused serious damage. This immunity of their lifestyle depends on their evaluations and cognitive attitudes and the spirituality and relationships of the work environment and the organization in which they are active, so that on the one hand, the central self-evaluation of the veterans believes in them. It provides them with the ability and being equipped with psychological tools, and on the other hand, this belief and cognitive and psychological equipment is strengthened by the work environment.

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The effectiveness of teaching based on the brain-centered approach on the motivation to learn physics

Nasrin Taheri Asghari; Shahram vahedi; Davoud Tahmasebzadeh sheikhlar; Kiumars Taghipour; Hasan Sabourimoghaddam

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 17 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43730.3031

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to measure the effectiveness of the brain-centered teaching approach on the motivation to learn physics among second year high school students. In this semi-experimental study, a pre-test-post-test design with a control group was used. The statistical population included ... Read More The purpose of this study is to measure the effectiveness of the brain-centered teaching approach on the motivation to learn physics among second year high school students. In this semi-experimental study, a pre-test-post-test design with a control group was used. The statistical population included female students of the twelfth grade of the second year of secondary school in the city of Takestan, and 50 people were selected from among them as an available sample. The research tools included a questionnaire on learning motivation towards physics, daily writings and structured interviews of students. First, the subjects of both groups were pre-tested, then the subjects of the experimental group were tested for eight weeks with the help of the brain-based method, the subject of dynamics (Newton's laws). were trained, while the control group was subjected to common training at school. After the end of the intervention on the experimental group, the subjects of both groups were evaluated by the post-test. With the help of SPSS software, analysis Covariance and U Mann Whitney and kruskal- wallis H test were used for data analysis. The findings of this research showed that the students of the experimental group have more motivation to learn than the control group and we saw their significant superiority in the subscales of internal motivation, goal and self-efficacy, although there was a difference in the mean of the autonomy and job subscales, but this difference It was not statistically significant. Also, three motivational patterns were identified after the intervention. The first pattern of students' parallel motivation compared to before the implementation of the experimental plan, the second pattern of students' motivation becoming positive after the experimental intervention, and the third pattern of students' motivation becoming negative after the experimental intervention. Based on the findings of the present research, it can be concluded that by spending enough time, brain-based education can be used as an effective intervention to increase the motivation towards physics used by teachers and counselors.

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The effect of education based on positive psychology (perma model) on future orientation, time perspective and self-efficacy in female students

Seyydeh Razieh Zakarianzadeh; Qader zadeh Bagheri; Alireza Maredpour

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 July 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44034.3058

Abstract

One of the most important concerns of educational systems is improving the well-being and optimal performance of learners. Since different individual and social factors have an effect on well-being, mental health and optimal performance, effective intervention seems necessary to improve and promote them. ... Read More One of the most important concerns of educational systems is improving the well-being and optimal performance of learners. Since different individual and social factors have an effect on well-being, mental health and optimal performance, effective intervention seems necessary to improve and promote them. After entering high school, students face problems in social, family, emotional, health, academic, etc., and due to the symmetry of high school with adolescent crises, a person's ability to adapt to the surrounding environment decreases. Adolescents who have problems in adapting to the conditions and roles given to them in the educational environment as a social institution are likely to have problems in other aspects of life and education. By entering the middle school period, of course, the school and their teachers change, and the students also choose their field of study and start a new educational path, in which many problems are observed in these fields. For example, evidence suggests that high school students have difficulty controlling emotions, feeling effective, and planning for the future and its prospects.The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of education based on positive psychology (perma model) on future orientation, self-efficacy and time perspective of female students.MethodThe research method was a semi-experimental design using a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with a control group. In the present study, the experimental group was trained in perma pack, and the control group was on the waiting list. The statistical population was all female students of the second secondary school (11th grade) of Yasouj city in the academic year of 2021-2022. The sampling method was a multi-stage cluster and the tools used were Maggio et al.'s Future Orientation Questionnaire (2016), Morris Students' Self-Efficacy Scale (2001), and Zimbardo's Time Perspective Scale (1999). ResultsBased on the results of the research, the effect of the Perma model on future orientation in the Perma intervention group and the control group in the post-test is significant and positive; That is, education based on positive psychology leads to the improvement of future orientation and resilience in the post-exam. The findings also showed that the effect of Perma model training on students' self-efficacy in the post-test is significant; That is, education based on positive psychology leads to an increase in cognitive, motivational and metacognitive components of self-efficacy (P<0.05). Also, the findings showed that the effect of Perma model training on students' time perspective in the post-test and follow-up is not significant.DiscussionBased on the findings of the research, more attention should be paid to the processes of planning and implementing intervention and combining both positive and negative characteristics of human performance; Because training and practice based on positive psychology focused on awareness can be the basis for designing and implementing many interventions. Based on the results of the research, teaching the Perma model promotes future orientation and increases resilience in students; in a way that they are more hopeful and optimistic about achieving mental well-being and about the future. In addition, be positive towards achieving long-term goals and career, academic and personal success plans and develop and improve your abilities. Teaching the skills of positivity, optimism and positive emotion makes students hope for the future and strive to achieve goals instead of giving in to personal and environmental limitations.

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A comparative study of emotional suppression, prosocial behavior and perceived competence in adolescents with and without childhood abuse experience.

Arezou Asghari; Haniyeh Mian Abadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 28 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44038.3059

Abstract

IntroductionChild abuse as one of the psycho-social problems is any physical, sexual, emotional and mental harm or exploitation and not taking care of the basic needs of people under the age of 18, which disrupts their performance in all aspects of life, and leads to harm such as Death, physical, sexual ... Read More IntroductionChild abuse as one of the psycho-social problems is any physical, sexual, emotional and mental harm or exploitation and not taking care of the basic needs of people under the age of 18, which disrupts their performance in all aspects of life, and leads to harm such as Death, physical, sexual injuries or emotional-psychological sufferings happen to him. The aim of this research was to compare emotional suppression, prosocial behavior and perceived competence in adolescents with and without experiencing childhood abuse.MethodsThis research was a descriptive study of causal-comparative studies. The studied population were all female students of the first and second grade of Gorgan city in the academic year 2022-2023. From the research community, 100 students (50 students with childhood abuse experience and 50 students without childhood abuse experience) were selected as a sample in a multi-stage cluster.Research toolsEmotional Suppression Questionnaire: This questionnaire has 84 items and 10 subscales, and is used to measure three different constructs including distress, self-control, and defensiveness. The reliability of the questionnaire in the present study was obtained by Cronbach's alpha method of 0.79. Prosocial Behavior Questionnaire: This questionnaire has 30 items and consists of seven subscales, which basically measure the two factors of empathy directed towards others and helping. The reliability of the questionnaire in the present study was obtained by Cronbach's alpha method of 0.93. Competency Perception Questionnaire: This questionnaire has 4 subscales and 27 questions in Likert format, which subscales are: behavioral competence, academic competence, social competence and physical competence. The reliability of the questionnaire in the present study was obtained by Cronbach's alpha method of 0.86. Child abuse self-report questionnaire: This questionnaire was prepared in 2000 and has 38 items that measure and evaluate a range of child abuse behavior. The reliability of the questionnaire in the present study was obtained by Cronbach's alpha method of 0.91.ResultsThe findings showed that the components of emotional suppression, prosocial behavior and perception of competence in adolescents with and without the experience of harassment have significant differences (p<0.05).ConclusionBased on this, it can be concluded that teenagers who have experienced harassment because they think the outside world is unsafe and have a negative view of themselves, others and the environment. In the components of emotional suppression, they obtained higher scores and in social behaviors and perception of competence, they obtained lower scores.

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The effectiveness of emotional schema therapy on sexual self-esteem, marital relationship quality, communication patterns and emotional dyslexia in conflicted couples referring to family counseling centers in Qom

Mahbobeh Abbasi Ghomi; Hasan Heydari; Mojtaba Mahamodi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44837.3120

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of emotion-oriented schema therapy and combined behavioral therapy on sexual self-esteem, quality of marital relationship, communication patterns and emotional narcissism in conflicting couples referred to counseling centers in Qom. The family is ... Read More The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of emotion-oriented schema therapy and combined behavioral therapy on sexual self-esteem, quality of marital relationship, communication patterns and emotional narcissism in conflicting couples referred to counseling centers in Qom. The family is the main core of every society and the center of maintaining people's health and mental health, and it is not the only place to meet the emotional, material, developmental and spiritual needs of its members, but the origin of human emotions and the center of the most intimate relationships and interactions. It is also interpersonal. The concept of family and the value of this social institution is considered as the basic work for every government and society, and every society, according to its values, first goes to the family to help its society from within. For this reason, the family is one of the first institutions that must change in society. Therefore, the foundation of the family is formed based on the marriage contract between the husband and wife so that they can experience a peaceful and happy life together, but unfortunately, abundant evidence indicates that couples in today's society Establishing and maintaining intimate and friendly relationships have severe and difficult problems. One of the common problems in couples' relationships that has attracted the attention of therapists is couples' conflicts. Conflict in relationships occurs when a person's behavior does not match the other person's expectations. All over the world, there is an increasing concern about increasing the level of marital conflict and its serious effect on the functioning and stability of the family. MethodSemi-experimental research method with pretest design - Post-test with two experimental groups and a control group and the statistical population, including all women with marital conflicts referred to counseling centers in Qom province in 2021. From this population, 21 couples were selected by sampling method and randomly divided into three groups: emotion-oriented schema therapy (7 couples), integrated behavior (7 couples) and control (7 couples). Both experimental groups received ten 60-minute training sessions. Subjects were examined before the intervention, at the end of the intervention, and at the follow-up stage for three months using the Toronto Alexithymia Questionnaire (1986), Schwartz (1996) Sexual Self-Esteem Questionnaire, the quality of subsequent marital relationships, et al. (1995), and Christ's age and relationship patterns. Salavi (1984) Assessing Assistance. The data were analyzed with the help of SPSS software and multivariate covariance analysis method. ResultsThe findings showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in sexual self-esteem, marital relationship quality, constructive communication patterns, and emotional ataxia in the post-test phase. The results showed that emotional schema therapy increased the results of three variables: self-esteem, quality of marital relationship, and mutual constructive communication, and decreased the three variables of withdrawal expectation, mutual communication, and emotional dyslexia. Emotional-centered couple therapy is effective on emotional apathy, relationship quality, sexual self-esteem, and communication patterns among conflicting couples. In explaining the above results, it can be said: the goal of couple therapy based on schema-emotional therapy is to change emotional patterns that are linked to communication problems.DiscussionTherefore, according to the research, it can be concluded that emotion-oriented schema therapy can increase sexual self-esteem, the quality of relationships and communication patterns, and reduce Alexithymia. In the model of emotional schemas, people differ from each other in terms of the interpretation and evaluations they make of their emotional experience, and they may try to deal with their emotions with different strategies such as experiential avoidance, ineffective cognitive strategies, social support, or other strategies. to deal with, which causes mental disorders and on the one hand, the formation of high conflicts between couples, but during the process of treatment with various techniques, including cognitive reconstruction, couples with problems are changed or adjusted, and this model is based on this principle. It is established that emotional disorders are caused by beliefs, interpretations and strategies used to deal with emotions. Therefore, interventions related to emotional schemas can be effective on marital satisfaction and marital problems, and subsequently reduce conflicts in couples.

Comparing the Effectiveness of Behavioral Activation and Schema Therapy on Reducing the Experiential Avoidance of Students with Academic Procrastination

Iman Farjaleh Chaabi:; Mahnaz Mehrabizadeh Honarmand; Naser Amini

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.42939.2952

Abstract

IntroductionHigher education in the health system is a fundamental element in the comprehensive development of the country and one of the most important social pillars that is responsible for training and providing efficient and committed human resources in the health sector. The most valuable result ... Read More IntroductionHigher education in the health system is a fundamental element in the comprehensive development of the country and one of the most important social pillars that is responsible for training and providing efficient and committed human resources in the health sector. The most valuable result of all training is the ability to get a person to do something when it needs to be done. Whether he likes it or not. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the effectiveness of behavioral activation therapy and schema therapy on reducing experiential avoidance in students with academic procrastination.MethodsThe research design was a pre-test-post-test experiment with a control group. The statistical population included students of the first semester of the academic year 2021-2022 of Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz. The first sample of the research included 152 students who were selected from among seven faculties by multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Then the selected people responded to Solomon and Rothblum’s Academic Procrastination Scale and those whose score was one score higher than the standard deviation were separated. Then 60 people were randomly selected from among them and placed in three groups of 20 people (two experimental groups and one control group). The experimental groups received behavioral activation and schema therapy, while the control group did not receive any intervention. In this research, Solomon and Rothblum’s Academic Procrastination Scale and Gámez et al. Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire were used to collect data. The data were analyzed using univariate covariance analysis (ANCOVA) and SPSS-25 software.ResultsThe results showed that both behavioral activation therapy and schema therapy are effective in reducing the experiential avoidance of students with academic procrastination (F=29.71, p<0.0001); However, the effectiveness of schema therapy was higher than behavioral activation therapy (p<0.002).ConclusionAccording to the results obtained in this research, it is suggested that early identification of students with academic procrastination and their timely treatment should be done to eliminate their experiential avoidance. According to the results obtained from this research, behavioral activation and schema therapy are recommended as useful treatments to help reduce the clinical symptoms of students with academic procrastination. Therefore, the student counseling departments of medical sciences universities of the country can use this treatment to reduce the clinical symptoms of procrastinators, especially to reduce the experiential avoidance of students with academic procrastination and reduce the consequences of procrastination in them. Based on the results of this research, schema therapy and behavioral activation therapy can be used to reduce the experiential avoidance of students with academic procrastination.

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The role of perceived teacher-working environment fit in social contextual burnout with the mediating role of proactive strategies in Zahedan teachers

rouhollah rahdar; maryam zare; mehdi rahimi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43462.3004

Abstract

IntroductionBurnout develops gradually as a result of extensive and prolonged work-related stress .This study aimed to obtain a better understanding of the relationship between the perceived fit between teachers and work environment with socio-contextual burnout through the mediating role of teachers' ... Read More IntroductionBurnout develops gradually as a result of extensive and prolonged work-related stress .This study aimed to obtain a better understanding of the relationship between the perceived fit between teachers and work environment with socio-contextual burnout through the mediating role of teachers' proactive strategies (self-regulatory and co-regulatory) in the academic year of 2021-22 .MethodThe present study was conducted using a correlational design and structural equation modeling. To this purpose, 386 teachers were selected from 36 girl and boy elementary, middle and high schools using multi-stage cluster sampling. To collect data, the Proactive Strategies Scale and the Socio-Contextual Teacher Burnout Inventory (STBI) and the role of perceived fit between teachers and work environment developed by Pietarinen et al. (2013) were used.ResultsFindings obtained from structural equations in Amos suggested that the perceived fit between teachers and work environment (received professional recognition and productive and capable work environment) negatively predicts socio-contextual teacher burnout in both models through the mediating role of self-regulation (-0.58) and co-regulation (-0.35) and the mediating role of self-regulation and co-regulation with burnout was (0.09) and (-0.28) respectively. On the other hand, the perceived fit between teachers and work environment significantly predicted teachers' proactive strategies (self-regulation (0.61) and co-regulation (0.65)).DiscussionResults suggested that proactive strategies are associated with a lower risk of experiencing socio-contextual burnout. This association lies in this fact that learning and using these strategies depends on the social interactions of schools where the teachers work. Therefore, they can potentially be promoted and stabilized. So, teachers can learn various strategies which help them reduce job burnout and create a more appropriate work environment.Keywords: Teachere-working environment fit; Proactive Strategies; Teachers' Socio-contextual Burnout; Zahedan Schools.Keywords: Teachere-working environment fit; Proactive Strategies; Teachers' Socio-contextual Burnout; Zahedan Schools.Keywords: Teachere-working environment fit; Proactive Strategies; Teachers' Socio-contextual Burnout; Zahedan Schools.

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Investigating the mediating role of academic flow in the relationship between intrinsic motivation and academic well-being

Mohsen Arbezi; Masoud Fazilatpoor

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43729.3030

Abstract

IntroductionAcademic well-being is one of the important constructs in educational psychology. Considering the importance of this structure, previous researchers have made efforts to identify its antecedents. Based on the theoretical foundations and previous research, motivational resources are needed ... Read More IntroductionAcademic well-being is one of the important constructs in educational psychology. Considering the importance of this structure, previous researchers have made efforts to identify its antecedents. Based on the theoretical foundations and previous research, motivational resources are needed for adaptive performance and progress-oriented behaviours in various fields, especially in the field of education. Among the types of motivation, intrinsic motivation is considered one of the adaptive types of motivation. Intrinsically motivated students study using internal reasons such as the enjoyment of learning, And they experience states of full attention and absorption while studying. The mentioned states are consistent with the experience of flow. Therefore, in the present study, it was assumed that intrinsic motivation can predict academic well-being directly and indirectly through academic flow. the present study was conducted to investigate the structural relationship between intrinsic motivation and academic well-being through the mediation of academic flow.MethodIn this study, 356 students (119 boys, 237 girls) of senior high school in Evaz city (located in the south of Fars province), who were studying in the academic year of 2022-2023, were selected by multi-stage random cluster sampling method; and they responded to the questionnaires of intrinsic motivation (Choi et al., 2010), academic flow (Martin & Jackson, 2008) and academic well-being (Tuominen-Soini et al., 2012). SPSS-16 and AMOS-24 statistical software were used for data analysis.ResultsThe proposed research model was tested using the maximum likelihood method, And the results of the research showed that intrinsic motivation predicts academic well-being directly (β= 0/42, p= 0/009) and indirectly (β=0/07, p= 0/015) through academic flow. Academic flow, in addition to the mediating role, directly (β=0/14, p= 0/012) predicts academic well-being.ConclusionThe findings of this research theoretically include new themes. In general, the results of the current research confirm the role of intrinsic motivation and academic flow as intrapersonal antecedents in facilitating the occurrence of students' academic well-being. The findings of the present research can be used as a basis for designing interventions based on the constructs of intrinsic motivation and academic flow to improve students' academic well-being.

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The mediating role of dependence and non-dependence on the field in the relationship between personality traits and cognitive performance with job performance Nurses of Shiraz hospitals

Bahareh Saghanejad; Javidi Hojatollah; Majid Barzegar

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 12 December 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44841.3121

Abstract

The aim of this research was to investigate the mediating role of dependence and non-dependence on the field in the relationship between personality traits and cognitive performance with nurses' job performance. Psychologists consider job performance as a product of human behavior and believe that motivations ... Read More The aim of this research was to investigate the mediating role of dependence and non-dependence on the field in the relationship between personality traits and cognitive performance with nurses' job performance. Psychologists consider job performance as a product of human behavior and believe that motivations and needs have an effect on people's performance and ultimately growth and development. They can be identified through a set of specific owners. Theoretically, job performance includes two components, the first component is job performance that reflects job requirements and requirements, and the second component is field performance that includes undefined and unspecified activities such as teamwork and support. It takes In fact, background work refers to those job-related activities (such as working hard and helping others) that are not officially considered part of the job or duty. Another core theory is related to job performance, the underlying ground of this theory is that the internal nature of job duties can motivate people. If the job is interesting and enjoyable, people will like their jobs, have higher motivation and perform their duties better. One of the influencing variables on people's job performance is cognitive performance. MethodThe current research was descriptive-correlational and of the type of structural equations and modeling. The statistical population includes nurses from hospitals in Shiraz and the sample size, using the table of krejci and Morgan (1970), including 200 nurses from different hospitals in Shiraz, who were selected by cluster sampling. And through the measurement tools of cognitive style test of dependence and non-dependence on the field of Eltman, Raskin and Witkin (1971), Costa McGarry personality traits questionnaire (1985), Patterson job performance questionnaire (1970) and Ridley-Stroop Stroop test (1935). Were evaluated. The data were analyzed using structural equations. ResultsThe findings confirmed the mediating effect of dependence and non-dependence on the field in the relationship between personality traits and cognitive performance with nurses' job performance.DiscussionIn fact, cognitive style is the result of a person's interactions with his environment in the process of growth and socialization, and it is effective on a person's attitude and attitude towards others and the way he communicates with them, and this process leads to his job performance in adulthood. to be effective and act with more social resilience in the face of job difficulties and problems and perform best by acquiring job information. Cognitive style reacts to information, stimuli and situations in a spontaneous and automatic way and enables a person to learn strategies and methods with the help of them from the maximum points Use the strengths and advantages of your style and minimize the weaknesses and limitations and show the best performance.

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Effectiveness of sex education program on mental health and self-care development of first year high school students

Shahrazad Qarabaghi; Marjan Kian; Maryam Moghadasin

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 13 January 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.44824.3118

Abstract

IntroductionAdolescence is a critical period that includes the age range of ten to eighteen years, and the adolescent at this age enjoys rapid physical, cognitive, psychological, and emotional growth, and the occurrence of these characteristics causes challenges in the adolescent's thinking, feeling, ... Read More IntroductionAdolescence is a critical period that includes the age range of ten to eighteen years, and the adolescent at this age enjoys rapid physical, cognitive, psychological, and emotional growth, and the occurrence of these characteristics causes challenges in the adolescent's thinking, feeling, decision-making power, and interaction. will be Today's teenagers are faced with many crises. Among the challenges of adolescent development are the consequences of the advancement of civilization, technology, the ever-increasing development of information and information systems, pornography, social temptations, the flow of influence, bloodshed and cultural degeneration, the gap between generations, family unrest, the bombardment of sexual information by peers. The aim of the research was to investigate the effectiveness of the sex education curriculum on the mental health and self-care development of first year high school students. MethodThe quantitative research approach was semi-experimental. The statistical population was public school students of the first year of high school in one district of Karaj city, 30 7th grade female students were selected in two groups of 15 (experimental and control). The research tool was three questionnaires of the mental health of the saints, eternal self-care and a researcher-made checklist, which was used in order to check the learning effectiveness of the intervention plan, a pre-test-post-test format with experimental and control groups. Multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance were used to analyze the data. ResultsThe findings showed that the sex education curriculum has a significant effect on some components of mental health, as well as in the dimensions of self-care, the sex education program has a significant effect on the development of emotional, mental and physical self-care. Also, the significant difference in the post-test scores of the experimental group compared to the control group indicated the effectiveness of the sex education intervention plan. DiscussionIn fact, the curriculum of sex education has led to the formation and development of knowledge, awareness, skills, and knowledge of educators, and by transferring the principles of maintaining mental health and developing self-care skills, it will lead to the safety of the individual and society, and the enjoyment of a more efficient generation and a healthier society. It is recommended to education policymakers to design a sex education curriculum with an Islamic-native approach, based on the philosophical, social and cultural foundations of Iran, and to formally teach it as one of the essential educational and cultural skills in schools so that students in the environment The community should not suffer unwanted and hidden injuries.

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Predicting marital satisfaction based on mother's parenting stress with the mediating role of depression and marital conflict and moderating father's empathy tendency

Sara Ebrahimi; Seyedeh Elham Mousavian Khatir

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 13 January 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.43570.3015

Abstract

Introduction Although research findings indicated the adverse and negative effect of parenting stress on mothers' marital satisfaction, the internal mechanism of this relationship and the effect of father's behavior on marital problems have not been investigated. The importance of studying the father's ... Read More Introduction Although research findings indicated the adverse and negative effect of parenting stress on mothers' marital satisfaction, the internal mechanism of this relationship and the effect of father's behavior on marital problems have not been investigated. The importance of studying the father's behavior is because the problems of married life are related not only to the mother's behavior but also to the father's behavior. Also, considering that high levels of stress in raising children harms the mother's physical and mental health and endangers the normal functioning of the family, the present study aims to: First, provide research support for family studies by examining the relationship between mother's parenting stress and her marital satisfaction. Second, provide a model to investigate the mechanism of depression and marital conflict in the relationship between parenting stress and marital satisfaction. Third, past studies of couple relationships have ignored the possible effects of empathy. In this study, father's tendency instead of empathy ability was used as a moderator in the relationship between mother's parenting stress and marital satisfaction with the mediation of depression and marital conflict.MethodThe research method was descriptive and correlation type. The studied population included all the employed couples with children from Tehran in 1401, and 212 couples were selected as a sample using convenience sampling method. Mothers responded to the Parenting Stress Scale (Berry & Jones, 1995), Self-Rating Depression Scale (Zung, 1965), Conflict Behavior Scales (Rusbult et al., 1986 and Strauss, 1979) and Marital Satisfaction Scale (Olson et al., 1982) and fathers responded to the Basic Empathy Scale (Jolliffe & Farrington, 2006). In order to analyze the data, Pearson's correlation and multiple regression (models 6 and 85) were used in Hayes Process in SPSS24 software.ResultsThe findings indicated that mother’s parenting stress has a negative correlation with their marital satisfaction, depression and marital conflict play a mediating role in the relationship between mother’s parenting stress and their marital satisfaction, and fathers' empathy tendency also moderates this relationship. This means that fathers can with empathy for mothers, reduce depression and marital conflicts caused by parenting stress and finally their low levels of marital satisfaction.ConclusionIn sum, these findings highlighted the serious impact of mother’s parenting stress of in keeping and caring for their children on their mental health and quality of life together, as well as the important role of fathers' empathy in reducing these consequences. The results can be used to design an intervention and a comprehensive approach to improve the mental well-being of mothers.

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effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on social physique anxiety, impulsive behaviors, and emotional self-regulation of obese people

Noora Shahmiri; Javanshir Asadi; leila sadat Azizi ziabari; Hasan Abdollahzadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.46090.3216

Abstract

IntroductionThe present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Social physique anxiety, impulsive behaviors, and emotional self-regulation of obese people. The statistical population of the research consisted of all obese women living ... Read More IntroductionThe present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Social physique anxiety, impulsive behaviors, and emotional self-regulation of obese people. The statistical population of the research consisted of all obese women living in Tehran in 2022. Recent studies show that obesity has reached epidemic proportions in recent years and its prevalence is still increasing. Obesity is often associated with many physical diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, high blood pressure, premature birth, and arthritis, as well as social and economic harms such as problems in interpersonal communication, reduced productivity, and hope. It comes with life and health care costs. Although weight causes physical, social, and economic problems, it can have a significant effect on creating psychological problems; Especially in today's age, when there is a different view of obesity and body, and these conditions, in turn, cause physical and social anxiety in people with obesity in social situations. Physical-social anxiety is a special form of social anxiety that is defined as the fear of negative evaluation or rejection by others because of one's physical appearance. A person suffering from physical-social anxiety does not feel comfortable with his body and body in social situations and is worried that others will judge his appearance or have a negative evaluation about his appearance. On the other hand, in people with obesity, due to their physical condition and fear of social evaluations, this condition, in addition to being anxiety-provoking, can reduce the patient's tolerance threshold, which is one of the important and fundamental factors in increased impulsivity. MethodThe research method is quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design and follow-up (one month) with control group and random assignment of subjects. To measure the research variables, social physique anxiety scale (SPA) by Hart et al. (1989), the impulsivity questionnaire (BIS-11) by Barrett et al. (2004) and the emotional self-regulation scale by Hoffman and Kashdan (2010) were used. First, 30 people were selected by convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (15 people each). Then, the experimental group received Acceptance and Commitment Therapy during 8 therapy sessions, one session of 90 minutes per week. Both groups were measured in three stages: pre-test, post-test and one-month follow-up. The data were analyzed by multivariate variance analysis using SPSS-22 software.ResultsThe findings of the research showed that Acceptance and Commitment Therapy was effective on social physique anxiety, impulsive behaviors, and emotional self-regulation in obese women (p=0/.5). This effectiveness was sustained in the follow-up period. Also, the findings of the research show that the treatment based on acceptance and commitment has led to the reduction of impulsive behaviors and improvement of emotional self-regulation in people with obesity. Individuals who struggle with problems with emotional self-regulation, delayed gratification, and poor impulse control are more likely to eat high-fat foods when they are available. In fact, overeating appears to temporarily reduce negative emotions. The reduction of impulsive behaviors and, consequently, the improvement of emotional self-regulation skills following treatment based on acceptance and commitment can be attributed to the three components of acceptance, attention to clients' values, and mindfulness in therapy based on acceptance and commitment. Acceptance as an adaptive emotion regulation strategy does not mean changing the experienced emotions.DiscussionAcceptance and Commitment Therapy can be used as an effective intervention to reduce social people. anxiety and impulsive behaviors and improve emotional self-regulation in obese people. Based on the results of statistical analysis, the research hypothesis is confirmed. The findings show that the treatment based on acceptance and commitment has been effective in reducing the physical-social anxiety of people with obesity.

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The Effectiveness of Schema Therapy on Emotional Instability and Self-Injurious Behaviors of People with Borderline Personality Disorder and Drug Abusers

Hosein Dehghan; Saeed Najarpour Ostadi; Mina Mojtabai

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.44169.3071

Abstract

IntroductionDue to coexistence of borderline personality disorder with substance abuse, it is felt necessary to pay attention to interventions. The results of various researches show that schema therapy is effective on emotional instability, psychological well-being and self-injurious behaviors in addicted ... Read More IntroductionDue to coexistence of borderline personality disorder with substance abuse, it is felt necessary to pay attention to interventions. The results of various researches show that schema therapy is effective on emotional instability, psychological well-being and self-injurious behaviors in addicted people. Reduction of symptoms and the harm caused by addiction in society is most important that make research necessary. The present study was conducted with the aim of studying the effectiveness of schema therapy on emotional instability and self-injurious behaviors of people with borderline personality disorder and substance abuse.MethodThis research was a semi-experimental study with pre-test-post-test method and control group. statistical population was all addicts living in three addiction treatment camps in Tabriz and Ahar. Milon's multi-axis questionnaire was implemented and 30 people who had highest score of borderline disorder were selected as research sample and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. data collection tool was Milon's multi-axis questionnaire (Millon, 1987), Sanson et al.'s (1998), self-harm questionnaire, and Mlacic & Goldberg (2007) emotion regulation difficulty questionnaire. The experimental group received two schema therapy sessions in 12 sessions of 90 minutes each week. The control group did not receive any interventions. In the present study, the Declaration of Helsinki including: "explanation of research objectives and obtaining informed consent from the subjects, optionality of participation in the research, right to withdraw from the research, non-harmfulness of the intervention and provision of the results if desired" were observed. Mean and standard deviation indices and univariate covariance analysis were used to analyze the data. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 23 statistical software.ResultsFindings showed that the mean and standard deviation of the self-injurious behavior scores in the schema therapy group in the pre-test and post-test phases are (16.56, 3.49, 11.19, 2.85) respectively. The mean and standard deviation of scores of self-injurious behaviors in the control group are (16.37, 3.13, 16.89, 3.52) respectively. Also, the mean and standard deviation of emotional instability scores in the schema therapy group in the pre-test and post-test stages respectively (88.22, 11.8, 62.11, 10.13) and the mean and standard deviation of emotional instability scores in the control group were the order is (88/67, 11/44, 89/31, 11/56). In order to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy on self- injurious behaviors and emotional instability, separately, covariance tests were used. Based on the results obtained from the analysis of variance tests, the observed differences (decrease) in the averages of schema treatment and control groups, in the post-test, are significant in both variables. Therapeutic intervention was effective in reducing the symptoms of self-injurious behaviors and emotional instability, and schema therapy it is effective in improving self-harming behavior and emotional instability.DiscussionThe findings showed that schema therapy of emotional instability and self-injurious behaviors of people with borderline personality disorder was effective. The findings of this research on the effectiveness of schema therapy on self-injurious behaviors among addicts with borderline personality disorder are in line with the results of many studies in this field. In schema therapy, by using cognitive techniques, especially redefining the evidence confirming the schema and completing the schema registration form, the person is in a non-judgmental position, an observer and an accurate and correct definition of behaviors and neither adds nor subtracts anything from his observations. The effectiveness of schema therapy is due to the focus of this treatment on the cognitive function of the person with an emphasis on emotions based on inconsistent schemas, and since in addicted people, the problems are mainly interpersonal, schema therapy has been able to be effective.

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Effectiveness of Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy on Object Relations, Anger, and Guilt in Women with Major Depressive Disorder

Abolfazl Sarlaki; Mona Farokhzad; Fatemeh Khanzadeh; Mahsa Younesi sinaki; Seyedeh Zahra Razavi Mahdiian; Mojtaba Tayyar Parvin

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.44694.3112

Abstract

IntroductionMajor depressive disorder is a common mental illness in women that can lead to negative consequences on psychological, family, social, and economic levels. According to the psychodynamic theory, this disorder is caused by a perceived real loss in relationships, resulting in anger and guilt ... Read More IntroductionMajor depressive disorder is a common mental illness in women that can lead to negative consequences on psychological, family, social, and economic levels. According to the psychodynamic theory, this disorder is caused by a perceived real loss in relationships, resulting in anger and guilt towards the other person. These negative emotions are often directed toward oneself, leading to depressive symptoms. Short-term intensive dynamic psychotherapy aims to help patients bring their unconscious emotions to the conscious level, known as "Unlocking the Unconscious". The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of short-term intensive dynamic psychotherapy on objective relationships, anger, and guilt in women with major depressive disorder.MethodsIn terms of the purpose, the present study was in the applied research group, and in terms of methodology, it was a semi-experimental type of pre-test - post-test - 3-month follow-up with a control group. The statistical population included all women with major depressive disorder who were referred to counseling centers and psychological services in Isfahan in the spring of 1402. 32 women with major depressive disorder were selected by available sampling and randomly assigned to the experimental group (16 people) and the control group (16 people). Dovanloo's (1995) intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy protocol was performed only for the experimental group during 8 sessions of 90 minutes weekly, and the control group was placed on the waiting list. Subjects were evaluated in 3 stages (pre-test, post-test, and 3-month follow-up) with Bell's Object Relation Inventory(BORI), State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory 2 (STAXI-2), kugler and Jones Guilty Feelings ‘S Questionnaire(KJGFQ), and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) . Data analysis was done with repeated measures analysis of variance and the Bonferroni post hoc test using SPSS-28 software.ResultsThe results of this research showed that the short-term psychodynamic intervention was effective on alienation, insecure attachment, the total score of subjective relationships, internal occurrence of anger, internal control of anger, trait guilt, the total score of guilt and depression symptoms, and up to 3 months after The intervention was stable(p>0/05). Short-term intensive psychodynamics had the greatest effect on depression symptoms (ηp2=0.543), anger internalization (ηp2=0.436), and anger internal control (ηp2=0.412).ConclusionDynamic psychotherapy is an approach that is effective in reducing unpleasant emotions by creating a safe space and relationships based on empathy and trust encouraging a person to touch his original feelings and consequently improving the Object Relations of patients with depression. In short-term dynamic psychotherapy, the therapist helps the patient, so that he can face the feeling of anger towards his favorite object and be able to feel and understand it again and find out that he is also damaged through applying pressure To feel guilt can lead to a reduction of guilt in the patient and improvement of depression symptoms.

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The relationship between family communication patterns and psychological resilience with the mediation of primary maladaptive schemas and gender roles.

Sima Molaie; Maryam kouroshnia; maryam Zarnaghash

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.45071.3144

Abstract

IntroductionSo far, the researches that have been proposed have considered and examined each of the variables separately as underlying factors in resilience. However, no research was found to identify the underlying factors in resilience in a comprehensive model and form a unified view of resilience. ... Read More IntroductionSo far, the researches that have been proposed have considered and examined each of the variables separately as underlying factors in resilience. However, no research was found to identify the underlying factors in resilience in a comprehensive model and form a unified view of resilience. Therefore, in this research, an attempt was made to consider the internal and external factors effective in resilience in a causal model. Internal factors include incompatible schemas and gender roles, and external factors include family communication patterns. Previously, the placement of the research variables was considered. The communication patterns of the family first affect the incompatible schemas, and then the incompatible schemas are effective in giving gender roles. Finally, they cause people to act differently in terms of resilience in dealing with problems. MethodThe current research is correlational and in the form of a causal model. The statistical population of this research included students of Shiraz and Kerman universities. The number of people was determined according to the number of routes according to Kline (2011) (Kline, 2015). Klein (2015) suggested that 20 people should be considered for each route. Based on this, it was necessary to select 380 people as participants. Considering missing and outlier cases, 400 people were studied. A multi-stage cluster random sampling method was used to select the participants. In this way, 5 faculties were selected from among the faculties of Shiraz and Kerman University, and then 4 departments were randomly selected in each faculty, and 2 classes were randomly selected from each of the 4 departments, and all the students of the classes were studied. took It should be noted that due to the fact that we are in the time of the corona virus outbreak, the link of the questionnaires was provided to the students through the virtual space through the course professors. It should be noted that the number of outliers in data collection was 12.ResultsAs it was found, congruence (p = 0.007, β = -0.18) significantly affects resilience through incompatible schemas. Also, it was found that communication affects resilience through male gender role (β = 0.11, p = 0.01). In addition, communication through female gender role affects resilience (β = 0.13, p = 0.005). Also, it has been determined that incompatible schemas act as the first mediator and female gender role as the second mediator between the relationship of communication and resilience (p=0.01) , β = 0.10). In addition, it was found that incompatible schemas act as the first mediator and female gender role as the second mediator between the relationship of conformity and resilience (p = 0.22, 007). β = -0/0).DiscussionIn summary, it can be said that the family's communication patterns influence the formation of children's primary schemas, and if these patterns are ineffective, incompatible schemas are formed in different dimensions and become the basis for the formation of children's gender roles. The formation of incompatible schemas and incompatible patterns of interpretation of the environment and disruption of the gender role; It will cause a drop in psychological performance and eventually reduce resilience. Therefore, in stressful situations of daily life, a person does not have the necessary ability to deal with and solve it.

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the mediating role of anxiety sensitivity in the relationship between connectedness with school and academic well - being

mohammad derikvand; Moslem Daneshpayeh; atefeh mazoosaz; Seyed javad Hosseini

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.45605.3180

Abstract

Introductionacademic well-being refers to the individuals enjoyment of the role and experience as a self-taught student, perception of educational programs, the necessary conditions for studying, and overall satisfaction of student in the academic environment. It is associated with positive factors in ... Read More Introductionacademic well-being refers to the individuals enjoyment of the role and experience as a self-taught student, perception of educational programs, the necessary conditions for studying, and overall satisfaction of student in the academic environment. It is associated with positive factors in school context , such as increasing educational activities, having good social relations,satisfaction with education and finally academic achievement. On the other hand, the mood of depression , anxiety , anger , educational loss and education is the consequences of academic failure. According to the researches , including effective variables on academic well-being, school connectedness and anxiety sensitivity. school connectedness is a multi-dimensional structure, but is generally defined as the extent to which students acquire, respect and support in the school environment. anxiety sensitivity is a personal tendency to understand emotions and anxiety symptoms as consequences of disasters that can be identified that in shaping social interaction,feeling of security and psychological and social development of students have an important role and academic well - being . the purpose of this study was to the mediating role of anxiety sensitivity in the relationship between connectedness with school and academic well – being.MethodThis study employed an applied objective and a correlational descriptive method. The study population consisted of all male and female middle school students in Tehran during the academic year 2024-2025. The research sample included 256 students selected through multi-stage sampling. Participants responded to questionnaires on connectedness with school (Berry et al., 2004), anxiety sensitivity (Floyd et al., 2005), and academic well-being (Tominen et al., 2012). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS and Amos version 26, structural equation modeling.ResultsResults indicated a anxiety sensitivity played a mediating role between connectedness with school and academic well-being, showing a significant and negative association (p<0/01) . Additionally significant and positive relationship between connectedness with school and academic well-being (p<0/01). Finally, the model an appropriate goodness of fit.DiscussionTherefore it can be concluded that the more to connectedness with school the degree of anxiety sensitivity of students and reduce academic well-being has in important role in school context, such as increasing educational activities, feeling management, in class, having good social relations, education satisfaction and academic achievement. according to the mediating role of anxiety sensitivity in relation to connectedness with school and academic well-being, counselors apractitioners need to employ efficient therapeutic procedures for anxiety disorder and improve students academic well – being.

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The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) Training on Academic Hardiness of Female Students: During The Coronavirus Pandemic

Pouran Ahmadishuli; Hossein Aflaki Fard; Safoora Khatemeh Marbueih; Ehsan Keshtvarz Kondazi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 13 April 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.45508.3169

Abstract

IntroductionDue to the situation of the corona virus epidemic, almost all the important economic, political, social and even military aspects of all the countries of the world have been affected. Researches show that students who contracted covid-19 disease have low psychological tolerance and due to ... Read More IntroductionDue to the situation of the corona virus epidemic, almost all the important economic, political, social and even military aspects of all the countries of the world have been affected. Researches show that students who contracted covid-19 disease have low psychological tolerance and due to the condition of the disease, these people are highly exposed to psychological disorders such as anxiety, fear, depression and also negative thoughts. Accordingly, in the present study, academic hardness, which is one of the variables related to academic progress and psychological well-being of students, has been considered. Academic persistence is a set of personality traits that serve as a source of resistance in facing stressful life events, including education. Kobasa's tenacity theory(1979) and Kamtsios & Karagiannopoulou's theory of academic motivation (2016) have been proposed with a cognitive orientation in order to understand why some students show more persistence in the face of academic problems than other learners. Kubasa's theory proposes three cognitive evaluation processes of control, commitment, and challenges, which are related to persistence in facing problems. Students with stubbornness usually feel more in control of their lives, have a greater sense of belonging to what they do, and are receptive to new ideas and changes. In the meantime, different techniques have been presented regarding the improvement of academic tenacity, including mindfulness training. Self-motivated students feel capable of achieving academic goals through effort and emotional self-regulation, they want to excel academically through personal sacrifice, and they pursue challenging goals to achieve long-term personal growth. The research results showed that, in general, mindfulness training has been effective on positive things, including stubbornness. Therefore, considering that the middle school period is the stage of transition from school to university and is accompanied by stress, teenagers will need academic tenacity in this stage of transition. Therefore, the current research seeks to answer the question of whether stress reduction training based on mindfulness is effective on the level of academic persistence of girls.MethodThe current research was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population of the research included all female students of the 2nd high school of the 11th year of Marodasht city in the academic year of 2019-2020. From this population, a sample of 30 people (15people for each group) was randomly selected in two experimental and control groups. The method of selecting the statistical sample was as follows: first, the academic persistence questionnaire was administered in the above statistical community, and 30 people were selected based on the lowest score in the academic persistence scale (score below65) and then they were randomly replaced in two experimental and control groups.ResultsThe findings of the research showed that the use of mindfulness-based stress reduction training led to an increase in the average scores of experimental group participants in academic tenacity and its components including personal commitment, challengingness, and emotion control compared to the control group. Therefore, it can be suggested that stress reduction training based on mindfulness is effective on the level of academic persistence and its components, including personal commitment, challenge, and emotion control in female students. Students who receive a mindfulness-based stress reduction training intervention typically feel more in control of their lives, feel more connected to what they are doing, and are more receptive to new ideas and changes.DiscussionIn sum, it is concluded that mindfulness educational intervention (MBSR) is a suitable method to increase students' academic persistence. By using this method, students will be able to have the necessary tenacity in the matter of education when problems arise, and most importantly, they will have sufficient awareness and alertness when facing some common issues in daily life, they will be able to have awareness and calmness. To protect themselves while accepting and bearing problems and finally, to be able to be successful not only in education, but in all aspects of life. Considering that the results of the current research emphasize the direct effect of mindfulness on academic persistence, from a practical point of view, it is suggested to launch workshops and to measure the positive states of mindfulness in various educational and educational fields for students and families, and to measure their effectiveness experimentally.

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The relationship between moral development and wisdom with the mediating role of moral intelligence and emotional intelligence in students

Zeinab Rahimi; Fariborz Dortaj

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 April 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.45059.3142

Abstract

Introduction: Wisdom is one of the important psychological characteristics that increases psychological and social well-being. According to different definitions related to wisdom, there is a complex interaction between wisdom and moral development because the behavior of wise people is mainly accompanied ... Read More Introduction: Wisdom is one of the important psychological characteristics that increases psychological and social well-being. According to different definitions related to wisdom, there is a complex interaction between wisdom and moral development because the behavior of wise people is mainly accompanied by moral foundations. Considering the signicant role of intelligence in the definitions of wisdom and the influence of it in interpersonal relationships and wise behavior, moral intelligence and emotional intelligence were chosen as two influencing variables in wisdom. This research is important due to the lack of information about the structures that are effective in wisdom and its important role in solving various life problems of the society and was conducted with the aim of determining the mediating role of moral intelligence and emotional intelligence in the relationship between moral development and wisdom of students.Method: It was with a volume of 15,000 students and the sample is 240 students of Allameh Tabatabai University and they were selected by cluster sampling method. The tools used include: Schering's 1996 emotional intelligence questionnaire which has 5 subscales of self-awareness, spontaneity, self-control, empathy, and social skills - Lenik and Keel's 2005 moral intelligence that measures 10 competencies - Webster's 2007 wisdom, including 40 items, and Graham's moral foundations 2011, which measures 5 ethical dimensions. The findings were analyzed bu structural equation modeling and using AMOS.v22 and SPSS.v23 software.Results:The results showed that moral development (P=0.001), moral intelligence (P=0.001) and emotional intelligence (P=0.019) have a direct and significant relationship with wisdom. In addition, the indirect relationship between moral development and wisdom through the mediation of moral intelligence was significant (P=0.01). Therefore, the research model has a favorable fit and moral intelligence plays a mediating role in the relationship between moral development and wisdom.Conclusion:This research provides valuable insights into the complex dynamics between moral development, emotional intelligence, and wisdom. In particular, it emphasizes the pivotal role of moral intelligence as a mediator in the relationship between moral development and wisdom.The results indicate that if the moral growth increases, the structure of wisdom in people will increase. Certainly, with the increase of moral intelligence in people, moral growth is positively affected and wisdom also grows due to accurate goal choices and understanding the meaning of life. Also, with the increase in emotional intelligence, human behavior and emotions are controlled and regulated and increase wisdom. In order to generalize the results, it is suggested to carry out more research on other samples, and by holding workshops and classes related to wisdom and the structures that affect it, the psychological and social well-being of the society was increased.

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Examining the psychometric characteristics of the parent form of the children's behavioral assessment questionnaire

fatemeh Farid; Gholam Ali Afrooz; Mohsen Shokoohi-Yekta; Abbas Bazargan

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 20 May 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.46257.3229

Abstract

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the psychometric characteristics of the parent form of the Children's Behavioral Assessment (BASC-3) among the students at primary elementary school in Tehran. The psychology and education of exceptional children requires the use of psychological ... Read More The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the psychometric characteristics of the parent form of the Children's Behavioral Assessment (BASC-3) among the students at primary elementary school in Tehran. The psychology and education of exceptional children requires the use of psychological tools that can provide a detailed understanding of exceptional children, their needs, strengths, and weaknesses. The importance of interpersonal and intra-individual differences is one of the things that reaches its peak in psychological assessment, especially in exceptional assessment. Therefore, by using the principles and techniques of psychometrics in the field of exceptional children, the measurement in this field should be developed, in such a way that the process of identifying, classifying, and evaluating educational and psychological interventions in a multidimensional way and considering the diversity Intrapersonal and interpersonal interactions are possible. Among the groups of students with special needs are children and students with emotional-behavioral disorders. This group has a wide scope and includes many problems. MethodThe research society consisted of two subgroups, which included the students at the primary elementary school in Tehran in the academic year of 2022-2023, through which access to the second community, the parents of first year primary elementary students. The research sample included 800 parents (400 mothers and 400 fathers) who were tested in by available sampling. The research design was analytical in terms of descriptive method and practical in terms of purpose. The research tools were BASC-3 parent form for children and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). To analyze the data, Cronbach's alpha, Inter- rater reliability, test – retest reliability, internal structure & concurrent validity methods were used. ResultsSince the Cronbach coefficients of the factors were above 0.70, the internal consistency coefficient was reported to be excellent. Also, Inter- rater reliability was in the medium to excellent range. The test-retest reliability coefficient in the mothers' questionnaire ranged from 0.76 to 0.90 and in the fathers' questionnaire from 0.73 to 0.86, which were classified in the medium to high range. Also, the findings of the research showed that it has a good internal structure and a strong correlation between the subscales.DiscussionAccording to the findings of the research, which shows the reliability and validity of this tool, it is recommended to use it to collect information about children's behavioral problems and adaptability, and if necessary, design and implement appropriate educational and intervention programs for children. Studying the identification and diagnosis of emotional-behavioral disorders at a young age with the aim of prevention and early intervention in order to prevent the severity of the symptoms of disorders and prevent their consequences is an important matter that the necessity of studying at the level of early detection using tools that are reliable and They have good credibility and it requires the intervention by using educational programs and interventions that are approved by experts. Considering this issue, it is more necessary to examine the psychometric characteristics of tools that provide the possibility of measurement leading to diagnosis and intervention. Among these tools, which have been less studied in the country, BASC-3, which provides the possibility of multidimensional measurement and prescriptive diagnosis among children, teenagers, and even young adults. To investigate the psychometric properties of the tool among the students of the first year of elementary school, the reliability and validity of the tool was studied.

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Ethical leadership and employee well-being By moderating individual characteristics and mediating knowledge Hiding

zohre sharei; Hashem Abolhoseini

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 20 May 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.44540.3101

Abstract

Introduction: The well-being of employees requires understanding the existential challenges of life. The employee welfare approach examines observed growth and development in the face of existential challenges and strongly emphasizes human development. Therefore, this research investigated the mediating ... Read More Introduction: The well-being of employees requires understanding the existential challenges of life. The employee welfare approach examines observed growth and development in the face of existential challenges and strongly emphasizes human development. Therefore, this research investigated the mediating role of knowledge hiding in the relationship between ethical leadership and employee well-being, moderating the effect of individual characteristics that include self-enhancement motives and job involvement.Method: Concerning its aim, this study employed and relied upon the descriptive-survey research methodology. Assumptions have been gathered using information gathered from 100 Shiraz municipality employees, the census procedure, and the distribution of a typical questionnaire. The four questions and one component of Hills & Argyle's (2002) index were used to gauge the degree of employee well-being. Nonetheless, employee well-being, which is a component of this index that evaluates happiness, is employed in this study. Knowledge concealing was measured using the Connelly et al. (2012) index, which consists of three components and twelve items. The Brown et al. (2005) index, which consists of ten items and one component, was used to gauge ethical leadership Nevertheless, this index. The Brown et al. (2005) index, which consists of ten items and one component, was used to gauge ethical leadership. The Yun et al. (2007) index was utilized to gauge the motivations behind self-enhancement. It consists of six items and one component. The four-item Lodahl and Kejnar (1965) index was developed to gauge employee job engagement. Through factor analysis, the construct and questionnaire's validity and reliability have been investigated and validated. For data analysis, SEM, SPS, and Smart PLS were also employed.Results: Based on the descriptive data, it can be said that the research variables are at an optimal level because the mean and standard deviation of the variables were greater than the average number of 3, which corresponds to a 5-point Likert scale. Conversely, given that knowledge concealment is a concept with a negative charge and its value is smaller than 3, it can be said to be at a favorable level. The distribution of the research variables is normal since the skewness and kurtosis of the variables fall within the specified range of 2 and -2. The results showed that each research consept had the necessary reliability and validity, and the model provided a good fit for the data. The obtained results demonstrate that, in the absence of a mediator, there is a significant full effect of ethical leadership variables on employee well-being, a significant indirect effect of ethical leadership on employee well-being with the presence of a mediator, and a significant direct effect of ethical leadership on employee well-being with the presence of a mediator. A portion of the impact of ethical leadership on employee well-being is mediated by knowledge concealing. In the sense that the knowledge hiding variable transmits some of the influence of the predictor variable (ethical leadership) on the criterion variable (employee well-being). Furthermore, the data obtained demonstrated that knowledge concealment is not significantly affected by the relationship between job involvement and self-enhancement with ethical leadership.Discussion: Organizations should prioritize efforts to eliminate knowledge-hiding behaviors through proper human resource practices to foster a culture of knowledge sharing, as knowledge concealing can hurt the psychological well-being of the knowledge concealer. The results show that since dishonest behavior is a form of lying or misrepresenting the truth, improving ethical leadership through an improvement in the honesty of Shiraz municipality managers should be taken into consideration to improve the knowledge hiding of Shiraz municipality through ethical leadership. A climate of mistrust is fostered by the leadership's dishonesty, which can eventually cause suspicion of the leadership itself. Since the dishonest leader will lose the trust of the Shiraz Municipality's workforce, honest behavior is crucial for ethical leaders in the municipality.

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The lived experience of perfectionist teenagers and the development of a dialectical behavior therapy training package and its effectiveness on teenagers' self-efficacy

Alireza Ranjkesh; Kazem Barzegar Bafrooei; Ali Nazari; Mohammad Hossein Fallah

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 May 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.46087.3218

Abstract

IntroductionOn the other hand, one of the psychological problems that affects people in adolescence and affects their mental health is perfectionism. Perfectionism, although it has been one of the most widely used psychological constructs in research over a century ago, but the field of perfectionism ... Read More IntroductionOn the other hand, one of the psychological problems that affects people in adolescence and affects their mental health is perfectionism. Perfectionism, although it has been one of the most widely used psychological constructs in research over a century ago, but the field of perfectionism has not been sufficiently explored yet, and the category of teenagers' lived experiences of perfectionism as a qualitative part of this research is basically with the category of understanding. It is related and more than it is aimed at the problem or its solution, it seeks to understand the dimensions of perfectionism and its recognition in teenagers. Therefore, conducting this research is theoretically necessary. The current research was done with the goal of studying the lived experience of perfectionist teenagers and developing a dialectical behavioral therapy training package based on the lived experiences of teenagers of perfectionism and its effectiveness on the self-efficacy of perfectionist teenagers. MethodA qualitative-quantitative combined method was used in this research. In the first stage of the research, a qualitative and phenomenological method was used. The used tool in this step was a semi-structured in-depth interview and the obtained data from a sample of 20 male adolescent students between the ages of 13 and 16 in Isfahan. The used method in the second quantitative part was a semi-experimental research method of pre-test-post-test type with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all adolescent boys in the first secondary level of Flowerjan city (Isfahan) in 2021. In this way, 40 teenage boys were assigned in the form of cluster sampling according to the entry and exit selection criteria and were randomly assigned to two experimental and a control groups (each group include 20 people). To analyze the obtained data from the interview, the seven-step Colaizzi’s method was used. ResultsThe results included 6 main themes (society-oriented perfectionism, other-oriented perfectionism, self-oriented perfectionism, well-being, relationships, leisure time), 13 sub-themes (1) and 28 sub-themes (2). After that, the obtained results of the interviews were compiled with the basics and techniques of dialectical behaviorism, and in the form of a training package was approved by income experts and approved with CVR: 0.90. Then it was performed on the experimental group in eight sessions of 90-minute. The used tool in this stage of the research was the self-efficacy questionnaire of Morris (2002). The data were analyzed at two descriptive levels (mean and standard deviation) and inferential level (one-way analysis of covariance) and using spss 22 software.Discussionthe results of data analysis showed that the experimental group compared to the control group in the variable of self-efficacy and academic, social, and emotional components have had a significant increase in the post-test phase (p>0.05). According to the results of the research, it can be concluded that the characteristic of perfectionism can have an all-round effect on the lives of teenagers) and put their activities under the influence. We can use the dialectical behavior therapy training package based on the lived experience of perfectionist adolescents for improving self-efficacy and its components in adolescent boys. The results of this research can be used by counselors and psychologists.

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The Effect of job calling on job proactive behavior and thriving at work with Mediating Role of promotion focus and job crafting

abdulzahra naami; mahboobeh askari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 May 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.45247.3153

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionEvery person has something "original and unique" that makes them different from others. We can find our own personality in dealing with our experiences in working life. There is a brilliant work mission that makes us happy in the time when we are with our work goals on the way. many ... Read More AbstractIntroductionEvery person has something "original and unique" that makes them different from others. We can find our own personality in dealing with our experiences in working life. There is a brilliant work mission that makes us happy in the time when we are with our work goals on the way. many studies have shown that people who experience their work as a mission and a calling are more likely to feel a deeper alignment between their work and their personality. Our aim is to show that when our work is guided by our personality, interests, and values, it is not surprising that we are most satisfied with our work. In this article, we look at nurses, their strengths encouraging participation, and simple changes that can help revitalize the work experience. Given the complexity of this work and the nurse's dedication to serving the public according to the high standards of their work, as long as they participate in this process and learn from their job. They are content to support their patients in health, and the health will have the desired quality in terms of its design and management, the strength and energy of its staff. The purpose of this study was to investigate the model fit of the effect of job calling on job proactive behavior and thriving at work mediated by job crafting and promotion focus.MethodsThe statistical population of the study consisted of 200 nurses from Ahvaz Hospital. Research tools include CS (Calling Scale, Dobrow and Tosti, 2011), JCQ (Job Crafting Questionnaire, Laurence, 2010 ), RFS (Regulatory Focus Scale, Lockwood et al., 2002), PPS (Proactive Behavior Scale, Seibert et al., 1999), TAW (Thriving at Work Scale, Spreitzer et al, 2012). Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and version 24 statistical methods AMOS showed that the proposed model fits well.ResultsThe results showed that the direct paths of jobcalling to the mediating variables, ie jobcrafting and promotion focus, were significant. In addition, the paths of job calling to the consequences, ie job proactive behavior and thriving at work became meaningful. The indirect path of job calling to job proactive behavior was significant through the promotion focus, but the indirect path of job calling to thriving at work through job crafting was not significant.ConclusionAs health care systems are one of the most effective providers in the community, the depth and stability of the work life of the nursing staff is an important factor to ensure the stability of the health system. The desired level of quality of work life enables nurses to provide high-quality services to patients. Therefore, the job calling of a nurse is an ointment on which the inner feeling of the nurse plays. It is very beneficial to have a job calling in nursing that leads to proactive job behaviors and thriving at work in these safe havens. in this study, an attempt was made to clearly introduce the approach to the employment of nurses whose job calling is appropriate for the goals of the hospital. Employees can flourish by finding meanings and followers of vitality and dynamism and proactive job behaviors and as a result appropriate productivity in their work.

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The effect of the Kozloff educational program on the emotional burnout and rumination in mothers of children with autism

Shabnam Roshanaie; heman mahmoudfakhe

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 12 June 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.46328.3231

Abstract

IntroductionNormally, after marriage, couples prepare for a series of changes that occur in their lives due to the birth of a new child. If the child they are expecting has a disability, these changes are much more extensive than usual, and it is very difficult for parents to face this issue and accept ... Read More IntroductionNormally, after marriage, couples prepare for a series of changes that occur in their lives due to the birth of a new child. If the child they are expecting has a disability, these changes are much more extensive than usual, and it is very difficult for parents to face this issue and accept it. Autism is one of the important childhood disorders, which is a subset of autism spectrum disorders and is one of the neurodevelopmental disorders that continues throughout life. Usually, the mother is the first person who communicates with the child, and therefore mothers are given priority attention. Autistic children also need constant maintenance and require special conditions that parents should provide them. In general, it can be said that one of the influencing factors in disorders such as autism in children and its treatment process is the mother's psychological characteristics, and this has always been the focus of researchers. According to the mentioned materials, the mental health of mothers who have children with autism is very important and if their problems are not solved, the possibility of serious disorders in them increases.Therefore, Tthe aim of this study was to examine the effect of the Kozloff educational program on the components of emotional burnout and rumination in mothers of children with autism.MethodThis research is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test control group design, and based on the purpose, it is considered one of the applied studies. The statistical population included mothers who had a child with autism and lived in Urmia City in 2023. The number of these mothers was 100. Among these people, a number of 30 people were selected as convenience sampling and were assigned in two experimental and control groups by simple random assignment (15 people in each group). After selecting the subjects according to the description of the sampling section and obtaining their consent, they were randomly grouped. People in the control group did not receive any intervention. The people of the experimental group were also trained in the Kozloff parenting program during 12 sessions of 90 minutes. This program was designed by Campbell and Kozloff in 2007 and was translated into Farsi by Khodabakhshi Koolaee in 2016. After completing the training sessions, both groups were re-evaluated (post-test). Maslach Burnout Inventory (1981) and Nolen Hoeksema and Morrow's rumination response Scale (1991) were used to collect information. In this research, the ethical points of the Declaration of Helsinki have been followed, which are: Explaining the goals for the research sample and obtaining informed written consent from them to participate in the research, giving the research sample the right to choose to enter and exit the research at any time, confidentiality of information, honesty in the selection of research units collecting and analyzing data.The data obtained from this research were analyzed using SPSS-26 software at two levels of descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (multivariate covariance analysis).ResultsThe results showed that there is a significant difference between the average scores of the two control and experimental groups in the variables of rumination and emotional exhaustion after the implementation of the training of the Kozloff parents' program for mothers with children with autism. Before running the analysis of covariance test, its presuppositions were checked. The investigation of normality, homogeneity of variances and the assumption of homogeneity of regression slopes was also carried out. According to the results of the mentioned cases, the implementation of covariance analysis was unimpeded.The results of the analysis of covariance showed that the Kozlov parent training program reduced emotional burnout (F=175.419 and P<0.005) and subscales of rumination, including Reflection (F=174.109 and P<0.005), Brooding (F=2.276 and P<0.005) and depression-related rumination (F=82.693 and P=0.005) were significantly effective.DiscussionAccording to the results of this research regarding the effectiveness of training of the Kozloff parents' program on reducing emotional burnout and rumination of mothers with autistic children, training of the Kozloff parents' program can be used to reduce emotional burnout and rumination of mothers with autistic children.

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Explaining a model to reduce cyber risks in the online space: the relationship of e-social-emotional competencies with digital habitual behavior with the mediation of cognitive emotion regulation and the moderation of gender

keyhan fathi; fatemeh farzadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 12 June 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.46000.3210

Abstract

IntroductionThe increase in the use of the Internet has introduced many behavioral patterns such as Internet gossip, ignoring others while using the phone, and media multitasking during homework into the daily life of teenagers. These common habits, if continued, can create cybernetic risks. In the meantime, ... Read More IntroductionThe increase in the use of the Internet has introduced many behavioral patterns such as Internet gossip, ignoring others while using the phone, and media multitasking during homework into the daily life of teenagers. These common habits, if continued, can create cybernetic risks. In the meantime, social-emotional competencies can act as a protective factor against cybernetic risks. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the causal relationship between electronic social-emotional competencies and digital habitual behavior with the mediation of cognitive emotion regulation and gender moderation.MethodThe method of descriptive correlational research was structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the current research was male and female students from the first to third year of Ahvaz high schools in the academic year 1401-1402. Subjects responded to electronic social-emotional competence tools, normal digital behavior and cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. The proposed model was evaluated using a structural equation method. Also, in order to test the moderation of gender in the causal relationship between multiple variables, multiple group analyzes have been used.ResultsThe highest correlation in the girls' group was between electronic social-emotional competence and media multitasking from the dimensions of normal digital behavior (r=0.69) and in the boys' group, between electronic social-emotional competence and ignoring (r=0.75). . Thus, from a relational angle, we identify that there is a relationship between typical digital behaviors and e-competencies, specifically with e-impulsivity self-regulation, e-emotional regulation, and e-emotional autonomy. Also, most of these relationships are negative and significant at the P < 0.01 level in the two groups of boys and girls. Correlation of typical digital behavior with social e-emotional awareness in two groups of boys and girls is very low, but this did not happen with e-impulsive self-control, e-emotional regulation, and e-emotional independence. Also, the results of structural equation model analysis show that there is a significant relationship between electronic social-emotional competence with cognitive regulation of emotion and electronic social-emotional competence with normal digital behavior and cognitive regulation of emotion with habitual digital behavior. Also, the indirect relationship of social-emotional competence of digital habitual behavior with the mediation of cognitive regulation of emotion was also confirmed. On the other hand, in order to test the gender-invariance of the causal relationship between the research variables, the multi-group analysis method was used. The results showed that the gender moderation hypothesis is acceptable.DiscussionThe purpose of the present study was to explain a model to reduce cyber risks in the online space through the causal relationship of electronic social-emotional competencies with digital habitual behavior with the mediation of cognitive emotion regulation and gender moderation. In this study, we sought to investigate whether social-emotional e-competencies can play a protective role against typical digital behaviors that, in turn, can exacerbate other major risks if continued. Therefore, as an effect of such feelings, new online behaviors can be reduced. Social-emotional competences lead to a person being aware of emotions and expressing emotions, especially positive emotions in virtual situations, to reduce their negative emotions, which consequently reduces the pathological practice of habitual digital behavior (including negative and destructive comments about others in virtual space to attract attention and increase likes and comments). In fact, the structural equation model of the present study showed that social-emotional electronic competencies explain habitual digital behaviors to a significant extent. Also, in the discussion of gender moderation, the results showed that there is a difference between the competency model in the groups of girls and boys, and the relationships in Girls' models are more than boys' models.

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The Effectiveness of Time Perspective Therapy on Anxiety Symptoms and Co-Rumination in Adolescent Girls with Body Dissatisfaction

Esmail Soleimani; Marzieh Amirimanesh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 12 June 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.46727.3251

Abstract

Studies have named adolescence as the period of onset of anxiety disorders (Chavani et al., 2023). One of the problems that adolescents experience and is body dissatisfaction. Among adolescence aged 13 to 19, the rate of body dissatisfaction was 75% (Cavalho et al., 2020). Considering that adolescence ... Read More Studies have named adolescence as the period of onset of anxiety disorders (Chavani et al., 2023). One of the problems that adolescents experience and is body dissatisfaction. Among adolescence aged 13 to 19, the rate of body dissatisfaction was 75% (Cavalho et al., 2020). Considering that adolescence is associated with body dissatisfaction, anxiety and co-rumination, it is necessary to pay attention to psychological therapies. Among the new therapies that have attracted the attention of researchers in recent years is time perspective therapy. In time perspective therapy, techniques such as checking the dimensions of the past, present and future time perspective are taught, and then people change their negative time perspective towards the past, present and future to positive perspectives (Seward et al., 2014). Research has confirmed the effectiveness of this therapy in reducing anxiety (Mirzania et al., 2021) and co-rumination (Esmaili et al., 2022a). However, among adolescents with body dissatisfaction, the effectiveness of time perspective therapy has not been investigated; Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of time perspective therapy on body dissatisfaction, anxiety and common rumination of adolescent girls with body dissatisfaction.The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population of this research was made up of girls’ adolescents with body dissatisfaction in the age range of 15 to 18 years in Rasht city. Among them, 28 adolescents agreed to participate in the research and were randomly replaced in two experimental (14 adolescents) and control (14 adolescents) groups. The Body shape (Cooper et al., 1987; cited in Rezaei et al., 2014), Beck's Anxiety (Beck et al.,1988; cited in Khesht-Masjedi et al., 2015)), and Co-rumination (Rose, 2002; cited in Ariapooran, 2021) were used to collect the data. For the experimental group, the intervention based on time perspective (Seward et al., 2014) therapy was implemented in 8 sessions (two 1.5h sessions per week). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) test.Before performing the multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), the assumption of homogeneity of the regression slope was confirmed for body dissatisfaction (p<0.38; F=0.81), anxiety (p<0.32; F=1.03), and co-rumination (p<0.61; F=0.27) F). In addition, Levene's test confirmed the equality of variances between groups in the post-test of body dissatisfaction (p<0.23; F=1.48), anxiety (p<0.48; F = 0.49) and co-rumination (P>0.19; F=1.80). The results of the box test also showed the homogeneity condition of the variance-covariance matrices (p<0.70; F=0.63).According to MANCOVA, the effectiveness of time perspective therapy on reducing body dissatisfaction (p<0.001; Wilks's lambda f=22.08), anxiety (p<0.001; Wilks's lambda f=80.58), and co-rumination (p>0.001; Wilks's lambda f=67.34) was significant with pre-test control. It can be said that body dissatisfaction, anxiety, and co-rumination have decreased after therapy, and the effect size of time perspective therapy on reducing body dissatisfaction, anxiety, and joint rumination is 0.63, 0.69, and 67, respectively.The results showed that time perspective therapy had a significant effect on reducing body dissatisfaction, anxiety and co-rumination of adolescent girls. In previous studies, the effectiveness of time perspective therapy on body dissatisfaction has not been investigated, but it can be said that this result is consistent with the previous finding that the effectiveness of this treatment on anxiety (Mirzania et al., 2021) and common rumination of adolescents (Ismaili et al. colleagues, 2022a) have confirmed. Time perspective therapy, people become aware of their positive and negative perspectives regarding the past, present, and future, and change the negative aspects of their time perspective to positive aspects and states (Seward et al., 2014), so this therapy teaches adolescents to receive the positive aspects of their lives and gain a positive self-awareness towards the time, which will most likely reduce body dissatisfaction, anxiety, and common rumination. In general, based on the results, therapists and counselors are suggested to use this treatment to reduce the psychological problems of adolescent’s girls, including body dissatisfaction, anxiety, and co-rumination. In addition, it is suggested that time perspective therapy be held through educational workshops for counselors and psychologists who work with adolescents so that they can use this therapy to reduce psychological problems of adolescents.

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اثربخشی واقعیت‌درمانی مبتنی بر پذیرش‌مثبت بی‌قید و شرط خود بر کیفیت ارتباط‌ والدین و ترس از ارزیابی‌منفی مادران دارای فرزند با اختلالات طیف‌اوتیسم

Maryam Ebrahimi; Mahboobe Taher; Abbas Ali Hosseinkhanzadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.46768.3255

Abstract

IntroductionIt is clear that in order to empower the family institution, measures should be taken to prevent its stagnation and stagnation. The dynamic and constructive nature of relationships within the family can be a suitable platform for the development and growth of family members, and one of the ... Read More IntroductionIt is clear that in order to empower the family institution, measures should be taken to prevent its stagnation and stagnation. The dynamic and constructive nature of relationships within the family can be a suitable platform for the development and growth of family members, and one of the solutions presented in this regard has always been a component of education. By informing the audience and then changing their attitude, the educational institution can remove the tension-causing and unpleasant patterns and ultimately lead to the satisfaction of the couples. Therefore, it was inevitable to prepare a new educational package suitable for the characteristics of mothers with children with autism. In order to achieve this purpose, it was necessary to examine the factors that weaken and strengthen the family institution in the current conditions and design educational content accordingly. Based on this, the present study seeks to answer the question, is the reality therapy package based on unconditional positive self-acceptance effective on the quality of parents' communication, fear of negative evaluation of mothers with children with autism spectrum disorders?MethodThis is a semi-experimental research of pre-test-post-test type and a 2-month follow-up period, with a control group. The statistical population of the research was made up of all mothers with children with autism in the city of Sari in 2021-2022. A number of 30 mothers were selected based on the entry and exit criteria with available sampling method. The sample size using G Power software and with criteria such as the expected effect size of 0.25, alpha level equal to 0.05, z rate equal to 1.96, test power equal to 0.80, the number of effect levels within A subject equal to 3 and the number of effect levels between subjects were selected equal to 3, and then they were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. Also, analysis of variance with repeated measurements was used to check the research hypothesis. Statistical results were analyzed using SPSS-26 statistical software.ResultsThe findings showed that the reality therapy package based on unconditional positive acceptance has sufficient content validity in the opinion of experts. Also, this package has a significant effect on the quality of parents' communication, fear of negative evaluation of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders (P<0.05).DiscussionThe findings showed that the reality therapy package based on unconditional positive acceptance leads to an increase in the quality of parents' communication and a decrease in the fear of negative evaluation of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders. And these changes have continued until the follow-up stage. Reality therapy based on unconditional positive self-acceptance helps mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders to be able to make more effective decisions and by accepting responsibility, identify dysfunctional behaviors that do not help to meet their needs and replace them with more effective options. to solve their emotional problems responsibly and improve their marital relationship by choosing their behaviors and thus become closer to each other, so as to increase the quality of their marital relationships and reduce their conflicts. Ultimately, it leads to the feeling in the person that, contrary to his negative and distorted thoughts, he is a person who is good enough and no longer worries about others' evaluation of him, reduces his negative and distorted thoughts and negative perceptions of himself and is less than Before, he is worried about people who think about him inappropriately and evaluate and judge him negatively; Therefore, by creating self-confidence and a pleasant feeling in people, it reduces the fear of negative evaluation by others.

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The Role of Others in the Decision to Leave or Stay in the Marital Relationship After Filing for Divorce

Reza Khojaste Mehr; Morteza Najimi; Kelly. M roberts; Mansour Sodani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 08 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.47730.3299

Abstract

The Role of Others in the Decision to Leave or Stay in the Marital Relationship After Filing for DivorceIntroductionDivorce is a multifaceted phenomenon, and many factors play a role in the decision-making process regarding leaving or staying in the marital life. Despite the complexities of the decision ... Read More The Role of Others in the Decision to Leave or Stay in the Marital Relationship After Filing for DivorceIntroductionDivorce is a multifaceted phenomenon, and many factors play a role in the decision-making process regarding leaving or staying in the marital life. Despite the complexities of the decision to divorce and the impact of various variables on this decision, a clear picture regarding the impact of factors such as the social dimension and the role of others on this decision has not been provided. Therefore, the present study sought to investigate how others influence the decision to divorce or stay in the marital relationship after filing for divorce.Method The inductive qualitative content analysis was used to conduct the present study. Potential participants were individuals who had experience in filing divorce petitions in court and either proceeded with the divorce or withdrew their petitions. Twenty-one participants (11 Divorced and 10 withdrawn) participated in the present study using the convenience sampling method. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. The data was analyzed using inductive content analysis; the general meaning of the data was understood by reading the text several times. Then, open coding was used to record the dimensions of the content under study accurately. Then, comparing similarities and differences, similar codes were categorized under a broader heading. When the coding process categories were reorganized, each interview was reanalyzed using the extracted codes (Crabtree et al., 2018). ResultsThe data analysis using the inductive qualitative content analysis showed that the effect of others on the decision to divorce or stay included the ten categories of agreement/disagreement, support/non-support, modeling and social contagion, self-sacrifice, social image and leaking/non-leaking problem, avoiding being called a divorcee, alternative relationships, attachment to spouse’s family, interference, and mediation. ConclusionSupporting the reports of past studies regarding the effect of the social dimension on the decision to divorce, the current research study tried to present a clear picture of the various dimensions of this effect. The findings showed that others could directly (e.g., support and agreement) and indirectly (e.g., social contagion and social leakage of the problem) affect an individual’s decision to leave or stay in a marital relationship (i.e., the final decision regarding the future of the marital life).

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Comparison the Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment and Emotion Focused Therapies on Quality of Life of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Mojgan Zandi; Shahram Mohammad Khani; Mohammad Hatami

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.47263.3281

Abstract

According to the World Health Organization (2023), approximately 95% of all adults with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. The quality of life of these patients is low. Considering that the psychological complications of type 2 diabetes are very costly, it is very important to pay attention to psychological ... Read More According to the World Health Organization (2023), approximately 95% of all adults with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. The quality of life of these patients is low. Considering that the psychological complications of type 2 diabetes are very costly, it is very important to pay attention to psychological therapies for its consequences, including the quality of life; The main question of the current research is “what extent is the effect of ACT and EFT on the quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes”. This research was a quasi-experimental method with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design. The statistical population of the current study was all patients with type 2 diabetes living in Tehran who had visited the endocrinology clinics of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2018. Using the available sampling method, 45 patients with type 2 diabetes were replaced in three groups according to the entry and exit criteria. Quality of life (SF-36) was used to collect data. For the first experimental group, ACT was performed in 12 one-hour sessions, and for the second experimental group, EFT was performed based in 8 one-hour sessions. Finally, the data were analyzed using the paired sample t-test and repeated measure test. In addition, SPSS-26 software was used for the analysis.The results of the one-sample t-test showed that in the ACT group, the difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of the quality of life and its dimensions (emotional health, mental health, lack of physical pain, general health) was significant; This means that these scores have increased in the post-test compared to the pre-test. In the EFT group, the difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of the quality of life and its dimensions (emotional health, lack of fatigue, social functioning, lack of physical pain) was significant; In other words, EFT had an effect on increasing scores in the post-test. But in the control group, no significant difference was observed between the pre-test and post-test scores. The results of the mixed variance analysis test showed that the effect of time and group on the quality of life of patients was significant; However, the group × time effect on the patients' quality of life was not significant; In other words, there is a difference between the levels of time (pre-test, post-test, and follow-up) in all study groups. Also, the results showed that ACT and EFT have almost the same effect on patients' quality of life. The results of the interaction effect of therapies and mechanism variables showed that ACT with the help of psychological flexibility and EFT with the help of emotional efficiency were effective in improving the quality of life of type 2 diabetes patients.The results showed that ACT and EFT were effective on the quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes and no significant difference was observed between the effectiveness of these two therapies on the quality of life. This result is consistent with previous findings. ACT seeks to increase psychological flexibility, which includes awareness and acceptance of one's thoughts and feelings while taking actions that are aligned with personal values; Therefore, increasing psychological flexibility, which has been confirmed to be related to quality of life, can help people with type 2 diabetes to deal with emotional challenges caused by this disease, such as hopelessness, anxiety, or depression, which can improve their quality of life. Regarding the effectiveness of EFT on the quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes in the present study, it can be said that this finding is consistent with previous findings. In explaining this finding, it can be argued that living with type 2 diabetes often involves managing stress related to the disease itself and its treatment, and EFT can provide people with strategies to deal with stress more effectively, such as identifying and challenging unhelpful thoughts and developing healthy coping mechanisms; Therefore, it can have a positive effect on the quality of life of people with diabetes. Based on the findings, it is suggested that ACT and EFT use to improve the quality of life of type 2 diabetes patients.

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Investigating the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on the weight of people suffering from obesity and concerned about body image

auob asadi; Yadollah Zargar; jalal Moludi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.46031.3215

Abstract

IntroductionObesity is a condition in which excess fat tissue is accumulated in a person's body, and this accumulation of fat tissue causes all kinds of physical and psychological problems. The most common way to estimate obesity is to use the body mass index, according to which people with a body mass ... Read More IntroductionObesity is a condition in which excess fat tissue is accumulated in a person's body, and this accumulation of fat tissue causes all kinds of physical and psychological problems. The most common way to estimate obesity is to use the body mass index, according to which people with a body mass of 30 or more are considered obese. Obesity and the physical and psychological diseases that arise for sufferers show that there is a need for effective, accessible and affordable treatments. Psychological treatments can have a significant effect on weight loss due to low complications and lasting effects. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy on weight loss and concern about body image.Method This experimental research was conducted on a sample of 30 people with obesity and concerned about body image. The participants were randomly assigned to two different cognitive-behavioral therapy groups and the control group. Both groups were measured in two stages: pre-test and post-test. The research tools included body mass index (BMI) and multidimensional body-self relationship questionnaire. ResultsThe results showed that there is a significant difference between the cognitive-behavioral therapy group in comparison to the control group in reducing the weight of obese people and reducing concern about body image. So that the participants who underwent cognitive behavioral therapy, the mean and standard deviation of their body mass was 3.26 ± 32.47 respectively, while the mean and standard deviation of the control group's body mass was 34.81 respectively. It was 4.82 ± which indicates more weight loss under cognitive-behavioral therapy. Also, the mean and standard deviation of body image in the group under cognitive-behavioral therapy were 11.92 ± 138.88, respectively, while the mean and standard deviation of body image in the control group were 13.34 ± 90.99, respectively, which indicates satisfaction. of body image in the group undergoing cognitive-behavioral therapy. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (p < 0.001). And the intervention of cognitive-behavioral therapy had a greater effect in reducing weight and reducing concern about body image.DiscussionAccording to the results of this study, obesity is a common disorder that can cause physical problems as well as psychological problems for people. The results of the present study showed that when people underwent cognitive behavioral therapy for eight sessions, compared to the control group, they experienced a more significant weight loss and their concern about their body image decreased. According to these findings, it can be concluded that cognitive behavioral therapy has a significant effect on the weight loss of people suffering from obesity and worried about their body image, so that these people who underwent cognitive behavioral therapy were able to lose weight within two Keep it for a month. The findings are discussed in terms of theory and their importance in terms of clinical interventions.

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Comparing the effectiveness of Acceptance and commitment therapy and Solution-focused (brief) therapy on internal coherence and self-control in women with marital conflict

Maryam Moshtaghi; Mohammad Javad Asghari Ebrahimabad; Mohammad Reza Saffarian Toosi; Hamid Nejat

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.46770.3256

Abstract

The family is the main institution of a society and the relations of its members, especially couples, are of special importance. A good relationship between couples will bring more satisfaction fewer conflicts and a higher quality of married life (Hoseini Beheshtian & Attar, 2020). Various factors, ... Read More The family is the main institution of a society and the relations of its members, especially couples, are of special importance. A good relationship between couples will bring more satisfaction fewer conflicts and a higher quality of married life (Hoseini Beheshtian & Attar, 2020). Various factors, including the lack of internal cohesion, affect the spouses' relationship and cause much damage to the family (Akbari et al. 2022). The sense of coherence helps manage marital conflicts and improves the marital relationship (Oei et al. 2021). Another factor that can affect couples' relationships is self-control. There is evidence that high levels of self-control are associated with constructive interpersonal behaviors that improve relationship quality and reduce conflict (Cheung et al. 2022).One treatment approach is Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), which has been evaluated in more than 900 randomized trials (Hayes, 2022). In Iran, few studies conducted on the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on the sense of coherence (Derakhshanjan et al. 2023; Rostami et al. 2023), and self-control (Babakhani, 2020). Also, Solution-Oriented Therapy is another psychological therapy that emphasizes the capabilities and abilities of people to create solutions (Ayar & Sabancioğullari, 2022) Few studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of solution therapy conducted in terms of the sense of coherence (Pourdel et al. 2021; Ismakhani Akbarinejad & Ebrahimi Sadr, 2022), and self-control (Mir Hashemi & Najafi, 2014). Also, it should be noted that there has been no research on the effectiveness and comparison of acceptance and commitment-based therapy and solution-oriented therapy, specifically on self-control and internal cohesion in the subject of women with marital conflict. Considering the negative consequences of conflicts on the individual lives of couples and their children, the necessity of dealing with treatments that target marital conflicts is felt. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment and solution-oriented therapy on the self-control and internal cohesion of women with marital conflicts.Method:The present study was a semi-experimental method and a pre-test-post-test-one-month follow-up design was used with the control group. The statistical population of this research included women with marital conflict referring to Ravan Plus Clinic in Mashhad in 2023. Among them, 45 women were selected purposefully and voluntarily and then randomly assigned into two experimental groups and one control group (15 subjects per group). To collect the data, the Internal Coherence Questionnaire (ICQ), Self-Control Tangney Questionnaire (SCQ), and Marital Conflict Questionnaire (MCQ). After explanations were given to the participants about the conditions of the research and the objectives of the study, the first group received the solution-focused therapy the second group received acceptance and commitment-based therapy (ACT), and the third group as a control group received no treatment during this time. Each group meeting was held once a week for 90 minutes in two months. Questionnaires were completed in three phases: pre-test, post-test, and one-month follow-up by three groups. To analyze the data, repeated measures analysis was used.Results:Findings showed that Acceptance and commitment therapy and Solution-focused (brief) therapy were effective as compared with the control group in terms of self-control and internal cohesion (P<0.001). The results also showed that there was no significant difference between the two experimental groups in terms of self-control and internal cohesion (P>0.05).Discussion:In sum, Acceptance and commitment therapy and Solution-focused (brief) therapy were effective in increasing the internal coherence and self-control of women with marital conflicts. It is suggested that future researches be conducted on couples to investigate the effectiveness of treatment on men as well. To increase the generalizability of the results, it is suggested that this research be carried out in different populations (divorced women, etc.).

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The mediating role of behavioral-emotional problems in the relationship between parental psychological control and Internet addiction in university students

Fatemeh Alidoosti; Maryam Salari; Vahideh Moafian; mahdieh bakhtiari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.45617.3181

Abstract

IntroductionInternet addiction refers to a feeling of compulsion and inability to control using the Internet. Due to its prevalence among university students, and considering the fact that it may be influenced by variables such as parents and behavioral-emotional problems, the present study was conducted ... Read More IntroductionInternet addiction refers to a feeling of compulsion and inability to control using the Internet. Due to its prevalence among university students, and considering the fact that it may be influenced by variables such as parents and behavioral-emotional problems, the present study was conducted to investigate the mediating role of behavioral-emotional problems in the relationship between parental psychological control and Internet addiction.MethodThe research method was a descriptive correlational type, and its statistical population consisted of all university students studying at Khayyam University in the academic year 1401-1402, of whom, according to Guilford's opinion about the sufficiency of 200 people for the sample, a sample of 244 people (180 girls and 64 boys) were selected by the convenience sampling method. In order to collect the research data, the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) by Young (1999), the Dependency-oriented and Achievement-oriented Psychological Control Scale (DAPCS) by Soenens et al (2010), and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) by Goodman (2001) were used, and the data were analyzed utilizing SPSS and LISREL software. Statistical analysis was done based on descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation test, and the path analysis method.ResultsThe findings revealed that based on Pearson's correlation coefficients in line with examining the relationships between variables, parental psychological control has a positive and significant relationship with Internet addiction and behavioral-emotional problems, and also, behavioral-emotional problems have a positive and significant relationship with Internet addiction. Furthermore, in pursuance of answering the research question, the results of the modified model, considering parental psychological control as an exogenous variable and Internet addiction in university students as an endogenous variable, showed that among the types of behavioral-emotional problems that were placed as the mediating variables in the path analysis model, only emotional problems could play a significant mediating role for the relationship between parental psychological control and Internet addiction in university students.DiscussionThe present study's findings indicate a high correlation and by the same token, the importance of parental psychological control and behavioral-emotional problems in predicting Internet addiction in university students. Therefore, according to the obtained results, on one hand, parental psychological control directly causes Internet addiction in university students, and on the other hand, it can indirectly lead to the emergence or exacerbation of Internet addiction through the creation of emotional problems in university students. Based on this, on one side, Parents' use of appropriate and desirable communication methods, and on the other side, paying attention to the recognition and reduction of emotional problems to decrease Internet addiction in university students can be noteworthy.

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Comparing the effectiveness of positive-oriented resilience training and mentalization-based training in improving the components of parent-child interaction in mothers of mentally retarded children.

Bamdad Shadi Zavareh; Masoumeh Azmoudeh; Babak Kashefimehr; Javad Mesrabadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.47033.3266

Abstract

IntroductionParent-child interaction plays a crucial role in child development, particularly among children with intellectual disabilities. Effective interventions targeting parent-child interactions can have significant implications for the well-being and development of both parents and children in ... Read More IntroductionParent-child interaction plays a crucial role in child development, particularly among children with intellectual disabilities. Effective interventions targeting parent-child interactions can have significant implications for the well-being and development of both parents and children in these families. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of two distinct training approaches—positive resilience training and mentalization-based training—in enhancing parent-child interaction components among mothers of children with intellectual disabilities.MethodThis research employed a quasi-experimental design, incorporating pre-test and post-test assessments along with a control group. The study population consisted of mothers of children with intellectual disabilities in Tabriz, totaling 4,500 individuals. Initially, a cluster sampling method was used to select one of the five welfare centers in Tabriz. To improve data quality and select mothers whose children with intellectual disabilities aligned most closely with the research objectives, purposive sampling was employed. In this stage, 45 mothers were selected based on specific criteria (inclusion and exclusion criteria) and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group.The data collection instrument utilized in this study was the Pianta Parent-Child Interaction Questionnaire (1994), a well-established tool for evaluating various dimensions of parent-child relationships, including closeness, dependence, and conflict. Statistical analyses, including multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA) and Bonferroni post-hoc tests, were conducted using SPSS software version 26 to assess the specific impact of the training interventions on parent-child interaction components.ResultsBoth positive resilience training and mentalization-based training demonstrated significant effectiveness in improving parent-child interaction components, specifically in enhancing closeness, dependence, and reducing conflict within the parent-child relationship. The results indicated that both interventions significantly impacted these components (p < 0.01). However, notable differences were observed in the effectiveness of the two interventions, with mentalization-based training showing superior effectiveness in enhancing closeness and reducing conflict compared to positive resilience training (p < 0.001 vs. p < 0.01 in both comparisons).DiscussionThe findings highlight the importance of tailored interventions in supporting parent-child interactions among mothers of children with intellectual disabilities. Both positive resilience training and mentalization-based training offer valuable approaches for fostering positive parent-child dynamics, with mentalization-based training showing particular promise in enhancing closeness and reducing conflict within the relationship. These results underscore the potential of incorporating mentalization-based approaches into intervention programs aimed at improving parent-child interactions in challenging contexts, such as those involving children with intellectual disabilities.

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The role of explicitness in gift exchange based on people’s appreciation: The Mediating role of relationship’s depth

Fateme akhlaghi; Hossein Tahrian

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.46502.3238

Abstract

IntroductionAppreciation is a structure that has attracted the attention of many psychologists and they consider it a cognitive and emotional state that affects the depth of people's relationships. The depth of people's relationship with each other is an important predictor in connection with the stability ... Read More IntroductionAppreciation is a structure that has attracted the attention of many psychologists and they consider it a cognitive and emotional state that affects the depth of people's relationships. The depth of people's relationship with each other is an important predictor in connection with the stability of people's social relationship. And requested and unrequested gift giving is a question that has occupied the minds of researchers. In fact, a better understanding of the relationship is created when there is a match between the image of the giver and the appreciation of the gift. The matching of the image of the giver and the recipient has a strong effect on appreciation, which is greatly influenced by environmental factors. Also, people's perception regarding their relationship history and future expectations is effective on their sense of appreciation. Gift-giving failures are surprisingly common, with an estimated 40-50% returning at least one store-bought gift each year. Gift givers expect the recipient to accept the purchased gift. Between the person who buys the gift and the person who ultimately wants to use the gift, there are differences in the perception of the value and philosophy of that gift. The present study aimed to determine the role of explicitness in gift giving on the level of appreciation of individuals, taking into account the depth of their relationship in the two roles of partner and close friend. MethodThe research method was descriptive and correlational. It was used to investigate the level of appreciation of people when they receive and giver a birthday gift, wanted and unsolicited gift, from their partner and close friend, and to measure the mediating role of the depth of the relationship. therefore 629 individuals aged 21 to 50 volunteered, and the level of appreciation of each individual was measured in four scenarios designed in two explicit and implicit situations, with each person initially designated as a gift giver and then as a gift receiver. People were first in the role of gift giver and then in the role of gift receiver. Also, in this study through the relationship quality questionnaire of Pierce & Sarason )1991(, the relationship depth score of the people was obtained. A statistical analysis of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was performed using the SPSS-16 software.ResultsThe results of the statistical technique of analysis indicated that the main effect of the role factor on the level of appreciation was statistically significant ([F(1, 2512) = 364.583, P < 0.05, η² = 0.127]). Additionally, the main effect of the type of relationship on the level of appreciation was also statistically significant ([F(1, 2512) = 11.956, P < 0.05, η² = 0.005]). Moreover, the interaction between role and type of relationship was significant as well ([F (1, 2512) = 49.19, P < 0.05, η² = 0.019]). The results of the mean comparisons (Table 8) show that the level of appreciation is higher for the gift-giver than for the gift-receiver. Furthermore, the comparison based on the relationship type indicates that among gift-givers, the level of appreciation is higher for a close friend than for a romantic partner, while among gift-receivers, this level is higher for a romantic partner. Additionally, the comparison based on the depth of the relationship shows that within the groups of close friends and romantic partners, the level of appreciation is higher in deeper relationships compared to those with lower relationship depth.DiscussionThe findings showed that explicitness in gift giving is correlated with the level of appreciation of the partner and close friends. therefore, People who have deeper relationships express more explicitness in giving and receiving gifts. in this scenario the explicitness in gift giving has a stronger role in relation to the partner. People who have a deeper relationship with their partner are more likely to ask for the requested gift. In fact, the depth of the relationship has a direct relationship with appreciation. These results showed that buying an expensive gift does not make people happy, but a gift that people themselves want or need makes them grateful.

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The effectiveness of the lived experience program focused on the acceptance and commitment of positive and negative academic emotions of students with stuttering disorder: a single case study

Shahrooz Nemati; rahim badri; Shahram Vahedi; Mohammad Bardel

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.47069.3267

Abstract

IntroductionSpeech disorder, including stuttering, is a communication disorder that affects the production and fluency of speech. Stuttering is characterized by repetitions, stretching, pauses, or involuntary stuttering in sounds, syllables, and words. It is prevalent in about 5% of adolescents and 20% ... Read More IntroductionSpeech disorder, including stuttering, is a communication disorder that affects the production and fluency of speech. Stuttering is characterized by repetitions, stretching, pauses, or involuntary stuttering in sounds, syllables, and words. It is prevalent in about 5% of adolescents and 20% of the overall population. Stuttering can have a significant impact on communication abilities and may lead to psychological issues such as emotional disturbance, low cognitive flexibility, and perceptual speech problems. The current research aims to implement the "acceptance and commitment training" to determine its effectiveness on the academic emotions of students with stuttering disorder.MethodThe research used a single-subject design with different subjects, including 3 second-grade high school students with stuttering disorder. The students went through baseline, treatment, and follow-up stages. Student names were obtained from the social harms section of Khoi city's education management. Participants were second-year high school students with stuttering disorder, who hadn't received prior psychological intervention and met the entry and exit criteria. Participants with physical or sensory issues or who missed more than two sessions were excluded.ResultsA study was conducted with three student participants. Participant one is a 16-year-old boy in 11th grade with a history of late speech development. Participant two is a 17.5-year-old girl in 12th grade who struggles with speech fluency and accuracy. Participant three is a 15-year-old girl in 10th grade with speech problems and academic difficulties. The study includes detailed information about their backgrounds and the psychological assessments conducted. This information provides valuable insights for addressing their unique needs in the treatment process.DiscussionThe current study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of an acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) program in improving positive and negative academic emotions among second-year high school students who stutter. The analysis revealed that the ACT intervention had a significant positive effect on enhancing both positive and negative academic emotions in the participants. The ACT-based therapy facilitated students' ability to replace negative academic emotions with more positive experiences in the classroom, moving away from cognitive avoidance. However, the researchers acknowledged the uncontrollable nature of factors influencing academic emotions, such as personality traits, school environment, and personal/cultural beliefs, as a limitation of the study. Future research should consider the impact of additional variables, including personality and religious factors, as well as the program's effectiveness with other neurodevelopmental populations and socioeconomic groups. Additionally, comparing the outcomes of individual counseling with parents to group-based education would provide valuable insights for the implementation of this therapeutic approach.

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The effect of visual-verbal educational package based on emotional stimuli on processing speed and working memory function of dyslexic students

مهدی امیراحمدی; Soghra Ebrahimi Ghavam; Fariborz Dortaj; Kamran sheivandi cholicheh; Ali Delavar

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 October 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.46246.3228

Abstract

IntroductionThe educational system is always faced with students who have academic failure or even cannot learn some assignments. A prominent and interesting group from the point of view of science and research is students with learning disorders, whose main and important problem is not the lack or weakness ... Read More IntroductionThe educational system is always faced with students who have academic failure or even cannot learn some assignments. A prominent and interesting group from the point of view of science and research is students with learning disorders, whose main and important problem is not the lack or weakness of intelligence or motivation, but they have a different brain from other normal students, and the existence of this difference affects the way they receive and affect their information processing. A lot of research in this field shows that children with cognitive learning disabilities have a lot of problems with working memory and processing speed - "cognitive mastery index". Regardless of the slow processing of information, in the perceptual stages, scientific explanations show that working memory and the output resulting from its function and function (probably in the lexical stage) also face weaknesses. Of course, regarding the relationship between these two factors, there is a possibility that the weakness of processing speed in working memory, especially when processing the image of words, is the first explanation factor for the lack of dyslexia and reading words. Research has shown that the memory strengthened by emotions, both in terms of the strength and arousal of the stimuli, is guided and activated with greater power, and this affects the processing rate, the way inputs are processed, and the overall functioning of working memory, which is one of the effective cognitive factors. It affects learning disorders. On the other hand, these two factors are related to emotions and emotions, which emotional stimuli arouse in a person, and in a way, they affect the setting of appropriate responses, memory function, the amount and speed of processing, and finally, the cognitive performance of a person.MethodThe present study was conducted to investigate the effect of the visual-verbal educational package based on positive emotional stimuli on the processing speed and working memory function of dyslexic students. The research method was applied and semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The research population included all the students referred to rehabilitation centers for special learning problems in Mashhad in the academic year 2021-2022, who were diagnosed with dyslexia learning disorder and were in the age range of 9 to 12 years. According to the semi-experimental design, two experimental and control groups were considered to conduct the research, and for each group, 15 people were selected using the sampling method available in the centers and the simple random method, in the center where the training was conducted. To start the research process and apply the desired educational package, using the Wechsler IQ test 4 and according to the indicators of active memory and processing speed, 30 dyslexic students were selected to be randomly placed in the experimental and control groups, and this was done in the following way. that the experimental and control groups should be equal and homogeneous as much as possible in terms of dependent and demographic variables. The experimental group participated in 8 training sessions under the content of the training package based on positive emotional stimuli, in which training, empowerment, and activities related to each session were discussed, and the control group received only normal training during the training process and received research.ResultsData analysis was done using the covariance analysis method and the results showed that the visual-verbal educational package based on emotional stimuli has an effect on the processing speed and working memory function of dyslexic students and can strengthen the working memory function and processing speed in dyslexic students.DiscussionTherefore, it can be concluded that this educational package improves the processing speed and working memory of dyslexic students and this package and related exercises can be used in the education of this group of students in terms of education and rehabilitation, the research results show that the reading interventions that Including education based on positive emotional stimuli can improve the cognitive efficiency of dyslexic students.

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Design and validation of a model of mobile multimedia learning environment and its effect on learning and learning transfer of social skills of students with high-performance Autism spectrum disorder

Amir Masnavi; Esmaeil Zaraii Zavaraki; Parviz Sharifi Daramadi; Mohammad Reza Nili Ahmadabadi; Ali Delavar

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 05 October 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.45645.3186

Abstract

IntroductionAutism is a type of neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social and behavioral problems. The use of technologies improves the learning of children with autism spectrum disorders. Accordingly, a plan should be devised so that while using educational multimedia technology, especially ... Read More IntroductionAutism is a type of neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social and behavioral problems. The use of technologies improves the learning of children with autism spectrum disorders. Accordingly, a plan should be devised so that while using educational multimedia technology, especially applications based on mobile devices, in the learning process of people with autism, in addition to learning social skills, the important issue of learning transfer is not neglected. In the process of designing and producing an educational multimedia; Putting different elements together without paying attention to educational principles cannot guarantee real learning for the learner, that is why in different theories of message design and educational multimedia design, principles and rules are presented that create optimal conditions for the transfer of learning in the learner. The aim of this study was to investigate the mobile multimedia environment for the transfer of learning social skills of students with AutismMethodThe statistical population of the research included all students with autism disorder in Ahvaz city in the academic year 2019-2019, and the sample of the study was 4 male students with autism disorder who were selected using available sampling method. The tools used in this study included the high-functioning autism screening questionnaire (Kasechi et al., 2013) and the social skill profile (2007) by Bellini & Hopf. Finally, the mobile multimedia learning environment program was provided to the subjects during 4 weeks and one hour per day. The data were collected in three stages: baseline, learning and transfer and were analyzed by the method of stable change index, recovery percentage and visual drawing.ResultsThe findings of the study showed that the degrees of stages and transfer of social skills of the first, second and third subjects in the stage and transfer to the baseline increased but in the fourth subject was not successful.DiscussionThe curriculum becomes a model for mobile multimedia environment, social effects and skills transfer of learners with Autism.

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Design and Clinical Trial of Depression Psychotherapy Protocol Based on the Explanatory Model of Depression in Multiple Sclerosis.

Amirhossein Yavari; Seyed Abdolmajid Bahrainian; Mahnaz Mehrabizadeh Honarmand; Shahram Vaziri; ghasem Ahi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 05 October 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43918.3045

Abstract

The aim of this study was to design and clinical trial the psychotherapy protocol for depression based on the explanatory model of depression in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. This study was an experimental research with pre-test, post-test and follow-up phase. The statistical population includes ... Read More The aim of this study was to design and clinical trial the psychotherapy protocol for depression based on the explanatory model of depression in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. This study was an experimental research with pre-test, post-test and follow-up phase. The statistical population includes all people between 20 and 50 years old with multiple sclerosis that diagnosed with depression in Hamedan city-Iran in 2021 (MS disease of the sample group members has already been definitively diagnosed by a neurologist and at least six months have passed since the diagnosis of MS). The research sample was 40 people from population (so that 10 of them were studied in the pilot phase and 30 of them were studied in the clinical trial phase) that selected by convenient sampling method. In each of the phases (pilot and clinical trial) members of the research sample were randomly replaced in two groups: experimental group (5 people in the pilot phase and 15 people in the clinical trial phase) and control group (5 people in the pilot phase and 15 people in the clinical trial phase). Second edition of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) was used as measurement instrument. After designing the depression psychotherapy protocol based on the explanatory model of depression in patients with multiple sclerosis (The fit and significance of this statistical model has already been checked and confirmed by the structural equation modeling or SEM method) and testing in the pilot phase, the experimental group was subjected to the psychotherapy of this protocol in the clinical trial phase. According to the principles of clinical trial, all the interventions of both phases of research (pilot and clinical trial) were implemented similar to each other and without differences. In both phases, the control group did not receive any intervention. Data analyzing in the pilot phase was done by a non-parametric test (U mann whitney test) and in the clinical trial phase was done by univariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA).The result of data analyzing in pilot phase showed significant effect of intervention and we were allowed to run the clinical trial phase. Data analyzing in the clinical trial phase showed that the depression psychotherapy protocol in patients with multiple sclerosis that diagnosed with depression had a significant effect on reducing depression in these patients (p < 0/05). According to the findings of this research, it can be concluded that the depression psychotherapy protocol in patients with multiple sclerosis has the ability to be designed and this protocol is effective in reducing depression in patients with multiple sclerosis.

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Comparison of the Efficacy of Cognitive Rehabilitation Therapy with and without Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Inhibitory Control, Cognitive Flexibility, and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms of Adolescents with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

mojtaba ahmadi farsani; Iran Davoudi; Mahnaz Mehrabi Zadeh Honarmand

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 23 October 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.46270.3230

Abstract

Introduction Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a condition currently defined by the American Psychiatric Association as a disorder characterized by obsessive thoughts or compulsions. These symptoms significantly affect the quality of life of sufferers and are often associated with other neurodevelopmental ... Read More Introduction Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a condition currently defined by the American Psychiatric Association as a disorder characterized by obsessive thoughts or compulsions. These symptoms significantly affect the quality of life of sufferers and are often associated with other neurodevelopmental or psychiatric conditions. Several factors contribute to the development of OCD, among which cognitive deficits are considered one of the most significant. Various studies have shown that individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder exhibit physiological and cognitive impairments, particularly in inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility. On the other hand, various research findings have led to the hypothesis that individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may have physiological defects or failures, particularly abnormalities or malfunctions in different areas of the brain. These areas include the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and striatum, which may experience dysfunction. Furthermore, numerous studies have demonstrated deficits in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) among individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder. These deficits in the DLPFC have been found to be associated with impairments in executive functions. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation therapy with and without transcranial direct current stimulation in improving inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility and reducing the intensity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder.MethodThe current study is a experimental research using a pre-test-post-test and a 3-month follow-up. Thirty male and female individuals aged 14 to 18 years old who had been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder and were seeking treatment at counseling and psychological services centers in Ahvaz participated in the study. Participants met the inclusion criteria were selected using an purposive sampling and randomly assigned to either the experimental 1 or 2. Before the intervention, participants were evaluated using appropriate instruments, including the Go/No Go Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. After the evaluation, the participants in the experimentals group underwent 12 sessions of cognitive rehabilitation therapy with and without transcranial direct current stimulation. Participants were re-evaluated immediately after completing the intervention sessions and again three months later.ResultsMANCOVA showed that there is a significant difference between the mean scores of the research groups in the post-test phase and the follow-up, compared to the pre-test, in terms of inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (p <0.05). The separated ANCOVA revealed that cognitive rehabilitation treatment with transcranial direct current stimulation was significantly more effective than cognitive rehabilitation treatment without transcranial direct current stimulation in enhancing inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility and reducing the intensity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms during the post-test and follow-up phases (p <0.05).DiscussionBased on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that transcranial direct current stimulation enhances the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation tasks. In explaining this finding, it can be said that when transcranial direct electrical stimulation (anode on the F3 area and cathode on the Fp2 area) is combined with a suprathreshold stimulus such as cognitive tasks, it can increase synaptic transmission. Therefore, transcranial direct electrical stimulation can enhance synaptic strength in neural pathways activated by cognitive rehabilitation tasks and improve training effects.

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Examining the psychometric adequacy of the conscientiousness ethics scale

Mohsen Arbezi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44635.3106

Abstract

Background: Moral characteristics are virtues that can affect the quality of different dimensions of people's lives. For example, the role of conscientiousness as an antecedent for academic success (Kappe & Van Der Flier, 2012), better job performance (Barrick, & Mount, 1991), health-oriented ... Read More Background: Moral characteristics are virtues that can affect the quality of different dimensions of people's lives. For example, the role of conscientiousness as an antecedent for academic success (Kappe & Van Der Flier, 2012), better job performance (Barrick, & Mount, 1991), health-oriented behaviors (Bogg & Roberts, 2004), psychological well-being (Tanksale, 2015) and Marital satisfaction (Claxton et al., 2012) pointed out. All these research evidences indicate the adaptive function of conscientiousness in different aspects of life. also Conscientiousness is one of the most critical ethical virtues. Therefore, a tool with appropriate psychometric properties must measure this ethical background with other variables. The current research aims to determine the factor structure and psychometric properties (validity and reliability) of the conscientiousness ethics scale.Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the conscientiousness ethics scale in a group of Shiraz University undergraduate students.Methods: The undergraduate students in the present study were from Shiraz University in 2019-2020 academic year; 440 (221 women and 219 men) were selected by the multistage random clustering method and responded to the conscientiousness ethics scale. After entering data into the software SPSS-16, The data were randomly divided into two equal parts; Thus, to perform exploratory factor analysis, Data from the first 220 samples And confirmatory factor analysis were collected from 220 other samples.Results: The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that conscientiousness ethics is composed of two factors, conscientiousness and trustworthiness. The confirmatory factor analysis also confirmed the two-factor structure of conscientiousness ethics. The values of Cronbach's alpha coefficients also confirmed the instrument's reliability.Conclusion: In general, the results of this research show the efficiency of the conscientiousness ethics scale; And researchers in the field of moral psychology can use it. The preparation of this tool can lead to an increase in theoretical knowledge in the field of moral characters.

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The Effectiveness of Psychodrama Group Therapy on the Cognitive and Behavioral Aspects of Social Anxiety in Adolescents

Maryam Kooraki; Seyed Esmaeil Hashemi; Mahnaz Mehrabizadeh Honarmand

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.45577.3178

Abstract

AbstractAim: This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of Psychodrama group therapy on the cognitive and behavioral aspects of social anxiety in female adolescents of Sirjan City.Methods: The research used a pre-test, post-test, and 1-month follow-up semi-experimental control group design. The population ... Read More AbstractAim: This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of Psychodrama group therapy on the cognitive and behavioral aspects of social anxiety in female adolescents of Sirjan City.Methods: The research used a pre-test, post-test, and 1-month follow-up semi-experimental control group design. The population was all ninth-grade female students of Sirjan schools in the academic year 2022-2023. The first sample of the study included 250 female students who were selected from among those who referred to the comprehensive health service centers using an accessible sampling method. These people answered the Adolescent Social Anxiety Scale (SAS-A; Puklek & Videk, (2008) and a structured clinical interview for social anxiety disorder based on DSM-5, and 36 of them who got at least one score higher than the standard deviation score were separated from Among them, 28 people who met the criteria for entering the research were selected and placed in two groups of 14 people (experimental and control group). The experimental group received Psychodrama group therapy; however, the control group did not receive any intervention. In the end, 12 people remained in each group. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) through SPSS software (version 24).(Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and the control groups in the post-test phase in terms of Apprehension and fear of negative evaluation (AFNE)( Cognitive component) (p <0.0001, F = 29.34) and tension and inhibition in social contact (TISC)(behavioral component) (p <0.0001, F = 37.9)of social anxiety. This difference was also observed in the follow-up phase. Conclusion: A psychodrama group therapy program emphasizing drama and creativity can be an effective and efficient intervention to reduce the cognitive and behavioral aspects of social anxiety in adolescent girls.keywords: Social Anxiety, Psychodrama group therapy, Cognitive and Behavioral Aspects, Adolescents,

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Adapting the guilt about parenting scale (GAPS) to Iranian culture (validity and reliability study)

reyhaneh rokni; Azadeh Taheri

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.45630.3187

Abstract

Introduction: The parental guilt scale is one of the few questionnaires designed to measure guilt in parents with normal children. In recent decades, the number of working mothers in Iran has increased, but the division of responsibilities in the family still remains traditional, and mothers are recognized ... Read More Introduction: The parental guilt scale is one of the few questionnaires designed to measure guilt in parents with normal children. In recent decades, the number of working mothers in Iran has increased, but the division of responsibilities in the family still remains traditional, and mothers are recognized as the main caregivers of children and fathers as the source of family income, so most mothers have to deal with work duties and the family themselves experience double pressure and as a result, parental guilt. Most mothers feel extra pressure to take care of their work and family duties, and as a result, they experience parental guilt. Parental guilt in working mothers can affect the work and family performance of mothers and the psychological well-being of family members, so the need for an efficient tool to measure parental guilt was felt. The present study was conducted to investigate the psychometric properties of parental guilt scale in Iranian mothers.Method: The statistical population of the study was working mothers in Tehran who have children between 2 and 12 years old and worked at least 20 hours a week, who were selected through convenience sampling. Mothers answered the 10-item questionnaires of parental guilt, and... and...To check construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis) and reliability of the questionnaire, spss 26 and amos24 software were used. Also, to check the concurrent validity of the questionnaire, its correlation coefficient with the questionnaires... and... was obtained.Results: The results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the factor loading of all the items is more than 0.56 and all paths from the items to the main structure were significant at the 0.001 level. Also, the fit indices of the model (CMIN/DF=2.37, RMSE=0.073, GFI=0.93, CFI=0.93, IFI=0.95) were within acceptable range. Therefore, the said scale had an acceptable construct validity. The results of the reliability of the parental guilt questionnaire showed the value of Cronbach's alpha and acceptable construct reliability.Discussion : In short, these findings provide evidence of face validity, content validity, construct reliability of parental guilt questionnaire in the sample of Iranian mothers. In the concurrent validity evaluation, it was found that this scale had a significant positive correlation with the family-work conflict scale, which indicates that the family-work conflict in mothers often causes them to feel parental guilt. Also, this questionnaire showed a negative correlation with the Mindful Parenting Questionnaire, which means that the more conscious mothers behave in their parenting practices, the less parental guilt they experience. The research findings show that the parental guilt questionnaire in Iranian working mothers is an accurate and reliable tool.

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Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Validity and Reliability of Body Compassion Scale in Students

Marzieh Mehrbani Nasab; Soodabeh Bassak Nejad; Mahnaz Mehrabizadeh Honarmand

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.45635.3184

Abstract

Aim: Body compassion is defined as a person's physical attention to appearance, competence and health along with mindfulness, kindness and awareness of common humanity. The present study was conducted to confirm the fit, validity and reliability of Body Compassion Scale by Altman et al. (2017) in Iranian ... Read More Aim: Body compassion is defined as a person's physical attention to appearance, competence and health along with mindfulness, kindness and awareness of common humanity. The present study was conducted to confirm the fit, validity and reliability of Body Compassion Scale by Altman et al. (2017) in Iranian students. Methods: This study is of correlation and validation type. The statistical population included 175 female students studying at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 2019. Results: Cronbach's alpha coefficient of this questionnaire was equal to 0.81 and the results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and goodness of fit indices indicated the appropriate fit of the three-factor structure of Body Compassion Scale. The results showed that the items of this scale have convergent validity and suitable fit of the scale.Conclusion: Therefore, social self-efficiency (SSE) scale had suitable validity and reliability, and this scale can be used in many clinical and research situations.Aim: Body compassion is defined as a person's physical attention to appearance, competence and health along with mindfulness, kindness and awareness of common humanity. The present study was conducted to confirm the fit, validity and reliability of Body Compassion Scale by Altman et al. (2017) in Iranian students. Methods: This study is of correlation and validation type. The statistical population included 175 female students studying at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 2019. Results: Cronbach's alpha coefficient of this questionnaire was equal to 0.81 and the results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and goodness of fit indices indicated the appropriate fit of the three-factor structure of Body Compassion Scale. The results showed that the items of this scale have convergent validity and suitable fit of the scale.Conclusion: Therefore, social self-efficiency (SSE) scale had suitable validity and reliability, and this scale can be used in many clinical and research situations.

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Investigating the S tructural Relationship between the Approach to Learning and Academic Resilience with the Mediation of Academic Self-Regulation

Mohsen Arbezi; Razieh Sheikholeslami

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.45762.3192

Abstract

Extended abstractAim: Academic resilience is one of the important characteristics in the field of education; Because it is associated with a range of positive academic outcomes (Ahmed et al., 2018; Bala & Verma, 2019). In addition, academic resilience is a protective factor against negative academic ... Read More Extended abstractAim: Academic resilience is one of the important characteristics in the field of education; Because it is associated with a range of positive academic outcomes (Ahmed et al., 2018; Bala & Verma, 2019). In addition, academic resilience is a protective factor against negative academic outcomes (Hong et al., 2020; Lee, 2019). Considering the importance of this construct, the present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between approach to learning and academic resilience with the mediation of academic self-regulation.Methods: The current research design describes the correlation type, which examines the relationships between research variables using the Structural Equations Models (SEM) method. Its statistical population was all junior high school students in Evaz City (located in the south of Fars province), from which (1633 people) 285 student (96 boys, 189 girls) were selected by convenience sampling method And answered the electronic version scale of academic resilience (Cassidy, 2016), approach to learning (Entwistle et al., 2006) and academic self-regulation (Hong & O'Neil, 2001) questionnaires. AMOS-24 software was used for the research model test.Results: The research results showed that the deep approach to Learning (ᵦ= 0.46, p= 0.02) and strategic approach to Learning (ᵦ= 0.36, p= 0.02) positively and significantly predict academic resilience, While the surface approach to Learning (ᵦ= -0.35, p= 0.002) predicts academic resilience negatively and significantly. In order to test the mediation hypotheses of academic self-regulation in the relationship between the approach to Learning and academic resilience, the bootstrap method was used. The results showed that academic self-regulation significantly mediates the relationship between all three types of approaches to Learning and academic resilience. However, the mediating effect of the deep approach to Learning (ᵦ= 0.33, p=0.003) and strategic approach to Learning (ᵦ=0.39, p=0.004) is positive, And the mediating effect of the surface approach to Learning (ᵦ= -0.38, p=0.015) is negative.Conclusion: The test of the research model confirmed the mediating role of academic self-regulation in the relationship between approach to deep learning, approach to strategic learning, approach to surface learning with academic resilience. In addition, the results showed that all three types of approaches to learning directly predict academic resilience. These findings can be the basis for designing interventions to improve academic resilience.

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The Effectiveness of Emotional Literacy Training on Emotional Self-Regulation, Interpersonal Communication and Academic Engagement in male students of the first secondary level of Shushtar city

hassan jorfi; Gholamhosien Ebadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.46434.3237

Abstract

IntroductionEmotional self-regulation is an important process in research, treatment and psychopathology and some physical pathological states and refers to actions that are used to change or adjust emotional experience and the intensity or type of emotional experiences. Considering that the way a student ... Read More IntroductionEmotional self-regulation is an important process in research, treatment and psychopathology and some physical pathological states and refers to actions that are used to change or adjust emotional experience and the intensity or type of emotional experiences. Considering that the way a student interacts with others plays a role in academic engagement and emotional self-discipline. Interpersonal communication skills are part of life skills through which students can engage in interpersonal interactions in the educational environment. Creating effective interpersonal communication during adolescence, in addition to improving mental health, psychological well-being, reducing depression, reducing academic anxiety can lead to more academic engagement them. Academic engagement is a construct that was first proposed to understand and explain academic failure and was considered as the basis for reformist efforts in the field of education. One of the ways to improve emotional self-regulation, interpersonal communication skills and academic engagement in students is teaching emotional literacy. Emotional literacy is the ability to understand one's feelings, listen and empathize with others and express feelings effectively. This research aims to investigate the effectiveness of emotional literacy training on emotional self-regulation skills, interpersonal communication skills, and academic engagement.MethodThe research method is applied based on purpose and based on data collection, quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design and control group. The statistical population included all male students of the first grade of high school in Shushtar city in the academic year of 1402-1403. From the target population, 40 students were selected by random sampling method and assigned to experimental (20) and control (20) groups. First, pre-tests were performed for both groups. The experimental group received emotional literacy training in 8 sessions of 60 minutes over 45 days. Data collection tools were questionnaires by Gross and John's Emotional Regulation Questionnaire, Manjmizadeh's communication skills questionnaire, and Fredericks et al.'s academic engagement questionnaire. The results were analyzed using an analysis of covariance.ResultsThe results showed that there is a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in terms of at least one of the research variables (F=131.328 and p<0.001). To further investigate this difference, variance analysis with single variable repeated measures on the scores emotional self-regulation, interpersonal communication and academic engagement were done. The F ratio of the interaction of time and group for the variable of emotional self-regulation (F= 233.348 and p < 0.001) is significant. Also, the F ratio of time and group interaction for interpersonal communication variable (F = 148.923 and p < 0.001) is significant. In addition, the F ratio of time and group interaction for the variable of academic engagement (F=250.116 and p>0.001) is significant. In order to better define the experimental and control groups in the post-test and follow-up of emotional self-regulation, interpersonal communication and academic engagement, Ben-Froni's post hoc test was used to compare the adjusted averages. The results show that the difference in the adjusted mean of emotional self-regulation between the experimental group and the control group in the post-test phase is 10.009 and this difference is statistically significant at the p<0.001 level. This result shows that the experimental group performed better in the variable of emotional self-regulation in the post-test stage compared to the control group. Also, the difference between the adjusted mean of emotional self-regulation between the experimental group and the control group in the follow-up phase is 7.756, and this difference is statistically significant at the p<0.001 level. This result shows that the experimental group had a better performance in the variable of emotional self-regulation in the follow-up phase compared to the control group. Also, the adjusted average difference between the experimental group and the control group in the post-test stage is 12.938 and this difference is statistically significant at p<0.001 level. This result shows that the experimental group performed better in the interpersonal communication variable in the post-test stage compared to the control group. Also, the difference between the adjusted average of the interpersonal relationship between the experimental group and the control group in the follow-up phase is 11.682, and this difference is statistically significant at the p<0.001 level. DiscussionThe results showed that emotional literacy training is effective in improving emotional self-regulation, interpersonal communication and academic engagement of students.

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The Mediating Role of Body Image in the Relationship Between Parental Bonding and Eating Disorders in Adolescent Girls

Kowsar Hosseinian Langouri Sorkhi; Abbas Bakhshipour Rodsari; Mohammad Shadbafi; Mahsa Pishkar Ahrab

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.47234.3279

Abstract

IntroductionDuring adolescence, individuals experience significant changes in behaviors related to eating and body weight, often accompanied by concerns about weight, body shape, and dissatisfaction with body image. These changes, which commonly manifest during puberty, may indicate the onset of eating ... Read More IntroductionDuring adolescence, individuals experience significant changes in behaviors related to eating and body weight, often accompanied by concerns about weight, body shape, and dissatisfaction with body image. These changes, which commonly manifest during puberty, may indicate the onset of eating disorders. Eating disorders encompass a complex category of clinical conditions characterized by abnormal eating patterns, excessive concerns about body shape, and distorted perceptions of body image, significantly impairing both physical and psychological functioning. The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) categorizes these disorders into three diagnostic classifications: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder, providing a deeper description and understanding of each. These disorders primarily affect adolescent girls and young women, typically impacting individuals aged 13 to approximately 25-30 years. Non-clinical samples indicate that eating disorders affect 7.5% of adolescent girls and 2.1% of adolescent boys. Therefore, examining risk factors associated with eating disorders, particularly during the sensitive adolescent period, is of paramount importance for preventive interventions. Among these, parent-child relationships play a crucial role, influencing the psychological and social well-being of adolescents, often explored through attachment theory or parental bonding framework. The aim of the current study was to investigate the mediating role of body image in the relationship between parental bonding and eating disorders among female students.MethodThe present research was descriptive and correlational in nature. For this purpose, a sample of 215 female second-year high school students was selected from Babolsar city in the winter of the academic year 1403-02 using a multi-stage cluster random sampling method. To measure the variables, the following questionnaires were employed: Parker Parental Bonding Instrument (Parker et al., 1979), Body Image Questionnaire (Littleton et al., 2005), and Eating Disorder Diagnosis Scale (Stice et al., 2000). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 24 and AMOS version 24 software.ResultsThe findings of the research indicated that maternal bonding can predict eating disorders both directly (β = -0.19, p < 0.05) and through the mediating role of body image (β = -0.11, p < 0.01). No direct effect was found for paternal bonding on eating disorders; however, paternal bonding can indirectly predict eating disorders (β = -0.09, p < 0.01).DiscussionBased on the research findings, it appears that weak maternal bonding can independently predict eating disorders. Additionally, weak bonding with both mother and father can create vulnerabilities in body image development, thereby setting the stage for the onset of eating disorders. Therefore, from a practical standpoint, intervention and empowerment programs can be designed for parents and at-risk individuals to improve body image and prevent eating disorders.DiscussionBased on the research findings, it appears that weak maternal bonding can independently predict eating disorders. Additionally, weak bonding with both mother and father can create vulnerabilities in body image development, thereby setting the stage for the onset of eating disorders. Therefore, from a practical standpoint, intervention and empowerment programs can be designed for parents and at-risk individuals to improve body image and prevent eating disorders.

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Investigating Attachment Styles as an Antecedent of Health-Promoting Behaviors with the Mediating Role of Psychological Well-Being in Medical Students

Akram Heidary Harzavily; Isaac Rahimian-Boogar

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 16 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.47923.3306

Abstract

IntroductionHealth-promoting behaviors are increasingly important to increase health and reduce diseases. On the other hand, the health of the medical staff plays an important role in improving the health of the society. Considering the limited research evidence regarding health-promoting behaviors in ... Read More IntroductionHealth-promoting behaviors are increasingly important to increase health and reduce diseases. On the other hand, the health of the medical staff plays an important role in improving the health of the society. Considering the limited research evidence regarding health-promoting behaviors in intern medical students, more research is needed to formulate appropriate interventions to improve psychological dimensions and health-related behaviors for them. Attachment styles play a role directly and indirectly through other protective psychological factors such as well-being on health-promoting behaviors. Attachment style influences healthy or risky behaviors by determining the interaction with health care providers and some individual characteristics. Psychological well-being is also an important factor in healthy behaviors by strengthening positive individual characteristics. Examining the relationships between attachment styles, psychological well-being and health-promoting behaviors in an integrated model among intern medical students is important. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of examining the fit of the model in the relationship between attachment styles and health-promoting behaviors with the mediating factor of psychological well-being.MethodThe current study was a cross-sectional descriptive study in which structural relationships between variables were investigated using the structural equation model. The statistical population of the study included all medical students of Gilan and Qazvin provinces who completed their internship during the Corona epidemic and its subsequent strains. Among this population, 550 medical students were selected by conveniance sampling during May 2022 to February 2023. The age mean and standard deviation of the participants were 25.02 and 2.3, respectively. After obtaining written informed consent and explaining the objectives of the study to the participants, Adult Attachment Questionnaire (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), Psychological Well-Being Scale (Ryff, 1989) and Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile-II (Walker et al., 1987) were completed by the participants. In addition, the research ethical code obtained from the National Ethics Committee in Biomedical Research (ID: IR.SEMUMS.REC.1401.205) and the study was conducted in compliance with other ethical considerations, including the protection of the participants' rights, confidentiality and freedom of action in participating in the research. The descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, correlation, and tests of statistical presumptions) were used for data analysis with SPSS-25 software and inferential statistics (structural equation modeling) was used with LISREL 7.8 software to exmine the research hypothesis. The significance level of the data was considered as P<0.05.ResultsThe findings showed that attachment styles have a direct and significant relationship with health-promoting behaviors, and psychological well-being mediates the relationship between attachment styles and health-promoting behaviors (P<0.001). According to the indices obtained in the examined model (df=ϰ^2⁄2.09, CFI=0.94, GFI=0.92, AGFI=0.91, RMSEA=0.05, NNFI=0.96, (NFI = 0.96), the model has a good fit (P<0.05). Based on the Bootstrop test, the mediating role of psychological well-being in the relationship between attachment styles and health-promoting behaviors is confirmed (P<0.05). The results of the Sobel test were also obtained to investigate the mediating role of psychological well-being in the relationship between attachment styles and health-promoting behaviors, respectively, 2.85 to 3.21, which confirmed the results of the bootstrap result.DiscussionAccording to the results, attachment styles play a significant role in health-related behaviors, and psychological well-being plays a mediating role in the relationship between attachment styles and health-promoting behaviors. These results contain implications in providing and formulating appropriate interventions to promote health-related behaviors based on various attachment styles and psychological well-being. It is suggested that future researches focus on developing mixed designs (quantitative-qualitative studies) and expand these results to develop tailored interventions to promote health-related behaviors based on these factors. The strengthening secure attachment and promoting psychological well-being is necessary in order to maintain and improve health-promoting behaviors of medical students.

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Developing a parenting training package for children with special learning disorders based on parents' lived experience and comparing its effect with Barclay's parenting training on parents' psychological well-being and psychological resilience, soci

Dehghani Mohamad Hossein; Salar Faramarzi; Khosro Ramezani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 16 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.46659.3244

Abstract

Specific learning disorders are one of the most common learning problems of students in elementary school, which psychologically have an adverse effect on these children. Specific learning disorders are a type of chronic problem with a neurological and developmental basis that generally starts in the ... Read More Specific learning disorders are one of the most common learning problems of students in elementary school, which psychologically have an adverse effect on these children. Specific learning disorders are a type of chronic problem with a neurological and developmental basis that generally starts in the early stages of development, i.e. before school age, and continues until adulthood if not properly addressed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the development of a parenting training package for children with specific learning disorders based on the lived experience of parents and to compare its effect with Barclay's parenting training on the psychological well-being of parents, psychological resilience, social adjustment, and academic performance of students.MethodThe research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with two experimental groups and a control group. The statistical population of the present study included two groups, in the qualitative part including all parents of children with special learning disorders and in the quantitative part including all mothers of students with special learning disorders in Abadeh city. For the qualitative part of the research, the interviews were continued until the theoretical saturation of information, and the interviews with 10 parents were at saturation level. Purposive sampling method was used to select people for interview. In the implementation of the research, sampling was done as available. Based on this, 45 mothers with special learning disorder students were selected, and 15 were randomly assigned to the experimental group (parenting training package), 15 to the experimental group (Barclay's parenting training), and 15 to the control group. The parenting training package created by the researcher was implemented for the parents of the first experimental group (in8 sessions of 90 minutes) and Barclay's parenting training (in 8 sessions of 90 minutes). The measurement tools included Riff's psychological well-being questionnaire (2002), Connor-Davidson psychological resilience questionnaire (2003), Bell's social adjustment questionnaire (1961), Pham and Taylor's academic performance questionnaire (1999). To inferential analysis of the data, the statistical methods of multivariate analysis of variance and analysis of variance with repeated measurements were used. ResultsThe results showed that there was a significant difference between the impact of the two parenting training methods developed by the researcher and Barclay's parenting training on social adjustment and academic performance among mothers with children with specific learning disorders, while there was a significant difference between the impact of the two mentioned methods on mental well-being and there was no significant difference in mental resilience.DiscussionParenting training package and Barkley parenting training had a significant effect on improving psychological well-being, psychological resilience, social adjustment, and academic performance among mothers with children with specific learning disabilities. The discussion about comparing the effectiveness of parenting training package and Barclay parenting training on mental resilience, social adaptation, and academic performance among mothers with children with special learning disorders showed that there is a significant difference between the effectiveness of the two parenting training package methods. Barclay's parenting training influenced social adaptation and academic performance among mothers with children with specific learning disabilities, while there is no significant difference between the two mentioned methods on psychological resilience. Based on the results of the follow-up test, the parenting training package developed by the researcher had a greater impact on improving social adaptation and academic performance.

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The Effect of Online Education of Social Emotional Competences Based on CASEL interventionl on Psychological Capital and Improvement of Social Skills Primary School Students

fatemeh Bahrami; Hasan ashayeri; *, seif-allah rahmani; hooshang Jadidi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 24 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.45693.3254

Abstract

IntroductionEducational psychologists believe that people's success is not only dependent on cognitive skills and social-emotional skills also have an effect in predicting people's success. Social-emotional learning helps people feel more competent and effective in daily responsibilities and life challenges. ... Read More IntroductionEducational psychologists believe that people's success is not only dependent on cognitive skills and social-emotional skills also have an effect in predicting people's success. Social-emotional learning helps people feel more competent and effective in daily responsibilities and life challenges. Social-emotional learning has been developed as a conceptual framework for promoting children's cognitive, emotional, and academic competencies. It is generally assumed that social, emotional, mental, physical and moral skills are the foundation of all competences and learning in childhood.The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of teaching social-emotional skills on psychological capital and improving social skills with primary school studentsMethodThe research was applied in terms of objective and in terms of method was semi-experimental, also designed with a pre-test, post-test and the heterogeneous control group. The statistical population contains all male students studying in the second primary schools of Qazvin city in 1399-1400 was 18795 people and teachers were 590 people. The research sample included 60 students and 5 teachers who were selected by available sampling method and were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The measurement tool was Luthans (2007) psychological capital questionnaire and Gresham and Elliott (1987) social skills questionnaire. The experimental group received social-emotional competence training during twenty-eight sessions of forty-five minutes in four months, and the control group did not receive any intervention. After the training sessions, both groups completed the questionnaires again.The data were analyzed at two descriptive levels (mean and standard deviation) and inferential (single and multivariate covariance analysis) with SPSS-23 software.ResultsThe results showed a significant difference in psychological capital and social skills between the experimental and control groups. The findings emphasize the positive impact of strategic education of social-emotional competencies, especially through the CASEL intervention method, on the psychological capital and improvement of students' social skills.This means that there is a significant relationship between pre-test and post-test scores of psychological capital (self-efficacy, F=87/247 optimism,F=115/345; hope,F=33/384 and resilience F=9/913) based on, P=0.001 and P=0.003 and the effect sizes of these variables are equal to ./702; /757; ./474 ;./211 respectively; it shows that the effect size of the optimism component is stronger and the effect of the resilience component is weaker. There is a significant relationship between the pre-test and post-test scores of social skills, F=128/194 and P=0.001 with an effect size of. /776.DiscussThe results of the research state that the teaching of social-emotional skills by the Kessel intervention method by relying on self-awareness, self-management, social awareness and social management can lead to the promotion of psychological capital and improvement of students' social skills. These insights have practical achievements for educators and the need to integrate social-emotional learning. In university curricula, they emphasize the comprehensive development of the student.

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Exam anxiety explanation model based on emotional excitation, emotion management, and academic self-efficacy with regard to the mediation of study habits among secondary school students

Arzoo Hossein Rezaei; Fariborz Dortaj; Seyyed Ali Hoseini Almadani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 24 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.46667.3245

Abstract

IntroductionAnxiety is considered a part of every person's life in all societies as an appropriate and adaptive response. Lack of anxiety or high anxiety may cause a person to face significant problems and risks. Moderate and constructive anxiety makes a person do his work in a timely and appropriate ... Read More IntroductionAnxiety is considered a part of every person's life in all societies as an appropriate and adaptive response. Lack of anxiety or high anxiety may cause a person to face significant problems and risks. Moderate and constructive anxiety makes a person do his work in a timely and appropriate manner and thus makes his life more productive and durable. This research has been done with the aim of providing a model to explain exam anxiety based on emotional arousal, emotion management and academic self-efficacy regarding the mediation of study habits among Female students secondary school students. In the process of growth and development, children, adolescents, and young people experience various types and a wide range of anxieties, and sometimes these anxieties are so intense that they make their daily life and education difficult. One of these types of anxiety is exam anxiety. Exam anxiety, as a common and important educational phenomenon, has a close relationship with the performance and academic success of children, teenagers, and young people. MethodThe descriptive research method was correlation type. The statistical population of this research consists of all the female students at the secondary school in Kerman city, numbering about 4700 people who were studying in the in year 2021, of which 354 people were selected as a sample by stratified random method. To collect data from Sarason's test anxiety questionnaires (1957), Huston's study skills questionnaire (2013), Jinks and Morgan academic self-efficacy questionnaire (1999), Williams et al.'s emotion management questionnaire (1997), Zuckerman's excitement seeking questionnaire (1978) has been used. Data analysis was done with spss24 and Amos24 software and multiple regression, Sobel test and structural equation modeling were used.ResultsThe research findings, while confirming the proposed research model, showed that there is a significant relationship between emotional arousal, exam anxiety and study habits among female students. The results of the Sobel test show that study habits play a mediating role in the relationship between emotional arousal and exam anxiety of students. There is a significant relationship between emotion management, exam anxiety and study habits among female students. And study habits play a mediating role in the relationship between emotion management and students' exam anxiety. There is a significant relationship between academic self-efficacy, exam anxiety and study habits among female students. And study habits play a mediating role in the relationship between academic self-efficacy and students' exam anxiety. There is an inverse and significant relationship between study habits and exam anxiety among female students.DiscussionBased on the research results, study habits play a mediating role in the relationship between emotional arousal and exam anxiety of students. In this way, rational and correct emotional arousal leads to the use of correct study habits, and correct study habits lead to a reduction in exam scores. The research results show that study habits play a mediating role in the relationship between emotion management and students' test anxiety. In this way, the correct management of emotions leads to the use of correct study methods and habits, and the correct study habits lead to the reduction of exam anxiety.

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Comparison of Temparement and Character dimensions in Older Adults with and without Experience of Abuse

Niloofar Zahedi Bialvayi; Abbas Abolghasemi; Mousa Kafi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 24 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.46817.3257

Abstract

IntroductionElder abuse is a very common phenomenon that currently exists in societies, and despite its many physical and psychological effects, less attention has been paid to it. The research literature indicates that some characteristics and behavioral patterns in the elderly, increase the risk of ... Read More IntroductionElder abuse is a very common phenomenon that currently exists in societies, and despite its many physical and psychological effects, less attention has been paid to it. The research literature indicates that some characteristics and behavioral patterns in the elderly, increase the risk of them being placed in abusive situations and it provides the ground for mistreatment of the elderly. It is also possible that these characteristics are the result of frequent mistreatment of them. Although the studies show differences in the characteristics of the elderly with and without the experience of abuse, there are challenges between the studies. Also, it seems necessary to study the dimensions of personality, which have received less attention in researches. Therefore, according to the existing gap, the present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the dimensions of temperament and character in the elderly with and without the experience of abuse.MethodThe method of the present research was casual-comprative. The statiscal population of the study consisted of the elderly who referred to the retirement centers of Rasht, Iran in 2022-2023. The participant of this study were 164 elderly people (72 elders with experience of abuse and 92 elders without experience of abuse) who were selected by the available sampling method (based on the cut-off score of 4 in Hwlek-Sengstock’s elder abuse screening test and the elder abuse clinical interview). Data were collected using short version of the Temparement and Character Inventory (TCI-56). The inclution criteria included elders aged between 65 and 74 years, having at least a middle school education, with informed and voluntary consent. The exclusion criteria included non-cooperation and regretion, chronic physical or mental illness such as dementia, speech disorder and hearing impairment. The data collection process was carried out by the researcher and under her supervision and lasted for almost 4 months. The data were analyzed by Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) in SPSS-24 software. ResultsThe resaults indicated that there is a significant difference between dimentions of Temparement such as Harm Avoidance, Novelty Seeking and Persistence (except for dimention of Reward Dependence) and Character such as Self-directedness, Co-operativeness and Self-transcendence in the elderly of the two groups (P<0/001). So that the elderly with the experience of abuse had different dimentions of Temparement (lower level of Persistence component and higher level of Novelty Seeking and Harm Avoidance) and lower level of all dimensions of Character. The level of dimention of Reward Dependence was also lower in elderly with the experience of abuse, but the difference in the groups was not significant (P>0/001).DiscussionThese findings state that some personality traits, that is different levels of Temparement dimensions and low levels of Character dimensions, as a risk factor can provide the basis for elder abuse and increase vulnerability of the elderly to abuse situations. It is also possible that repeated experience of abuse has destructive effects on the personality of the elderly, especially the dimensions of Character which is the part of the personality created by the environment. The findings of this research show more details of personality dimensions and their relationship with elder abuse. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to these variables in the design of prevention programs. So that we able to prevent elder abuse experiences or design more appropriate intervention programs for each eldely person. The lack control of gender effect, the use of available sampling method and the use of self-reporting tools in data collection were the limitations of this research that was not possible to control them. It is suggested to control these factors in future studies.

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Investigating the prediction model of emotional blackmail based on the difficulty in emotion regulation and cognitive fusion with the mediation of authenticity in relationship in married women

parisa karshenas najafabadi; hamid kazemi zahrani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 24 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.47052.3271

Abstract

IntroductionAs the smallest social institution, the family is effective in improving the mental health of the society. Husband and wife are the main cores in the formation, advancement and improvement of family goals, and the way they interact is effective in achieving these goals. Women are half of ... Read More IntroductionAs the smallest social institution, the family is effective in improving the mental health of the society. Husband and wife are the main cores in the formation, advancement and improvement of family goals, and the way they interact is effective in achieving these goals. Women are half of the society's population and as one of the important members of the family system and society. A woman as a wife provides a warm and loving environment for the health and growth of other family members. Therefore, it is necessary to have mental health to play such a role.Therefore, the present study was conducted in order to investigate the prediction model of emotional blackmail based on the difficulty of emotion regulation and cognitive fusion with the mediation of authenticity in relationship in married women. This research is one of the structural equation modeling correlation researches.MethodThis research is one of the structural equation modeling correlation researches. The statistical population of the research is the married women of Najaf Abad city in 1402. A sample of 220 people was selected using the accessible method and the questionnaires of emotional blackmail (Rahmat, sodagar, gamhari, 2018), difficulty in regulating emotions (Gratz and Roemer, 2004), cognitive fusion (Gillanders et al, 2014) and Authenticity in the relationship (Lopez and Rice, 2006) were completed. The obtained data were analyzed with SPSS26 and AMOS24 software using the structural equation model with the maximum likelihood method.ResultsThe results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the difficulty of emotion regulation and cognitive fusion with emotional blackmail (P<0.05). There is a negative and significant relationship between the difficulty of emotion regulation and cognitive fusion with authenticity in the relationship (P<0.05). Authenticity mediates the relationship between emotion regulation difficulty and cognitive fusion with emotional blackmail (P<0.05).DiscussionBased on the study, it seems that in order to overcome the trap of emotional blackmail, it is necessary to pay attention to the authenticity in the relationship as a mediator of the relationship between emotional blackmail with the difficulty of emotion regulation and cognitive fusion.

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The Effectiveness of the Tuning in to Kids Program on the Skills of Emotion Regulation and Effortful Control of Preschool Children

rahim badri; Shahrooz Nemati; rogieh sarvazad sofiani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 24 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.47473.3288

Abstract

IntroductionThe preschool years are a key period of development where social relationships, especially with parents, play a prominent role in how children regulate their emotions. One of the skills that children can acquire in this course is emotion regulation skills. Emotion regulation includes all ... Read More IntroductionThe preschool years are a key period of development where social relationships, especially with parents, play a prominent role in how children regulate their emotions. One of the skills that children can acquire in this course is emotion regulation skills. Emotion regulation includes all internal and external processes through which people manage their emotions to achieve their goals. Effortful control of other research variables includes the ability to inhibit or suppress a dominant response in order to perform a secondary, less salient response and detect errors. The Tuning in to Kids program for children is one of the parent group programs that teaches parents of preschool children awareness and emotion regulation skills and emotion coaching skills at the global level. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of the Tuning in to Kids program on the skills of emotional regulation and effortful control of preschool children.MethodThe method of the present research was a semi-experimental type. The statistical population of the research was preschool children of Marand city. The target sample was 40 preschool children of Marand city, who had low scores based on the cutoff point of Shields and Cichetti's emotion regulation test and Rothbart et al.'s child behavior, and they were selected randomly in experimental groups (20 people) and Control (20 people) were replaced. The experimental group was trained in the Tuning in to Kids program for children, and the intervention was carried out for 8 sessions of 90 minutes and once a week on the experimental group. Data were analyzed using mixed multivariate analysis of variance.ResultsThe results of this research showed that the average of the experimental and control groups had significant differences in effortful control variables and emotion regulation skills. Also, the findings indicated the effectiveness and durability of the Tuning in to Kids program on emotional regulation skills (p=0.05) and effortful control (p=0.05) of preschool children.DiscussionBased on the results, it can be concluded that the Tuning in to Kids program for children, by emphasizing awareness, regulation, expression and understanding of positive emotions, increases the skill of emotional regulation in children. Also, by increasing emotional awareness, this parent-centered program helps children to become more aware of their impulses and reactions and develop the ability to exercise conscious control over their emotional and behavioral responses. Therefore, educators and parents can use this educational package to increase the skills of emotion regulation and effortful control in preschool children.

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The mediating role of resilience in the relationship between physical activity and students' phone addiction

Nasser Bay; Zahra Gholami Far

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 24 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.47420.3285

Abstract

Using a mobile phone is considered a necessity for today's modern life, and this smart tool has a special place in the technological revolution created. Beyond their main function, smart phones provide entertainment opportunities such as online games, surfing the web and browsing social media, and have ... Read More Using a mobile phone is considered a necessity for today's modern life, and this smart tool has a special place in the technological revolution created. Beyond their main function, smart phones provide entertainment opportunities such as online games, surfing the web and browsing social media, and have made life easier by having a variety of applications. Despite the many advantages of smartphones, attention to their threats has become a new and attractive field of research for researchers. Addiction to smartphones is considered one of the potential threats in the use of this electronic device. Addiction to smartphones is a growing phenomenon, especially among young people, due to factors such as the increase in the number of social networks, the increase in the capabilities of smartphones and the development of the skills of users to use this modern tool, as well as the Corona epidemic. With the increase in the disorders caused by the addiction to the use of smartphones, efforts have been made to do interventions to reduce the amount of use of this smart tool. Many researches mention physical activity as an effective factor for reducing mental and behavioral disorders such as smartphone addiction. Physical activity also has similar capabilities as using smartphones. Recreational, social, entertainment and educational functions of physical activity can satisfy people's psychological needs in different ways, which can replace physical activity with the use of mobile phones and thus reduce the frequency of using smartphones. Also, the recreational, competitive and open features of physical activities provide a suitable environment for the development of psychological resilience of people such as students, and students who have more psychological resilience achieve more academic success. Parallel to the increase in the access of different age groups to mobile phones in Iran, its use has also increased greatly. Despite the increase in the number of mobile phone users, not much scientific research has been done on its negative consequences such as addiction in the country. Encouraging students to do physical activity can be used as an important strategy in this regard, but little research has been done in this regard, which highlights the necessity of doing this research. According to the mentioned cases, the main aim of the research was to study the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between physical activity and students' phone addiction. Accordingly, the main objective of this research is to study the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between physical activity and students' phone addiction.MethodThis applied research used a descriptive correlational method. The statistical population consisted of all female high school students in Ramian City in the academic year 2023 (291 students). The census method was used to select the research sample, and finally, 259 questionnaires were collected. Data collection tools included three questionnaires: Physical Activity (Hagger et al), Psychological Resilience (Van Der Meer et al), and Mobile Phone Addiction (Kown et al). Descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data, with SPSS version 25 and Smart PLS version 3 software.ResultsThe results showed a positive and significant relationship between physical activity and psychological resilience among female students. Additionally, the results indicated a negative and significant relationship between physical activity and mobile phone addiction among students. Finally, the findings showed that the relationship between physical activity and mobile phone addiction among female students is significantly mediated by psychological resilience.DiscussionIncreasing the motivation of female students to engage in regular physical activity can lead to outcomes such as increased psychological resilience and reduced mobile phone use. Based on the results, it is recommended to encourage female students to engage in regular physical activity in schools and to consider attractive sports programs for these students in extracurricular activities.

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Comparison of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Compassion Therapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in Mindfulness and Emotion Regulation of students with social anxiety

Mehran shahroiee; seyed abdolmajd bahreinian; Mahnaz Mehrabizadeh Honarmand; Qasem Ahi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 December 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.46389.3233

Abstract

IntroductionStudents are important members in the structure of the society and they are struggling with various issues and as the basic pillar, peace and excellence of the family and society system, they can fulfill the role of these students in the family and in the form of opportunities. Educational ... Read More IntroductionStudents are important members in the structure of the society and they are struggling with various issues and as the basic pillar, peace and excellence of the family and society system, they can fulfill the role of these students in the family and in the form of opportunities. Educational and social in today's industrial world causes some psychological crises in them, dealing with students especially in regular courses has been the subject of numerous discussions. The aim of the present study was to Comparison of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Compassion Therapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in Mindfulness and Emotion Regulation of students with social anxiety.Methodstatistical population of the research including all students with social anxiety in the first year of high school aged 13-16 in Ahvaz who were studying in the academic year of 2019-2020. In this research, for sampling in the first stage, one district (three girls' schools and three boys' schools) was selected through cluster sampling among the 4 districts of Ahvaz, and all students were given the Leibovitz social anxiety scale (Misa and Warren, 2003). was given for screening and those whose scores were higher than the cutoff score were known as people with social anxiety and 60 of them were randomly placed in 4 experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The research tools included the 5-factor mindfulness questionnaire (Baer et al, 2003) and the emotion-seeking cognitive order questionnaire - children's form (Garnefski and Kraij, 2007). The therapy group based on acceptance and commitment was subjected to intervention for 8 sessions, the compassion therapy group for 8 sessions and the cognitive behavioral therapy group for 8 sessions. 15 people were placed in the control group, who did not receive any treatment and were placed on the waiting list.ResultsThe findings of the research showed that there is a significant difference between the mean scores of the variables of mindfulness and emotion regulation in the three experimental groups and the control group.Discussionaccording to the results, it is possible to benefit from acceptance and commitment therapy, compassion therapy, and behavioral cognitive therapy to increase mindfulness and emotional regulation of students with social anxiety.

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Comparison of effects of 3D puzzles and painting on executive functions and visual memory of preschool children

Faride Radpoor; Farideh Sadat Hosseini; Seyed Mousa Golestaneh; tayebeh ahmadshahi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 23 December 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.46852.3262

Abstract

IntroductionPreschool education can act as a protective factor in children's development. High quality preschool education can moderate the impact of potential risks on cognitive development. In this age range, the cognitive development of children goes through its fastest possible state; And the quality ... Read More IntroductionPreschool education can act as a protective factor in children's development. High quality preschool education can moderate the impact of potential risks on cognitive development. In this age range, the cognitive development of children goes through its fastest possible state; And the quality of the educational products of this course is of great importance and it is the cornerstone for their future education. Play therapy and art therapy are among the intervention methods that are widely used in today's societies to promote the cognitive development of children. The reason for using this method is that children may not yet be fully prepared from a developmental point of view, and since these methods are liked by children, it seems appropriate to use them as learning methods for children. Considering the importance of growth and promotion of various cognitive processes in preschool period and emphasizing the positive effect of indirect methods in this age period, the focus of the research is on the effectiveness of Lego therapy and painting therapy. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of comparing Lego therapy and painting therapy on the executive functions and visual memory of preschool children. MethodThe research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up plan with a control group. The statistical population includes all the preschool children of Ahram city and the statistical sample was 27 preschool children in the age range of 4.5-6.5 years old, who were selected using the accessible method, but how they were placed in the experimental and control groups was random. Three weeks after the research, the follow-up period was done. The painting therapy protocol sessions were based on the Mohammadi protocol (2007) and there were 10 sessions of 40 minutes per session and two sessions were held every week. Also, the Lego therapy protocol sessions were ten sessions based on Asal and Asadian's protocol (2014), and each session lasted for 40 minutes, and two sessions were held weekly. Andre Ray's visual memory test (1942) and Ridley's Stroop test (1935) were used to collect data.ResultsThe research findings indicate that drawing therapy and lego therapy have an effect on children's visual memory and executive functions (P<0.05). There is no significant difference between the two methods in terms of impact on visual memory and executive functionsDiscussionPainting therapy and lego therapy interventions can develop cognitive processes in children in preschool age and can be used as two useful tools. These two methods are considered as new educational interventions that can be used to improve intellectual and mental foundations as well as talent identification of children in preschool age. Executive functions, whose major growth occurs in childhood, if well developed, can create appropriate problem-solving ability and mental flexibility in facing events in adulthood. Helping to develop visual memory also improves students' behavior and flexibility.

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The Communicator Path of Insecure Attachment and Childhood Emotional Abuse With Interpersonal Problems in Individuals With Cluster B Personality Disorders: The Mediating Role of Frustration Tolerance

Somayeh Rostampour Khorfkore; Ali Asghar Hosseinzadeh; Bahram Mirzaian

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 December 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.48134.3325

Abstract

IntroductionCluster B personality disorders represent a significant public health concern across various age and gender groups. These disorders are marked by complex and severe symptoms, including dramatic, emotional, erratic, and unpredictable behaviors. Given the poor quality of interpersonal relationships ... Read More IntroductionCluster B personality disorders represent a significant public health concern across various age and gender groups. These disorders are marked by complex and severe symptoms, including dramatic, emotional, erratic, and unpredictable behaviors. Given the poor quality of interpersonal relationships and the associated adverse clinical outcomes, there is a pressing need to conduct studies on psychopathology to gain a deeper understanding of the interpersonal relationship issues prevalent in this cluster. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluation of the communicator path of insecure attachment and childhood emotional abuse with interpersonal problems in individuals with cluster B personality disorders through the mediating role of frustration tolerance.MethodThis research utilized a descriptive correlational method and path analysis within a cross-sectional design. The target population for this study included individuals seeking outpatient and inpatient psychotherapy services at the neuropsychiatric department of Zare Hospital in Sari, as well as at specialized psychiatric clinics in the central Mazandaran province during 2019. Among them 200 applicants were selected through purposive sampling. The inclusion criteria for participants in this study were as follows: informed consent, possessing a minimum literacy level in Persian, being between the ages of 18 and 50, and having a diagnosis of cluster B personality disorders based on DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III), and assessment of a psychiatrist. The research instruments included the Adult Attachment Scale (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (Bernstein et al., 2003), the Frustration Discomfort Scale (Harrington, 2005), and the Interpersonal Problems Questionnaire-Short Form (Barkham et al., 1996). Data analysis was performed using path analysis method with AMOS-23 software.ResultsThe path analysis results revealed that both insecure-avoidant and insecure-ambivalent attachment styles, along with childhood emotional abuse and frustration tolerance, had a significant positive direct effect on the participants' interpersonal problems. Additionally, the findings indicated that frustration tolerance plays a significant mediating role in the relationship between insecure attachment styles, childhood emotional abuse, and interpersonal problems in individuals with cluster B personality disorders. The evaluation of the path analysis model quality in this study confirmed that the goodness of fit indices specifically the Goodness of Fit Index (GFI), Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI), Standardized Fit Index (NFI), and Comparative Fit Index (CFI), all were above the standard value of 0.9. Also, the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) was less than the standard value of 0.08, which confirmed that the final model of this study has a good fit and is considered acceptable.DiscussionThe findings of this study confirm that insecure attachment styles, childhood emotional abuse, and low frustration tolerance are significant factors in understanding the psychopathology associated with interpersonal problems in cluster B personality disorders. As such, these elements should be taken into account in both clinical and non-clinical settings to enhance prevention, diagnosis, and treatment within mental health programs. Furthermore, this study contributes to the existing theoretical frameworks concerning the psychopathology of interpersonal issues in high-risk populations with cluster B personality disorders.

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Effectiveness of fairness-based Contextual Therapy on Family Cohesion and Marital Intimacy in Conflicted Couples

Ebrahim Baradari; ali Sheykholeslami; esmail sadri; Hossein Ghamari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2025.48021.3313

Abstract

IntroductionThe family is the main core of every society and the center of maintaining people's health and mental health, and it is not the only place to meet the emotional, material, developmental and spiritual needs of its members, but the origin of human emotions and the center of the most intimate ... Read More IntroductionThe family is the main core of every society and the center of maintaining people's health and mental health, and it is not the only place to meet the emotional, material, developmental and spiritual needs of its members, but the origin of human emotions and the center of the most intimate relationships and interactions. It is also interpersonal. the foundation of the family is formed based on the marriage contract between the husband and wife so that they can experience a peaceful and happy life together. Humans go through sensitive phases in their lives, and one of the critical and decisive phases is the issue of marriage and the formation of a common life, and more importantly, the efforts of each couple to maintain this common life so that they can reach their desired goals. but unfortunately, abundant evidence indicates that couples today Establishing and maintaining intimate and friendly relationships have severe and difficult problems. One of the common problems in couples' relationships that has attracted the attention of therapists is couples' conflicts. Conflict in relationships occurs when a person's behavior does not match the other person's expectations. marital conflicts provide important challenges for couples and their families and have negative consequences for couples. Among the factors that are affected by conflicts in the marital relationship are family cohesion and marital intimacy. The increase in marital conflicts and its negative effects on the mental health of couples and children have made researchers realize that they should think about finding ways to strengthen marital relations. In order to reduce marital problems in couples, one of these interventions is fairness-oriented contextual therapy. it should be noted that there has been no research on the effectiveness Fairness-based Contextual Therapy of specifically on Family Cohesion and Marital Intimacy of Conflicted Couples. Considering the negative consequences of conflicts on the individual lives of couples and their children, the necessity of dealing with treatments that target marital conflicts is felt. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of Fairness-based Contextual Therapy on the Family Cohesion and Marital Intimacy of Conflicted Couples.MethodIt was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest, post-test, control group, and three-month follow-up period design. The statistical population included all Conflicting couple who were referred to the Happy Life and Mobin Counseling Center in Tabriz City, Iran, in 2023-2024, of which 32 people were selected by the available sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental (16 people) and control (16 people) groups. The data collection tools included the Family Cohesion Scale (Samani, 1381) and Marital Intimacy Questionnaire (Bagaroozi, 2001) The people in the experimental group were trained based on the Fairness-based Contextual Therapy during 10- to 60-minute sessions. Data analysis was also performed using the method of analysis of variance with repeated measurements.ResultsThe obtained results showed that the average scores of the family cohesion and marital intimacy in the experimental group compared to the control group increased significantly in the post-test stage, and the average scores of perfectionism decreased significantly (P≤0.05). Also, the results indicated the permanence of the training effect for the family cohesion and marital intimacy over time.DiscussionThe results of this research showed that fairness-based contextual therapy can affect different aspects of life, including the family cohesion and marital intimacy. Therefore it is recommended, counselors and couple therapists use this treatment to improve the family cohesion and marital intimacy.

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Latent Class Analysis of Harm to Self and Others Behaviors (dual-Harm) and its Relationship with Adverse Childhood Experiences and Emotion Dysregulation

Hashem Jebraeili

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2025.46654.3243

Abstract

IntroductionSelf-injury refers to intentional acts of self-harm, regardless of suicidal or non-suicidal intent. Aggression is behavior that is done with the intention of harming others. The simultaneous occurrence of self-harm and aggression during a person's life is known as duale-harm. Despite the ... Read More IntroductionSelf-injury refers to intentional acts of self-harm, regardless of suicidal or non-suicidal intent. Aggression is behavior that is done with the intention of harming others. The simultaneous occurrence of self-harm and aggression during a person's life is known as duale-harm. Despite the severe consequences of duale-harm, its dimensions and causes are not yet fully understood. Prevalence reports of dual-harm vary considerably with respect to the definitions used for the two overlapping behaviors of self-injury and aggression, and it is unclear exactly which harmful behaviors should be subsumed under these broad terms. Studies tend to measure dual-harm by cross-tabulating responses to separate self-injury and aggression questionnaires. This method has led to problems in comparisons in the literature by creating inconsistencies in the measurements and conceptualizations of dual-harm. Therefore, in the present study, a model-based strategy (latent class analysis) was used to identify people involved in dual-harm. Then, the results of the latent class analysis were used in subsequent analyzes to determine how much dual-harm is influenced by adverse childhood experiences and emotion dysregulation compared to self-injury and aggression alone.MethodIn the present research, latent class analysis was first used, which belongs to mixed designs. In the following, the scores extracted from this method were used in regression analysis, which belongs to correlation designs. The research population was adults living in the community. According to the considerations related to determining the sample size in regression analysis and latent class analysis, as well as practical limitations, 288 people participated in the research. The sampling method was voluntary and the online link of the questionnaires in social networks was provided only to those who wanted to fill them and there was no compulsion to fill the questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed using latent class analysis and then regression analysis using Mplus software version 8 and SPSS software version 26, respectively.ResultsLatent class analysis was used to classify people based on answers to nine questions related to engaging in self-harm and and harm to others behaviors. Based on the fit indices, a model with 4 classes was selected as the best model. The first class consisted of people who were high in self-harm behaviors compared to harming others. The second class consisted of people who were high in harming others than self-harm behaviors. The third class consisted of individuals who had high scores in both self-harm behaviors and harm to others behaviors (dual-harm class). Finally, the fourth class consisted of people who scored low in both self-harm behaviors and harm to others behaviors. The results of regression analysis showed that emotional abuse (β=0.34, P<0.01), sexual abuse (β=0.24, P<0.01) and emotional neglect ((β=-0.23, P<0.01) have a significant role in predicting the probability of belonging to the dual-harm class. Twenty-eight percent of the total variance of the probability of belonging to the dual-harm class was explained by these variables.DiscussionThe results showed that the causal path to self-harm and aggression behaviors is not the same. In the same way, despite the similarity to self-harm and aggression behaviors, dual-harm can be a unique disorder with different causal factors. In fact, on the one hand, the results showed that, unlike self-harm, emotion regulation problems do not had a significant role in predicting dual-harm, and dual-harm is a different disorder from self-harm. On the other hand, compared to aggression, a different pattern of adverse childhood experiences influenced dual-harm. While the combination of high emotional neglect and low sexual abuse leads to aggression. Dual-harm is caused by the combination of low emotional neglect and high sexual abuse alongside with high emotional abuse. Therefore, it can be said that dual-harm is a unique problem and due to the serious consequences it can have compared to self-harm and aggression alone, it requires more accuracy in identification and intervention.

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The Effect of Strengthening Working Memory on Alpha and Theta Brain Bands in the Prefrontal and Temporal Regions in Divergent Thinking in Right-Handed Students

Sepideh Shahmoradi; Mohammad Reza Zoghi Paydar; Mehran Farhadi; Shahriar Yarmohamadi Vasel

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2025.46760.3252

Abstract

IntroductionIntroductionDivergent thinking reflects the ability to find different solutions to problems, break plans, and be as creative as possible. It is defined as a purposeful process that is supported by default, working memory, and executive systems. Researchers seem to agree that working memory ... Read More IntroductionIntroductionDivergent thinking reflects the ability to find different solutions to problems, break plans, and be as creative as possible. It is defined as a purposeful process that is supported by default, working memory, and executive systems. Researchers seem to agree that working memory plays a key role in effective complex cognitive processes such as reasoning, problem solving, decision making, and abstract thinking in general. In the last few years, with the advancement of computer technologies, the examination of the brain wave pattern in the form of quantitative brain wave analysis has been considered. Regarding the brain mechanisms behind thinking, creativity, and memory, there have been numerous studies; nevertheless, the neurological mechanisms underlying the improvement of divergent thinking are still debated. On this basis, the present study investigates the effect working memory enhancement on the pattern of alpha and theta brain bunds in the pre-frontal and temporal regions during divergent thinking tasks. MethodThe research design in the present study is quasi-experimental. The statistical population of the study consisted of graduate students in the field of psychology at Payam Noor University, Tehran-South branch, and cognitive sciences in Pardis Cognitive Science Research Institute in the academic year 2021-2022. Using purposeful sampling method, 32 students were selected (16 men, 16 women) and randomly assigned to two equal groups. Research instruments used in the current study included the Handedness Inventory, Creativity Test (CREE), Raven's Progressive Matrices Test, Quantitative Electroencephalography or Brain Mapping, Unusual Uses Task, Counting the Snakes task, Wechsler's Working Memory Test (WMT) and N-Back software. In this research, first, using the lateral superiority questionnaire, right-handed participants were selected. Then, considering the inclusion criteria, the sample group was selected. Then, the participants completed all the tests and inventories and they were randomly assigned to the groups based on the inclusion criteria. After recording the brain waves of all the participants, the participants in the experimental group were given memory training (N-back) in 20 sessions with each session lasting 20 minutes. However, memory training and the control group did not receive any intervention. Finally, the related tasks were presented to the experimental and control groups, and the brain bunds were recorded at the same time.ResultsThe results regarding the within-subject's effects were significant in the case of alpha and theta bunds, which means that the observed changes in the variables can be explained by alpha and theta bunds. The results of between-subject effects also showed that the average alpha and theta bunds were different in the experimental and control groups. These results show that the strengthening the working memory on alpha and theta bunds in the prefrontal and temporal regions is significant in divergent thinking. The results of pairwise comparison of the wave averages in the pretest-posttest and pretest-follow-up phases revealed that the difference in the mean score of alpha and theta bunds in the prefrontal region of the brain was significant, but the difference in the mean score in the post-test-follow-up phase was not significant, indicating the stability of the results. Overall, the results showed that strengthening working memory led to an increase in the relative power of alpha and theta bunds in the prefrontal area (electrode locations F7 and F8) and in the temporal area (electrode locations T3 and T4) and this increase remained stable in the follow-up phase.DiscussionIt can be stated that in divergent thinking, the brain is involved in creative activities, the areas involved are focused on the internal function, and the increase in alpha and theta power in the divergent thinking condition is considered as an indicator of the depth of the ongoing processes of mental imagination, which represents a reliable indicator of specific cognitive processes associated with divergent thinking and creativity. This results of the present study can be used in line with cognitive empowerment (including divergent thinking) by using working memory enhancement and new techniques such as neurofeedback, Loretta neurofeedback, and transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS), based on frequency bands and locations, specially to help the formation of more effective protocols to strengthen the brain's abilities.

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The Effectiveness of Emotion-focused therapy on Negative emotions and Social isolation of Infertile Women in Yazd

Najmeh Kargarian Marvasti; Mahdieh Azizi Bandarabadi; Parvane Mohammad Khani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2025.46822.3260

Abstract

IntroductionFertility and the desire to have children is one of the most basic human motivations. The phenomenon of infertility is one of the important challenges in developed countries, which has become a social concern and is increasing, and it brings many psycho-social consequences for infertile couples. ... Read More IntroductionFertility and the desire to have children is one of the most basic human motivations. The phenomenon of infertility is one of the important challenges in developed countries, which has become a social concern and is increasing, and it brings many psycho-social consequences for infertile couples. Infertility is a phenomenon known throughout the world and in all cultures as a critical, threatening and stressful experience for social, family, marital and individual stability. The inability to control anxiety and stress in life and the inability to properly manage frustrations lead to an increase in conflicts between infertile couples and lead people to separation. Paying attention to the psychological needs of infertile women is an essential part in the success of infertility treatment and reducing psychological stress. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of emotional therapy on negative emotions and social isolation of infertile women in Yazd.MethodThis is a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest study with a control group. The research population was all infertile women introduced by the population working group of Yazd city. We chose 30 of them with the availability sampling method for the sample group. After that, we randomly put them into experimental and control groups. Before any intervention pretest was taken from them. Then the experimental group received emotion-focused therapy in 8 sessions. At the end of the interventions, a post-test was taken from both experimental and control groups. ResultsThe result of this research in two descriptive levels (mean and standard deviation) and inference (analysis of covariance) were subjected to statistical analysis. The result of covariance analysis showed that after removing the pre-test effect, There is a significant difference between the post-test scores of negative affect and social isolation; Therefore, emotion focused therapy reduces negative emotions and social isolation in women became infertile. DiscussionAccording to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that emotion-focused therapy can be used as an effective treatment method and reduce negative emotions and social isolation. This therapy views emotion as the main axis of problems and considers emotion to be effective with personality traits, disorders, cognitive information processing, and interpersonal relationships. In this method, infertile women learn to accept and acknowledge their feelings and needs without censorship or negative evaluation, and instead of suppressing feelings or failing in front of them, they become aware of their existence and try to perceive their experience more deeply. . Understanding and experiencing emotions helps people to deal with their negative feelings and difficult emotions in a more adaptive way and achieve emotional balance. Suppression of all kinds of emotions is dangerous and after a while they are discharged explosively and uncontrollably. Correct expression of emotions can prevent many problems. Since emotions play an important role in life, the regulation that occurs during the treatment process helps the person to form positive social interactions and take care of themselves in stressful situations. In fact, by making the person aware of positive emotions and awareness of negativity and the impact of these emotions on relationships and as a result, they understand what is causing their relationships to break down, which in turn reduces conflicts and social conflicts. Isolation and increasing interaction with others. Their timely acceptance and expression play an important role in increasing mental health. People organize and process emotional experiences and strengthen the interaction patterns they have created. In fact, by identifying negative behaviors, thoughts and feelings step by step. The stage leads to a decrease in anxiety by affecting the physiological arousal caused by anxiety and negative cognitions. At the end of treatment, people are in harmony with each other with achievements such as awareness of emotions, expression of new emotions, coping with problems and appropriate emotional expression and achieve a new perception of themselves so that emotions can be identified and transformed. Comprehensible and constructive self-affirming messages and adjustments help the individual to recognize themselves as a choosing human being. Therefore, given the effectiveness of this therapy, the use of this treatment method is recommended to specialists in this field.

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Structural Relationship between Parental Attachment Recognition and Fear of Compassion: The Mediating Role of the Cognitive Triad

Marziyeh Sadeghzadeh; Ezatollah Ghadampour; Maryam Safari Shirazi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2025.46881.3259

Abstract

IntroductionCompassion has been valued as a virtue in most religious and spiritual traditions for centuries. It has also been considered in the social psychology literature, along with related constructs such as empathy, altruism, and prosocial behavior. However, the existing research literature suggests ... Read More IntroductionCompassion has been valued as a virtue in most religious and spiritual traditions for centuries. It has also been considered in the social psychology literature, along with related constructs such as empathy, altruism, and prosocial behavior. However, the existing research literature suggests that compassion benefits psychological, physiological, and behavioral health, reduces negative emotions, and improves interpersonal and social skills. Existing research literature has confirmed attachment as an important antecedent of fear of compassion; however, not much attention has been paid to the variables that act as mediators between these two structures. Because attachment provides a platform for the formation of cognitive structures such as basic beliefs about self, others, and the world, and on the other hand, the cognitive perspective can become the underlying factor of fear of compassion, Therefore, the current study seeks to answer the question of whether the cognitive triad can mediate the relationship between parental attachment and fear of compassion.MethodThe current research can be considered a correlational study in terms of the research method. The statistical population of the research included all the students of Salman Farsi University of Kazeroon who were studying in the academic year 2022-2023 and the data was collected online based on available sampling. Research tools included the Fear of Compassion Scale (FCS), Parental Attachment Recognition Scale (PARS), and Cognitive Triad Inventory (CTI). In this model, the general parental attachment recognition variable is considered as an exogenous variable, the latent variable of fear of compassion is considered as an endogenous variable, and the latent variable of the cognitive triad (negative) is considered as a mediating variable of the model. Research data were analyzed using the structural equation modeling method and SPSS-22 and AMOS-24 software.ResultsThe assumed model was fitting in the research community. The results of the analysis showed that the mediating role of the cognitive triad in the relationship between parental attachment recognition and fear of compassion is significant and the proposed model explains 50% of the variance of fear of compassion. Also, the direct effects of parental attachment with cognitive triad, parental attachment with fear of compassion, and cognitive triad with fear of compassion were significant.DiscussionThis finding will lead to a better understanding of the process that leads to fear of compassion among Iranian students. Because it shows that there is a major mechanism for the effect of parental attachment recognition on the fear of compassion, which is a person's negative outlook towards self, the world, and the future. It can be said that the impact of the attachment created during childhood with parents on the feeling of fear of compassion through the negative cognitive triad returns to the lack of confidence, a hesitant and critical view that a person has internalized due to the experience of an environment without warmth and safety and it has led to a negative evaluation of self, the surrounding world or the future. It seems that the positive outlook of securely attached individuals is due to a stable mental representation that stems from their secure base and their optimistic outlook. One could say that a secure base is an internal resource that promotes optimistic and constructive attitudes and a lower tendency to engage in cognitive distortions about themselves, the world, and the future. Internalized negative evaluation leads to less self-acceptance, lower self-confidence, and self-criticism, lack of trust in others, the world, and herself and it provides a basis for the emergence and expansion of the fear of self-compassion, compassion for others, and receiving compassion from others. In other words, a person who has a negative view of themselves does not see themselves as worthy of compassion from others and therefore responds with fear and apprehension to expressions of compassion from others, or even shows a fear of compassion towards themselves through pathological self-criticism and self-judgment.

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The Effectiveness of Emotional Regulation Training Based on Developmental Individual Differences, Relationship-based Model (DIR) on Academic Resilience and Academic Vitality

zahra jamshid pour; ali taghvaeinia; mohamadreza firouzi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2025.47064.3268

Abstract

IIntroductionThe tendency of people to adopt different emotion regulation strategies is different in terms of habit and these tendencies can have important short-term and long-term effects on their health. so the importance of this issue has prompted researchers to find different methods to improve performance. ... Read More IIntroductionThe tendency of people to adopt different emotion regulation strategies is different in terms of habit and these tendencies can have important short-term and long-term effects on their health. so the importance of this issue has prompted researchers to find different methods to improve performance. The research has emphasized the role of childerens interactions with family members and especially their mothers in promoting students' academic resilience and academic vitality. Overall, fundations and research demonstrate the influence of (DIR) model on promoting students' academic resilience and academic vitality.Therefor, paying attention to this educational intervention can be used to increace students' academic resilience and academic vitality. Considering the importance of academic resilience and academic vitality in the early years of school, The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of DIR model on students' academic resilience and academic vitality. MethodThe design of this research is a semi-experimental type of pre-test and post-test with a control group. The statistical population of the research includes all the female students of the tree grade of elementory school in Cheram city in the academic year of 2022-23, of which 36 students available sampling selected among who scored the lowest scores on the academic vitality questionnaire and academic resilience scale and were randomly assigned two experimental and control group. The tools of the current research include Hossein-Chari and Dehghanizadeh's academic vitality questionnaire (2011) and Samuels' (2004) academic resilience scale. After the pre-test, the subjects of the experimental group were trained for 10 sessions on emotion regulation based on the developmental individual differences relationship based model (DIR). Again, two groups were evaluated with a post-test. ResultsData analysis was done using the multivariate covariance analysis method. The results showed that there is a significant difference in the post-test scores of academic vitality (p <0.01) and academic resilience (p <0.01)in the two experimental and control groups. This means that the academic vitality and academic resilience have increased after the emotion regulation training based on the integrated human development model. DiscussionAccording to the results obtained from the present study, it can be concluded that the emotion regulation based on the developmental individual differences relationship based model (DIR) can increase vitality and academic resilience of students.To explain the findings of the research, it can be stated that (DIR) model helps the students to reduce negative emotions and enable them to establish positive social relationships with others and promote social integration. Indeed, higher levels of perceived regulatory emotional self-efficacy are associated with several indicators of wellbeing. Furthermore, this intervention helps students cope with challenges they encounter in school, establish positive relationships with others and achieve their goals. DIR model not only help students to be hopeful, but also increases the levels of satisfaction and academic vitality. Therefore, it can be assumed that model (DIR) contributes to an increase in the experience of positive emotions by students participation in it, and thus contributes to the reduction of possibly also negative symptoms. The findings of this study have potentially important implication for professionals and teachers special attention to intervention based on DIR for students. Key words: model (DIR), academic vitality, academic resilience

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The Relationship between Anxiety Symptoms and Job Burnout: Mediating Role of Mindfulness and Suppression in Mental Health Workers

Hesam Mardanehvar; Massoud Gholamali Lavasani; Zahra Taherifar

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2025.47082.3269

Abstract

IntroductionIn today’s era, due to the change in lifestyle and its complexity, people’s lives have transformed and are linked with stress, depression, and anxiety. During their employment, the employees of medical centers deal with numerous patients who have different personality traits. ... Read More IntroductionIn today’s era, due to the change in lifestyle and its complexity, people’s lives have transformed and are linked with stress, depression, and anxiety. During their employment, the employees of medical centers deal with numerous patients who have different personality traits. As a result, the possibility of having anxiety during working hours to provide better services and obtain the satisfaction of patients, their companions, and the managers of the treatment department is distinctly visible in them. With the repetition of these conditions, burnout is found in them in abundance.MethodThe research method is of non-experimental type and the design is correlational due to the investigation of relationships between variables. The statistical population includes all mental health workers, psychologists, and social employees working in medical centers and welfare organization of East Azerbaijan province in 1401. In the current research, due to including four variables, by estimating a maximum of ten parameters for each variable and for each parameter, 20 respondents have been considered. As a result, 200 employees of the study community were selected and investigated by random cluster method. To conduct the study, the participants filled the informed consent form of the research and declared their readiness. Then the researcher gathered the data in person and by completing the questionnaire. It should be mentioned that this research has received the Code of Ethics ID from Shahid Beheshti University Ethics Committee. In this study, the researcher implemented four instruments to measure the variables. One was the Beck Anxiety Questionnaire (Beck, 1990), which is a self-report questionnaire to measure the intensity of anxiety in adolescents and adults. The other was the Mindfulness Questionnaire (Bauer et al., 2006), a 39-item self-assessment scale developed by combining items from several questionnaires utilizing the factor analysis approach. Moreover, the researcher used Maslach and Jackson's (1981) Burnout Questionnaire to measure employee burnout. To measure suppression, the researcher used the emotion regulation questionnaire of Gross and John (2003).ResultsThe research results showed the mediating role of mindfulness in the relationship between anxiety and emotion regulation was confirmed: with a t-statistic value of 2.050 and a significance level of 0.040 at the 95% confidence level. In addition, the mediating role of mindfulness in the relationship between anxiety and burnout was verified: with a t-statistic value of 4.42 and a significance level of 0.000 at a 99% confidence level. However, the mediating role of emotion regulation in relation to anxiety and job burnout was not supported: with a t value equal to 0.521 and a significance level of 0.603. Furthermore, the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between mindfulness and job burnout with a t statistic value was equal to 0.499. And the significance level of 0.618 was not confirmed either.DiscussionBased on the structural equation modeling test, the effect of anxiety on job burnout was confirmed with a path coefficient of 0.31 with a t-value equal to 3.92. Also a significance level of 0.000 at the 99% confidence level, and from the anxiety symptoms of employees 26% of their burnout can be predicted. The results of Pejman Thani et al.'s research (2019) demonstrated a significant relationship between anxiety, depression, and stress with employee burnout. Based on the present study findings, employee mindfulness was reported at a moderate level, indicating a need to improve their mindfulness status. Additionally, burnout was also reported at a moderate level, which raises a red flag for healthcare centers regarding the quality of work life for staff. It can be explained that what has a greater impact on reducing burnout among healthcare personnel is the effort to reduce staff anxiety.

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The effect of sleep deprivation on memory functions in the night sleep pattern

somayeh lorestani; leila alizadeh; hamdolah Jayervand

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2025.47222.3277

Abstract

IntroductionConsidering the importance and necessity of sleep and memory, the present research was conducted with the aim of identifying the preferred sleep patterns and different schedules of students and investigating its relationship with memory. Also, considering the daily conditions of today's world, ... Read More IntroductionConsidering the importance and necessity of sleep and memory, the present research was conducted with the aim of identifying the preferred sleep patterns and different schedules of students and investigating its relationship with memory. Also, considering the daily conditions of today's world, this research sought to find the answer to the question of whether insomnia will have negative effects on memory, Sleep is one of the most important functions of the body that can increase or decrease mental functions in humans. Therefore, paying attention to the issue of sleep should be considered as one of the important psychological issues. Sleep not only provides the necessary opportunity for physical rest and regeneration, but also is effective in learning and strengthening memory. In fact, many studies have shown a deep connection between sleep and memory. and if this research and various researches done in this field are examined, it will be possible to answer the mentioned questions and find a way. It made the solutions to this problem more accessible. And by solving this problem, we can address the factors that strengthen memory and improve its performance.MethodThe current research method is semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The current research population consisted of 200 female dormitory students who were selected by available sampling, then the morning-evening sleep questionnaire was distributed among the sample and according to the research objectives, 35 people were completely evening sleep type (according to the questionnaire instructions which indicates the sleep type of people) were diagnosed. After declaring the consent of these people to participate in the research and also having the right to withdraw from the research at any time, and fully complying with the principles of ethical code of psychology, the sample people were randomly assigned to 2 experimental and control groups. Then, during a session, the purpose of the research was explained to the subjects of the experimental group, and before the intervention, a pre-test of the subjects was carried out in such a way that the Wechsler adult memory test was performed on the subjects of the experimental and control groups, and then the intervention of the research to One night of sleep deprivation was performed on the subjects of the experimental group. The intervention method was such that the subjects were asked to be present at the place of the research at the designated time and they were deprived of sleep for one night by watching movies and group discussions. In the end, to analyze the data in the descriptive statistics section, the mean and standard deviation were calculated, and in the inferential statistics section, the multivariate covariance analysis method was used by Spss software. ResultsThe findings of covariance analysis showed that sleep deprivation has an effect on memory functions in the night sleep type and causes disturbances in memory functions (P<0.001). Finally, the results showed that sleep deprivation causes memory dysfunction and it can be concluded that sleep plays an important role in memory.DiscussionSleep deprivation directly affects thinking and feeling. Chronic lack of sleep can increase the long-term risk of physical and mental problems. According to research, one of the important factors in maintaining health is paying attention to healthy and correct sleep patterns, because sleep can affect the nervous system and function, and any sleep disorder can cause people to face cognitive, behavioral, and emotional problems and in the long run, these problems can lead to various disorders and deeper problems that will be difficult to treat and address.. Several factors can cause or contribute to lack of sleep, including poor sleep hygiene, lifestyle choices, and other medical conditions, and not having the right amount of sleep can lead to various health problems such as lack of concentration, fatigue, reduced ability, and bring memory function. All these initial symptoms can eventually cause serious complications. Sleep plays an important role in memory consolidation and consolidation, which leads to disturbances during encoding, consolidation and retrieval of memories and this, as proven by numerous studies, can cause serious problems throughout the entire life process of people.

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The Lived Experience of Adolescents on How to Interact with their Parents in using Cyberspace

Marjan Dabiri; Nafiseh Yousefi; Abbas Javaheri Mohammadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2025.47254.3280

Abstract

IntroductionAdolescence is a period of rapid biological, psychological and social changes that have a significant effect on the relationship of adolescents with others, including the relationship with their parents. The relationship between parents and adolescents is important in this developmental period, ... Read More IntroductionAdolescence is a period of rapid biological, psychological and social changes that have a significant effect on the relationship of adolescents with others, including the relationship with their parents. The relationship between parents and adolescents is important in this developmental period, so that the most important and critical relationship in adolescence is established with parents and conflicts between them can be one of the stressful experiences of this period for a person. Various variables have a role in the quality of relationship and interaction among adolescents and parents that cyberspace is one of the effective them. Today, due to the expansion of the Internet and the use of cyberspace, many changes have been made in people's relationships and their lifestyles, especially in adolescences, so the internet has become an integral component of adolescents’ daily lives. Therefore, The purpose of the present study was to examine the experience of adolescents on how interact with their parents due to the use of cyberspace.MethodThe research method was qualitative and phenomenology. The population of this study included adolescents aged 16 -18 in Tehran in 1402-1403. The participants were selected through purposeful and the sampling continued until saturation. At final, in-depth semi-structured interview was conducted with 14 participants (8 girls and 6 boys). After transcribing the text of interviews, the data were analyzed using the seven-stop Colaizi’s method.ResultsBased on the analysis of the lived experience of the participants in the current research, 24 primary concepts, 8 sub-concepts and 4 main concepts were extracted. The main concepts and sub-concepts of this study included: 1) the pattern of parents in relation with the use of cyberspace (cognitive-emotional, behavioral), 2) the reactive pattern of adolescents in relation to their parents in the use of cyberspace (cognitive-emotional, behavioral), 3) Consequences of using cyberspace in parent-adolescent relationship (strengthening of relation, disturbance in the relations) and 9) adolescent’s demands from parents (supervision and support “logical” of adolescents, increasing the presence and intimacy of the parent-adolescent).DiscussionThe results suggest that only the use of cyberspace cannot disrupt or strengthen the relationship parents-adolescents, but parent-adolescent interaction style, the type of control and supervision of the parents, and the way of parents use the cyberspace are the important factors that affect the consequences of using the cyberspace in the relationship parent-adolescent.

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The effectiveness of unified transdiagnostic therapy on mental health, positive metacognitions and meta-emotions of elementary school teachers

Maryam Salmani Mobarakeh; Maryam Kadkhodaee

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2025.47648.3293

Abstract

IntroductionOne of the important elements for every person is his Mental Health. In particular, the keys to the progress and improvement of the education system lie in the Mental Health of teachers. The success of organizations, particularly in education, heavily depends on employees’ willingness ... Read More IntroductionOne of the important elements for every person is his Mental Health. In particular, the keys to the progress and improvement of the education system lie in the Mental Health of teachers. The success of organizations, particularly in education, heavily depends on employees’ willingness to engage in behaviors beyond their formal duties. Education is a critical institution that requires capable and specialized human resources, as the effectiveness of educational programs hinges on the quality of teachers. Thus, understanding the factors affecting teacher performance is crucial. Research indicates that teaching is a highly stressful profession, and teachers experience more mental health issues than workers in other fields. The World Health Organization defines mental health as the ability to realize one’s potential, cope with life’s stresses, and contribute to society, making it essential for individual and communal well-being. In Iran, studies show significant psychological stress and disorders among teachers, which can lead to psychosomatic illnesses and conditions like depression. Multiple factors influence teachers’ mental health, but focusing on metacognitive strategies and positive emotions can enhance behavioral performance and psychological well-being. Metacognition refers to awareness and regulation of one’s cognitive processes, while positive emotions foster psychological acceptance and mindfulness, contributing to health improvement. Transdiagnostic protocols target cognitive and behavioral processes involved in various psychological disorders. The integrated transdiagnostic treatment protocol developed by Barlow et al. (2010) addresses common emotional problems and emphasizes changing maladaptive responses to emotional experiences. This cognitive-behavioral approach integrates advancements in emotional science, demonstrating effectiveness in treating anxiety, rumination, and overall mental health. Research supports the use of positive metacognition as a beneficial psychological factor for understanding adaptive and positive aspects of human growth. Positive emotions facilitate cognitive performance, while their absence is linked to psychiatric disorders. The integrated protocol aims to help individuals cope with inappropriate emotions and respond adaptively, thereby enhancing emotional regulation and overall functioning. Given the crucial role teachers play in shaping future generations, their mental health directly impacts society’s future. Healthy teachers not only meet their own needs but also effectively fulfill their educational responsibilities, contributing to the broader community health. Thus, enhancing teacher mental health should be a priority in educational reforms. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of an integrated transdiagnostic treatment program on the mental health and metacognitive abilities of elementary school teachers in Iran. Given the lack of practical application of such treatments in this context, this research is vital for improving teacher well-being and, consequently, the health of future generations.MethodThis study was a semi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest and a 2-month follow-up period. The statistical population was all teachers of elementary school in Mobarakeh city, who were studying in the academic year of 2023-2024 and living in Mobarakeh. The data collection tool was Mental Health Inventory (MHI-28) and Positive Metacognitions and Meta-Emotions Questionnaire (PMCEQ). From the mentioned society, 40 teachers who were eligible to enter the research were selected using simple random sampling method and randomly replaced in two experimental (20 people) and control (20 people) groups. Then, Unified Transdiagnostic Therapy was implemented on the experimental group, and after the treatment, post-test and follow up after two months was performed. To analyze the data, analysis of variance with repeated measure was performed using SPSS 27 software.ResultsThe results showed that Unified Transdiagnostic Therapy increased the average score of psychological well-being (Eta=0.613, P<0.05, F=60.164), reduced the average score of psychological distress (Eta=0.794, P<0.05, F=146.417) and increased the average score of Positive Metacognitions and Meta-Emotions (Eta=0.372, P<0.05, F=7.097) in teachers. In addition, the Unified Transdiagnostic Therapy was followed up after the post-test execution and these results were also stable in the follow-up period.DiscussionAccording to the findings, it seems that Unified Transdiagnostic Therapy is effective in improving Mental Health, positive Metacognitions and Meta-emotions of elementary school teachers, and it is suggested that counselors and psychologists use this method to improve the Mental Health and Positive Metacognitions and Meta-emotions of teachers and other people.

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The Relationship Between Helicopter Parenting and Self-Efficacy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

aliasghar divsar; alireza pezhman

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2025.47897.3303

Abstract

This study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of existing research examining the relationship between helicopter parenting and self-efficacy. Helicopter parenting, characterized by excessive parental involvement and control, has gained attention for its potential impact on young adults' ... Read More This study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of existing research examining the relationship between helicopter parenting and self-efficacy. Helicopter parenting, characterized by excessive parental involvement and control, has gained attention for its potential impact on young adults' development. Self-efficacy, an individual's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations, is crucial for personal growth and achievement.A comprehensive search of PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was conducted using relevant keywords from 1990 to July 2024. Studies were included if they directly investigated the relationship between helicopter parenting and self-efficacy. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist, ensuring a rigorous evaluation of the evidence base. A random-effects model with maximum likelihood estimation was employed in STATA-17 to conduct the meta-analysis.Fourteen studies with a combined sample size of 6,286 participants were included in the final analysis. The overall effect size (ES) was -0.201, indicating that individuals with helicopter parents had significantly lower levels of self-efficacy compared to those with non-helicopter parents. The 95% confidence interval, adjusted using the Hartung-Knapp method, further supported this finding. The 95% prediction interval for the relationship between the two variables in future studies was estimated to be between -0.708 and -0.298, suggesting a consistent negative association across different contexts.High heterogeneity (I² = 95%) among studies was observed, which could be attributed to differences in measurement tools, methodologies, and other factors. This heterogeneity underscores the complex nature of the relationship between helicopter parenting and self-efficacy, and the potential influence of various contextual factors. Publication bias was assessed using Egger's regression and the Begg and Mazumdar test, and no significant bias was detected, enhancing the reliability of the findings.The results of this meta-analysis consistently demonstrate a negative association between helicopter parenting and self-efficacy. However, given the substantial heterogeneity, generalizations should be made with caution. Future research should investigate potential moderators, such as parental gender, child gender, and cultural factors, to provide a more nuanced understanding of this relationship.Considering the average age of participants in the included studies and the long-term consequences of self-efficacy, this study offers valuable insights for academics, policymakers, and university counseling centers. These findings can inform the development of targeted interventions aimed at enhancing students' self-efficacy and promoting healthy parent-child relationships during the transition to adulthood. By addressing the potential negative impacts of helicopter parenting, such interventions could contribute to improved psychological well-being and academic success among young adults.

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Comparison The Effectiveness of Time Perspective Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and Body-Focused Gratitude Meditation on Body Dissatisfaction and Psychological Distress in Adolescent Girls with Body Dissatisfaction

Marzieh Amirimanesh; Esmail Soleimani; ali esazadeghan

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 January 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2025.47922.3305

Abstract

IntroductionIn recent years, the rate of body dissatisfaction in adolescents has been reported to be very high and between 71.1 and 81%, and teenage girls report this problem more than boys. One of the problems associated with body dissatisfaction is psychological distress. Research has shown that body ... Read More IntroductionIn recent years, the rate of body dissatisfaction in adolescents has been reported to be very high and between 71.1 and 81%, and teenage girls report this problem more than boys. One of the problems associated with body dissatisfaction is psychological distress. Research has shown that body dissatisfaction leads to psychological distress and has a positive relationship with anxiety and depression. Investigating the effectiveness of psychological intervention to reduce psychological distress related to body dissatisfaction in adolescents is important, and in this research, the effectiveness of time perspective therapy (TPT), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), and body-focused gratitude meditation (BFGM) on psychological distress in adolescent girls with body dissatisfaction have been investigated. According to previous research, the effectiveness of TPT has been confirmed in improving body dissatisfaction, depression and anxiety in adolescents. ACT has also been effective on body dissatisfaction and anxiety, depression and stress in adolescents. Also, BFGM has improved body satisfaction and reduced depression and anxiety among adolescents. Therefore, the main question of this research is "Is there a significant difference between the effectiveness of TPT, ACT and BFGM on body dissatisfaction and psychological distress of adolescent girls with body dissatisfaction?"MethodThe research method in this study was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test, follpw-up design with a control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of adolescent girls aged 15 to 18 years in Rasht city in 2024 (N=920). Within two months of screening, 116 adolescnts had moderate to severe body dissatisfaction based on the body shape questionnaire (scores above 26). Among them, 72 adolescents had moderate to high scores in the subscales of depression (score higher than 7), anxiety (score higher than 6) and stress (score higher than 10). Among whom 69 adolescent girls agreed to participate in the research. They were randomly replaced in four groups: TPT (17 adolescents), ACT (17 adolescents), BFGM (17adolescents) and control group (18 adolescents). To collect data Body Shape Questionnaire and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21) was used. After sample dropout, 16 adolescents in each group remained for the final analysis. After the interventions, the data were analyzed using repeated measures with analysis of variance and SPSS-26 software.ResultsThe findings showed that TPT, ACT and BFGM had a significant effect on reducing body dissatisfaction and psychological distress. Also, in body dissatisfaction, the effect of BFGM was higher than TPT; However, no significant difference was observed between the effectiveness of TPT and ACT. In addition, the effect of TPT on psychological distress (depression, anxiety and stress) has been higher than ACT; However, no significant difference was observed between the effectiveness of ACT and BFGM on reducing psychological distress.DiscussionRegarding the effectiveness of TPT on reducing body dissatisfaction and psychological distress (depression, anxiety, and stress), it can be argued that this intervention makes people aware of their negative time perspectives and replace their negative time perspectives (negative past, present, and future) with positive time perspectives; Therefore, this intervention leads to a positive understanding of the body and most likely changes the concerns of adolescents with body dissatisfaction about their future and physical conditions. ACT also helps to accept subjective experiences and commitment of people to personal values and can help adolescents whose with high body dissatisfaction to accept negative feelings and thoughts towards themselves and their bodies. The BFGM intervention directly increases body self-esteem, because adolescents develop a more positive attitude toward their bodies by focusing on the positive features of their bodies, instead of focusing on flaws and shortcomings. This process can be especially effective for adolescents who suffer from body dissatisfaction. Based on the findings, it is suggested that child and adolescent therapists and counselors use TPT, ACT and BFGM to reduce body dissatisfaction and psychological distress of adolescents girls due to body dissatisfaction. In addition, to choose the best intervention method, it is necessary to pay attention to the difference in the effectiveness of these interventions on body dissatisfaction and psychological distress.

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Comparing the effectiveness of Gutman's model and emotion regulation training on communication patterns and marital intimacy of married women facing divorce in Tehran.

Sepide Payamani; Ahmad Alipour; Morteza Moradi Doliskani; Majid Saffarinia

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 February 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2025.48080.3319

Abstract

IntroductionThe family is an emotional unit and a network of intertwined relationships that begins with the marriage of a man and a woman. Most couples at the beginning of their joint capital life consider mutual love and interest. But when the married life does not go as expected by the husband and ... Read More IntroductionThe family is an emotional unit and a network of intertwined relationships that begins with the marriage of a man and a woman. Most couples at the beginning of their joint capital life consider mutual love and interest. But when the married life does not go as expected by the husband and wife, the couple experiences despair and hopelessness, and they reach a state of reduced affection for each other. In it, after a long period of conflict, the husband and wife reach the stage of hatred and then face the state of neglect, which is the last stage of the emotional relationship between a man and a woman, which ultimately leads to an emotional divorce. Divorce can be divided into two categories; Open divorce, in which the couple is officially separated by referring to the court, and hidden divorce, in which the couple lives with each other due to necessity and compulsion, and this type of divorce is called emotional divorce. Emotional divorce, which is the stage before formal divorce, is referred to as a kind of silent separation that has not happened legally and religiously, and a man and a woman live under the same roof apparently due to considerations and inevitably, but due to extreme coldness. Relationships and lack of exchange of feelings and emotions have a feeling of dissatisfaction with disappointment. On the other hand, factors such as social and cultural restrictions, economic problems, forced marriages, fear and escape from being alone, eye to eye with friends and family regarding marriage, violence and anger sometimes prevent the official separation of spouses.The purpose of this research was to compare the effectiveness of Gutman's model and emotion regulation training on communication patterns and marital intimacy of married women facing divorce in Tehran. MethodThe research method will be semi-experimental in terms of practical purpose and in terms of data collection with a pre-test and post-test design with an unequal control group. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all women seeking divorce who referred to the clinic and counseling center "Delsa" and "Aramesh" in Tehran in 2023. 48 people were selected from the statistical population using the purposeful sampling method and then randomly assigned to two experimental groups (16 people in the first experiment, 16 people in the second experiment and 16 people in the control group) based on the inclusion criteria. The experimental group participated in therapy sessions. While the control group did not receive the treatment and were put on the waiting list. The research tools included the Communication Patterns Questionnaire (CPQ, 1984) and the Bagazuri Marital Intimacy Questionnaire. To analyze the data at the descriptive level, mean and standard deviation were used, and at the inferential level, covariance analysis and multivariate analysis of variance were used. ResultsThe findings showed that both emotional regulation training and Guttman's model have increased marital intimacy and improved the subjects' communication patterns (p<0.05). Among the two interventions, emotion regulation training is a more effective method in increasing marital intimacy and improving communication patterns (p<0.001). Also, in the post-test and follow-up phases, a significant difference was observed between the effectiveness of the two interventions on self-criticism and psychological distress (P<0.05).The results of Bonferroni's post hoc test also showed that the average difference between emotion-oriented regulation training and the control group in the variable of communication patterns and its components is greater than the difference between Guttman's model and the control group, which indicates that emotion-oriented regulation training is more effective in increasing communication patterns and It has its components in married women facing divorce.DiscussionIn relation to the effectiveness of Gutman's approach on marital intimacy, it can be said that Gutman emphasizes love and respect to deal with the negative aspects of marriage, and to add to the positive aspects, he points to the following; Showing interest, kindness and affection, paying attention, appreciation, sympathy, empathy, acceptance, telling jokes and sharing happiness. In Gutman's educational program, teaching effective communication skills can help couples in establishing a good, two-way and efficient relationship that is in the direction of their growth and prosperity, and prevent the creation or continuation of destructive and negative feelings in the flow.

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Impact of Personality Traits on Entrepreneurial Intention by The Mediating Role of The Entrepreneurial Self efficacy and Entrepreneurial Passion (Case Study: Students of Ahvaz Metropolitan Universities).

mahdi nadaf; farajallah rahimi; bahar alikhani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 February 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2025.48117.3323

Abstract

IntroductionOne of the most significant concerns that students find themselves grappling with is the issue of securing meaningful employment and achieving a sense of economic independence, particularly after they have successfully completed their university education. Furthermore, this concern is compounded ... Read More IntroductionOne of the most significant concerns that students find themselves grappling with is the issue of securing meaningful employment and achieving a sense of economic independence, particularly after they have successfully completed their university education. Furthermore, this concern is compounded by a multitude of factors including the rapid advancement of technology, the evolving nature of work values, and the various restrictions imposed on government employment, all of which have led to a noticeable increase in students' interest in pursuing entrepreneurship as a viable career path. The primary objective of this study is to create a model that elucidates the various factors that significantly influence students' entrepreneurial intentions. In this context, it has been determined that an individual's personality type serves as one of the key predictors of their entrepreneurial intention, and this influence can be understood more clearly when it is considered in conjunction with other behavioral factors such as entrepreneurial self-efficacy and the passion for entrepreneurship that individuals may possess. Thus, by examining the interplay between these various elements, we can gain a deeper understanding of what drives students to pursue entrepreneurial ventures in today's dynamic job market. Ultimately, the insights gleaned from this study could prove invaluable in shaping educational strategies and support systems designed to foster the entrepreneurial passion among students, equipping them with the skills and mindset necessary to thrive as business innovators in the future.MethodThe current research is an applied one in terms of purpose and descriptive of correlation type in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of the research was students studying at the universities of Ahvaz metropolis, and a sample of 385 people was selected according to the Cochran formula and by random sampling. Scales of measuring variables include: Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (Linan and Chen, 2009), Forbes Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy (2005), Entrepreneurial Passion by Cardon et al. (2013) , the narcissistic personality trait of Raskin & Terry (1998), the proactive personality trait of Siebert et al. (1999), Crant and Kramer (1999) and Bateman and Crant (1993), the personality trait of openness to experience and the extroversion personality trait variable of (Costa and McCurry, 1985) To test the hypotheses and analyze the data, structural equation modeling by the partial least square method was used in Smart PLS software version 3.3.3.ResultsThe findings of the research showed that personality factors, exception for extroversion factor, have a significant and direct impact on entrepreneurial intention, entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial enthusiasm. Also, entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial passion have a significant and direct effect on students' entrepreneurial intention (with path coefficients of 0.654 and 0.365 at 99% confidence level). Finally, the examination of indirect relationships showed that, except for the extroverted personality type, in other personality types, the variables of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial passion play a mediating role between personality and entrepreneurial intention. In other words, personality type (except extraversion) is both directly and indirectly effective on entrepreneurial intention.DiscussionAs the findings of the research, in accordance with the literature review, show that students' entrepreneurial intention can partly be explained by personality types. However, in this study, the role of extroversion factor was not confirmed, due to the effect of this factor on other job search tendencies of students, such as the desire to establish relationships with organizations and organizational employment. Also, similar to the similar studies, it has been determined that factors such as self-efficacy and passion both directly and in a mediating role affect on the entrepreneurial intention, and these factors can be manipulated and strengthened to reinforce the entrepreneurial intention of students. In this regard, it is suggested that universities, in addition to providing entrepreneurship education, take measures to strengthen the social learning of students in the field of entrepreneurship, for example, by holding entrepreneurship conferences, introducing models of successful entrepreneurs, encouraging entrepreneurial students in course evaluations, etc.

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Comparison of the effectiveness of emotional regulation training and adolescent-centered mindfulness training on emotional and academic procrastination of adolescent girls

Fateme Baghban; tayebeh sharifi; Mohammad Ghasemi Pirbalouti

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 08 March 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2025.48383.3338

Abstract

Introduction Considering the high prevalence of academic procrastination in adolescent girls and its hindering role in achieving academic success, along with the aggravating effects of negative emotions in this field, it is necessary to provide interventions to facilitate the educational life of adolescents. ... Read More Introduction Considering the high prevalence of academic procrastination in adolescent girls and its hindering role in achieving academic success, along with the aggravating effects of negative emotions in this field, it is necessary to provide interventions to facilitate the educational life of adolescents. Research evidence has revealed the effectiveness of two interventions of emotion regulation and mindfulness training in the field of adolescent academic procrastination. According to the emotion regulation training model, people who have emotional problems use maladaptive emotion regulation strategies more, and for this reason, modifying or eliminating maladaptive strategies and training compatible emotional strategies can lead to solving emotional problems. On the other hand, adolescent-centered mindfulness training by focusing on helps adolescents to learn to manage their emotions in the best possible way in the present and without judgment in a specific way, focused on the goal and based on their inner ability to pay attention, cognition and emotions. Therefore, the aim of the current research was to compare the effectiveness of emotion regulation training and adolescent-centered mindfulness training on emotions and academic procrastination of female adolescents.MethodThe research method was quasi-experimental and pre-test and post-test with a control group and a three-month follow-up period. The statistical population was formed by teenage girls with high academic procrastination in Isfahan in 2024. From the mentioned society, 60 people were selected and randomly divided into three groups and a pre-test was conducted. The research tools were positive and negative emotions scale (Diener et al., 2010) and academic procrastination questionnaire (Solomon & Rothblum, 1984). The first experimental group received emotion regulation training and the second experimental group received adolescent-centered mindfulness training in 8 weekly 90-minute sessions. The control group did not receive any intervention during this period and remained on the waiting list. After the completion of the meetings and three months after the implementation of educational interventions, the research groups are re-evaluated. The results were analyzed using variance analysis with repeated measurements and SPSS26. ResultsIn the post-test and follow-up stage, there is no significant difference between the two training groups in the average variables of positive emotions, negative emotions, procrastination in preparing for assignments and procrastination in preparing for the end of the semester, but there is a significant difference between the experimental groups and the control group (P<0.01). On the other hand, in the post-test and follow-up phase, there is a significant difference in the mean variables of procrastination in preparing for exams and academic procrastination between the two education groups and the control group (P<0.01).ConclusionBased on the results obtained, it is suggested to psychologists, clinical counselors and therapists to moderate the emotions and reduce the procrastination of adolescent girls by holding training workshops on emotional regulation and adolescent-oriented mindfulness so that adolescent girls can successfully and successfully complete their academic life. take a smoother path. Therefore, it is possible to benefit from adolescent-oriented emotion regulation and mindfulness training, preferably using the emotion regulation approach in secondary schools as effective educational approaches to improve the emotional and academic status of adolescent girls.

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Thematic Analysis of Marital Relationships of Married Women Attempting Suicide in Boyer-Ahmad County

Amir Solaman Shahbazi; Fahimeh Namdarpour; Maryam Sharifdoust

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 12 March 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2025.48698.3361

Abstract

IntroductionAccording to the World Health Organization (2021), for every 100,000 people in the world, about 12 people die by suicide every year, and this rate will remain constant until 2030. The latest reports indicate that the suicide rate in Iran is estimated at 6.8%, which is lower than the global ... Read More IntroductionAccording to the World Health Organization (2021), for every 100,000 people in the world, about 12 people die by suicide every year, and this rate will remain constant until 2030. The latest reports indicate that the suicide rate in Iran is estimated at 6.8%, which is lower than the global rate and ranks 58th among countries in the world, and on average, about 10 suicides occur in Iran every day. Among the provinces, the highest suicide rate in the provinces of Ilam, Hamedan, Kohgiluyeh, Boyer Ahmad and Kermanshah respectively. Suicide attempt is defined as engaging in potentially self-injurious behavior in which there is at least the intent to die. The suicide attempt of married women is related to many socio-economic, cultural, physical, psychological and environmental factors that can act as potential stressors. For example, women experience limited autonomy, systematic discrimination, low social status, gender inequality, financial dependence, gender-based violence, and lack of education and opportunities, which may exert higher or different psychosocial stressors. This study thematic analyzed the marital relationships of married women attempting suicide in Boyer-Ahmad County.MethodThis qualitative research has analyzed the experience of suicide attempters with the thematic approach and the Colaizzi method. A theme is a phrase or extended statement that specifies what a unit of data means and is about. Some researchers consider theme to be an acceptable replacement for terms such as category, phrase, and unit of analysis, stating that theme is an abstract term that gives meaning to a structured (repeated) experience and its various manifestations. Unlike most existing approaches to content analysis, which are usually based on predetermined categories, theme analysis allows themes to be extracted from the heart of the data. The statistical population included 200 married women covered by the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee in Boyer-Ahmad County who had an unsuccessful suicide attempt. Using purposive sampling, the following inclusion criteria were used to select participants in this study: 1) They were volunteers to participate in the study and had the necessary ability to express their experiences, 2) The participants were married and had at least two years of experience living together, 3) Both couples were residents of Yasuj, 4) They had an unsuccessful suicide attempt during their relationship, and 5) Their suicide attempt was confirmed by relevant authorities (such as social emergency services and hospitals). Exclusion criteria included: their husband's lack of consent for the interview and a long history of hospitalization in psychiatric hospitals. In order to ensure data validity, there was continuous communication with the subject, research data, and participants; in addition, the initial extracted codes were reviewed and approved by experienced and specialized individuals (including two psychologists, two sociologists, two doctoral students, and a qualitative analyst), and the final decision regarding codes that did not fit into a category was made by a university faculty member (including the supervisor). ResultsThe results showed that 73.3% of married women who committed suicide attempted suicide more than once; "pill poisoning", "hanging" and "self-immolation" methods were common respectively methods to get rid of themselves. The analysis of the interviews showed that the elements and components of marital relationships affecting the suicide of married women include the following six main themes: lack of support, betrayal, violence, weak communication skills, and psychological disorders. DiscussionA study of the couple relationships of women who attempt suicide showed that different components and variables can be influential, but the most obvious of them can be considered the breakdown of emotional relationships and the loss of the thread of trust between the couple. Couples who are in such situations show greater vulnerability and ultimately suffer irreparable consequences. Therefore, training in emotional skills and problem-solving for vulnerable couples can be the focus of attention. According to the three-stage theory of "ideation for suicide attempt", four factors play a decisive role in suicide attempts, one of which is lack of attachment; this theory well explains the lack of emotional dependence (love) of couples to each other, which is the basis for suicide attempts, and can provide a solution in this regard.Keywords: Marital Relationships, Married Women, Thematic Analysis, Suicide attempt.

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The Effectiveness of Group-Based Positive Thinking Training on The Quality of Parent-Child Relationship and Low Individual-Social Adjustment

Fatemeh Mazaher; narges Ghasemi; Mohammadjavad Farhadipour; Ali Soltani; Sanaz Amerifar

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 12 March 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2025.48499.3346

Abstract

IntroductionFamily and parenting styles, as well as the way children interact with children, are among the most important factors that affect children's psychological, social and emotional development. Families that are close in their interactions with their children achieve positive results and report ... Read More IntroductionFamily and parenting styles, as well as the way children interact with children, are among the most important factors that affect children's psychological, social and emotional development. Families that are close in their interactions with their children achieve positive results and report satisfactory parent-child interactions. In the event that negative and controlling behaviors in interaction with children and in general the dysfunctional language of the family, especially during adolescence, cause a gap in the interaction between them and as a result, behavioral and emotional problems such as anxiety and depression occur in children. Parent-child interaction is an important and vital relationship to create security and love. The relationship between parents and children is the main representative of the world of communication for children. The feeling of love, intimacy and security is directly rooted in these relationships. Recent studies have shown that the quality of the relationship between parents and children is closely related to the behavior and psychological adjustment of children. The greater the conflict between parents and children, the more negative feelings and behavioral problems in children. One of the components that is affected by the quality of parent-child interaction is the social adjustment of teenagers. Social adaptation plays a major role in different areas of life. One of the effects of the above variable is the role it plays in learning and academic progress. Various trainings have been used to treat injuries and solve communication problems in teenagers. Among the trainings that have been extracted from the positivist approach and have been investigated by researchers in recent years, is positive thinking training. The results of various researches showed the effectiveness and role of positive thinking training in improving various psychological, emotional and educational components. Therefore, the main topic of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of group-based positive thinking training on the quality of parent-child relationship and individual-social adaptation.MethodThe design of the current research method is semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group and a two-month follow-up period. The statistical population was female teenagers in the second period of secondary school in Shiraz city in the academic year of 2022-2023. Purposive sampling method was used to select the sample size. In order to identify students with low parent-child relationship quality and compatibility, one of the four educational districts of Shiraz city (District Two) was randomly selected. Then, three girls' schools were selected from the secondary schools of that district. 841 female students were studying in these three schools. Then, Parent-Child Relationship Scale (PCRS) and California Individual-Social Adjustment Questionnaire (CISAQ) were administered among these students. After collecting and scoring the questionnaires, the students who scored lower than the average in the parent-child relationship and individual-social compatibility questionnaires were identified. The pre-test was performed before the intervention and the post-test was performed after the intervention. Two months later, the follow-up phase was implemented. The follow-up test included previous questionnairesResultsThe results showed that positive thinking training in a group manner has a significant effect on the quality of parent-child relationship and the adaptation of adolescents. In this way, this training was able to improve the quality of the parent-child relationship and the adaptation of the teenager. The first finding of this research indicated the effectiveness of group-based positive thinking training on the quality of the parent-child relationship. Also, the second finding of this research indicated the effectiveness of positive thinking training in a group manner on the individual and social adaptation of teenagers.DiscussionConsidering the effectiveness of positive thinking training on the quality of parent-child relationship and the individual-social adaptation of adolescents, it is suggested on a practical level that Fars education officials activate the interaction of parents with children and adolescents by activating school counselors and specialists in counseling centers and educational psychological services. be fully investigated. Also, necessary action should be taken by training counselors and psychologists in the relevant centers and using positive thinking training to improve the quality of the parent-child relationship and the adaptation of adolescents in order to increase the mental health of adolescents and improve their academic performance.

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Psychometric properties of the Reconstructed Depressive Experiences Questionnaire

maryam faryabi; zahra seyfikar; nahid akrami

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 12 March 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2025.48249.3331

Abstract

IntroductionDepressive disorder is a widespread mental health issue that significantly impacts individuals’ interpersonal relationships, occupational performance, and overall personal functioning. The American Psychological Association (2022) highlights the pervasive nature of this condition, emphasizing ... Read More IntroductionDepressive disorder is a widespread mental health issue that significantly impacts individuals’ interpersonal relationships, occupational performance, and overall personal functioning. The American Psychological Association (2022) highlights the pervasive nature of this condition, emphasizing its detrimental effects on various aspects of life. Numerous factors contribute to the etiology of depressive disorders, including biological, environmental, and psychological components. Among these, the role of personality styles has gained increasing attention in recent research (Kalamatianos & Canellopoulos, 2022). Understanding how personality traits influence susceptibility to depression can provide valuable insights for both prevention and treatment strategies.Blatt’s developmental theory posits that individuals exhibit different personality styles, specifically dependent and self-critical styles, which may predispose them to distinct subtypes of depression (Blatt, 2004). This theory suggests that those with a dependent personality style may be more prone to feelings of helplessness and hopelessness, while individuals with a self-critical style may experience heightened self-blame and guilt. To assess these personality styles, Reconstructed Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (Rec-DEQ) was developed (Blatt, D’Afflitti, & Quinlan, 1976). This tool aims to provide a nuanced understanding of how personality traits correlate with depressive symptoms.Despite the significance of the Rec-DEQ, its psychometric properties have not been thoroughly explored within the Iranian context. The cultural nuances and specific characteristics of the Iranian population necessitate a localized validation of this instrument. By investigating the psychometric properties of the Rec-DEQ in Iran, this study aims to enhance the understanding of how personality styles contribute to the onset and maintenance of depression in a culturally diverse setting.MethodThis research employed a cross-sectional design as a psychometric investigation. A convenience sample of 435 Iranian adults, aged between 18 and 60 years, was recruited for the study. Participants were administered the Persian version of the Reconstructed Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (Rec-DEQ), alongside the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and the Adult Attachment Scale (RASS), through an online platform. The choice of these instruments was made to ensure a comprehensive assessment of depressive symptoms and their relationship with personality styles and attachment patterns.Data analysis involved both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, along with correlation and regression analyses, utilizing SPSS-22 and AMOS-24 software. The exploratory factor analysis was conducted to identify the underlying structure of the Rec-DEQ, while confirmatory factor analysis was used to validate the proposed model. This multi-faceted approach ensured a robust examination of the questionnaire’s psychometric properties.ResultsThe findings revealed that the Reconstructed Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (Rec-DEQ) exhibited satisfactory internal consistency, construct validity, and convergent validity. The exploratory factor analysis indicated that a four-factor structure provided a better fit for the data compared to the traditional two-factor model. This four-factor model encompassed dimensions of dependency, self-blame, efficacy, and fear of loss. Further refinement through confirmatory factor analysis improved the model fit by removing item 14, which did not align well with the identified factors. The overall Cronbach’s alpha for the scale was 0.85, indicating strong internal consistency, with individual factor alphas ranging from 0.70 to 0.80.Correlation analysis demonstrated significant positive relationships between the total score of the Rec-DEQ and the Beck Depression Inventory (r = 0.64), as well as the Adult Attachment Scale (r = 0.20), thereby supporting its convergent validity. These results suggest that the Rec-DEQ is a reliable measure for assessing personality styles associated with depressive symptoms.DiscussionThis study explored the psychometric properties and factor structure of the revised Experiences of Depression scale within an Iranian sample. The results indicated that a four-factor model, encompassing dependency, self-blame, efficacy, and fear of loss, provided a more accurate representation of the data compared to the traditional two-factor model. The scale demonstrated strong internal consistency and convergent validity, highlighting its reliability as a measurement tool.Cultural adaptations and the specific characteristics of the Iranian sample may have influenced the differences observed in factor structure compared to prior studies. Overall, the revised scale offers a dependable and culturally relevant instrument for assessing personality styles related to depression among Iranian individuals. This research not only contributes to the understanding of depressive disorders but also provides essential insights for clinicians and researchers working in the field of mental health.

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Effect of Yoga-Based Mindfulness Intervention on Blood Cortisol Hormone and Competitive State Anxiety in Boy Skilled Volleyball Players

Maryam Abdoshahi; Mahsa Naghizadeh; Afsaneh Shemshaki

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 08 April 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.45855.3198

Abstract

AbstractAim: Mental health is affected by stress and anxiety. Studies have shown that yoga-based mindfulness interventions reduce anxiety and improve the performance of athletes. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of yoga-based mindfulness on skilled volleyball players' blood cortisol ... Read More AbstractAim: Mental health is affected by stress and anxiety. Studies have shown that yoga-based mindfulness interventions reduce anxiety and improve the performance of athletes. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of yoga-based mindfulness on skilled volleyball players' blood cortisol hormone levels and competitive state anxiety.Methods: The participants consisted of 28 boys volleyball players that randomly divided into experimental (M age = 17.71 ±0.91 y, M experience = 4.64 ± 0.84 y) and control (M age = 17.93 ±0.61 y, M experience = 4.71 ± 1.13 y) groups. Subjects completed the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory (CSAI-R2), and blood samples were also taken to measure cortisol hormone in the pre and post-test phase 30 minutes before a volleyball match. The experimental group then participated in a yoga-based mindfulness intervention for 12 sessions (each session 1.5 hours).Results: The covariance analysis showed that yoga-based mindfulness exercises caused significantly lower blood cortisol levels (p = 0.01), cognitive anxiety (p = 0.003), and somatic anxiety (p=0.0001) in the experimental group than the control group in the post-test. However, it did not significantly affect self-confidence (p=0.69) (p <0.05).Conclusion: The present study suggested that sports psychologists and coaches can use mindfulness intervention to improve physiological or psychological variables.Research has shown that many athletes experience state anxiety during training, before and during competition. State anxiety is an immediate and negative emotional state accompanied by fear, anxiety, stress, and physical arousal. Researchers have shown that in addition to experiencing negative thoughts and understanding physiological symptoms, a person’s confidence in coping with challenges is also important in creating a state anxiety (Cheng & Hardy, 2016). State anxiety includes cognitive state anxiety and somatic state anxiety. Somatic anxiety is associated with physiological symptoms (increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature) and biochemistry (cortisol secretion). Competitive state anxiety also means the motivation to avoid failure in the sports environment or worry about failure, which is temporary and arises from participating in a particular sporting competition. If anxiety symptoms occur long, irrational,

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Structural Equations Modeling of Vengeful Tendencies based on Moral Identity with Mediating Effortful Control and Empathy In Adolescents

Sara Taravian; Fariborz Nikdel; Ali taghvaei Nia

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 April 2025

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2025.48423.3340

Abstract

IntroductionRevenge and vengefulness are universal phenomena linked to perceptions of justice and negative emotions such as anger, and they are directly correlated with antisocial traits like narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy (Dyduch-Hazar & Mrozinski, 2023; Chester & DeWall, 2018). ... Read More IntroductionRevenge and vengefulness are universal phenomena linked to perceptions of justice and negative emotions such as anger, and they are directly correlated with antisocial traits like narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy (Dyduch-Hazar & Mrozinski, 2023; Chester & DeWall, 2018). Planning revenge increases anxiety and anger, leading to destructive behaviors (Bushman, 2002). Moral identity acts as a deterrent, guiding individuals toward prosocial behaviors and away from vengefulness (Hardy et al., 2020). Effortful control also helps manage impulses and anger, thereby reducing vengeful behaviors (Baumeister et al., 1998; Tangney, Boone & Baumeister, 2014). Studies have shown that individuals with high effortful control exhibit less violence and aggression (Finkel, 2009; De Kemp et al., 2009). Empathy plays a key role in reducing the inclination toward revenge, as highly empathetic individuals are more likely to forgive and engage in prosocial behaviors (Eisenberg et al., 2009; McCullough et al., 1997). Adolescents, due to emotional and cognitive changes, are particularly prone to vengeful tendencies. This study, by examining effortful control and empathy as mediating factors, provides a deeper understanding of adolescent vengeful tendencies and addresses gaps in Iranian research. Its findings can contribute to intervention programs aimed at reducing violence and fostering emotional regulation skills.MethodThis study is a descriptive-correlational research employing structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population comprised high school students in Shiraz during the 2022-2023 academic year. Based on sampling criteria, a sample size of 567 students was selected using a multistage cluster sampling method. The research utilized the following questionnaires to measure the study variables: the Moral Identity Questionnaire by Aquino and Reed (2002), the Effortful Control Scale by Ellis and Rothbart (2001), the Empathy Questionnaire by Spreng et al. (2009), and the Vengeful Tendencies Scale by Flores-Camacho et al. (2022). ResultsStructural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed using Amos-24 software to evaluate the proposed model. Table 1 illustrates the fit indices of the proposed model with the data. Tab 1. Model Fit Indices for the Proposed ModelFit Indices X2 df P X2/df GFI AGFI NFI CFI IFI RMSEAProposed Model 70.59 23 0.01 3.06 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.99 0.06The analysis of direct pathways revealed the following path coefficients: Moral Identity to Empathy (β = 0.90, p = 0.001), Moral Identity to Effortful Control (β = 0.45, p = 0.001), Empathy to vengeful tendencies (β = -0.20, p = 0.001), and Effortful Control to vengeful tendencies (β = -0.29, p = 0.001). The path from Moral Identity to vengeful tendencies was excluded due to lack of significance. Regarding indirect pathways, the findings indicated that in both cases, the upper and lower bounds of the confidence interval did not include zero, confirming their significance.DiscussionMoral identity and the vengeful tendencies are deeply influenced by philosophical and cultural perspectives (Elster, 1990; Jacoby, 1983). In some cultures, revenge is viewed as an unethical act that exacerbates violence, whereas in others, it is considered a just response to injustice and a means of restoring fairness. These differences highlight how moral identity is shaped across societies based on their attitudes toward concepts such as revenge and justice, potentially influencing the vengeful tendencies indirectly through effortful control and empathy.Ethics, particularly moral identity, play a significant role in enhancing effortful control by sensitizing individuals to issues of care and justice (Rozin, 1999; Hoffman et al., 2018). Effortful control, defined as the ability to overcome short-term impulses to achieve long-term goals, enables individuals to resist temptations and respond thoughtfully to challenges, thus reducing vengeful tendencies (Dishion et al., 2004). Conversely, individuals with lower levels of effortful control are more likely to pursue immediate gratification and exhibit self-centered behaviors (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). Individuals with high moral identity tend to engage in altruistic and empathetic behaviors, opting for peaceful solutions over revenge when faced with ethical dilemmas (FeldmanHall et al., 1990; Lu, Huang & Luo, 2021). They are more sensitive to others’ emotions and capable of understanding their suffering, which helps reduce vengeful tendencies (Van der Graaff et al., 2018). On the other hand, those with lower moral identity are often driven by self-interest and may resort to selfish or vengeful behaviors (Marsh & Blair, 2008).

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