Psychological Achievements

A Phenomenological Exploration of the Lived Experience of Mothers of Children with Learning Disorders from Their Child's Emotional-Behavioral Problems

Fateme Mazaheri Tehrani; Saed Ghanbari; Jalil Fathabadi; Omid Shokri; Masoud Sharifi

Volume 30, Issue 2 , October 2023, Pages 1-16

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.39615.2770

Abstract

IntroductionLearning disorders are one of the considerable topics in educational psychology. Children with learning disabilities experience more emotional problems than their peers. Hence, there will be more challenges for the parents of these children, which can add to the complexity of the parenting ... Read More

Predicting Family Functioning based on Control of Negative Thinking and Parental Stress with Mediating Role of Sexual Satisfaction: Model Presentation in Parents of Children with Learning Disorder

Zahra Mohebi; Zahra Dasht Bozorgi; Reza Johari fard

Volume 30, Issue 2 , October 2023, Pages 17-36

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.38646.2743

Abstract

Introduction Learning disabilities are problems that negatively affect an individual's education and education-related skills such as reading, writing, arithmetic, and others because of having different perceptions of what they see. Parents may wonder what his future will be like despite this problem. ... Read More Introduction Learning disabilities are problems that negatively affect an individual's education and education-related skills such as reading, writing, arithmetic, and others because of having different perceptions of what they see. Parents may wonder what his future will be like despite this problem. Various factors affect the family function of parents with learning disabilities; one of the factors is controlling negative thinking. This study aimed to predict family functioning based on the control of negative thinking and parental stress with the mediating role of sexual satisfaction. Method In this correlational study, 212 Parents of children with learning disorders in Tehran were selected through the purposive sampling method. For each parameter calculated, at least 10 participants are required to test the model. In this study, the Family functioning of McMaster (1983), and the Control of negative thinking of Wales & Davis (1994) include subscales that measure individual differences in controlling annoying thoughts. Strategies for controlling thinking are distraction, worry, social strategies, self-discipline, and re-evaluating thinking are used, Also Parenting Stress Questionnaire of Abidin (1992), which includes items covering adaptability, child domain, mood, attachment, acceptance, extravagance, reinforcement, inattention / over-action, relationship with spouse, parent domain, depression, sense of competence, role constraints, parental health, isolation It is life… and finally Sexual satisfaction of Hadson, et al. (1981) was used for data collection in this study which assesses couples' satisfaction levels. The proposed model was evaluated using a structural equation method. Results There is a significant relationship between control of negative thinking with family functioning (p<0.01), sexual satisfaction with family functioning (p<0.01), control of negative thinking with sexual satisfaction (p<0.01), spiritual well-being with sexual satisfaction (p<0.01), but there was a significant relationship between parental stress with family functioning (p>0.05). Also, indirect pathways were significant control of negative thinking with family functioning with mediating role of sexual satisfaction (p<0.01), parental stress with family functioning with mediating role of sexual satisfaction (p<0.01). Discussion The results indicate that there are high levels of conflict and low levels of cohesion in families with children with learning disabilities. It is natural to expect these families to be affected by the symptoms of the child disorder and for parental problems to increase in these families. When parents can acquire these skills, they can be aware of problems and stresses and find appropriate solutions, thus reducing stress in their relationship with the child as well as marital relationships, and improving sexual satisfaction as well as family functioning. Find. Thus, it can be said that sexual satisfaction plays a mediating role in the relationship between controlling negative thinking and parenting stress with family functioning. The statistical population of this study was limited & through questionnaires, which makes the generalization of the results and bias issue with caution. Therefore, it is suggested that more research be done on other samples to generalize the results. And also holding workshops, to strengthen the control of negative thinking and reduce parental stress, it is possible to increase sexual satisfaction in them and increase family functioning.

The Relationship between Marital Intimacy on Life Satisfaction with Mediating Love, Marital Compatibility, and Marital Satisfaction in the Employees Pepole

Shahroei Shahriar; kobra kazemianmoghadam; Ali Khalfi; Mahnaz Mehrabizadeh Honarmand,

Volume 30, Issue 2 , October 2023, Pages 37-58

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.40425.2823

Abstract

IntroductionTo continue the marriage, marital intimacy is essential. Intimacy is very important for a healthy relationship.This study examined the effect of marital intimacy on life satisfaction with the mediation of love, compatibility test, and marital satisfaction in Khuzestan University staff.MethodThe ... Read More IntroductionTo continue the marriage, marital intimacy is essential. Intimacy is very important for a healthy relationship.This study examined the effect of marital intimacy on life satisfaction with the mediation of love, compatibility test, and marital satisfaction in Khuzestan University staff.MethodThe aim of the present study is applied research and correlational data collection was done through structural equation modeling. The population includes all employees of Islamic Azad University in Khuzestan province in 1399 these organizations were working at the end of the 17th Islamic Azad University in Khuzestan province, eight Islamic Azad University were randomly selected from each university staff Faculty of Humanities of University, where selected. To test the hypothesis of the study, 330 people were chosen to stage the random sampling method. The questionnaire for the current conditions and limits for transportation and communication about the disease, corona sampling, and Running the Internet (social networks such as cable and WhatsApp) were distributed and 308 were returned, finally, that after removing the questionnaire and also threw incomplete data, about 10 questionnaires, 298 questionnaires were analyzed (questionnaire return rate of 0.80 percent). Instruments included were a questionnaire on marital intimacy by Walker and Thompson (1983), a questionnaire by Hatfield and Rpsvn Love (1993), Spinner Inventory Adjustment Couple (1976), Bloom and Mehrabian Marital Satisfaction (1999) and Diener et al. Life Satisfaction (1985). Analysis with the help of structural equation modeling was performed using SPSS and AMOS-24. In the present study questionnaires to assess the reliability of marital intimacy, love, compatibility of couples, marital satisfaction, and life satisfaction Cronbach's alpha was used, and its value, respectively, 0.93, 0.91, 0.92, 0.59, and 0.64 respectively.ResultsThe results showed that the proposed model was fitted to the data. The results showed a positive and significant effect of marital intimacy on love, compatibility of couples, marital satisfaction, and life satisfaction; Love also had positive and significant effects on life satisfaction, life satisfaction, and marital satisfaction compatibility test to the satisfaction of life. In addition, the results also showed that indirect routes to marital intimacy through love, compatibility of couples, and marital satisfaction have a positive effect on life satisfaction.DiscussionIntimacy with the spouse, dependence, sharing ideas, joint activities, are the characteristics of an intimate couple. Therefore, love, marital adjustment, and life satisfaction can be higher in couples who have a higher degree of intimacy. In fact, couples who have more intimacy are more capable of facing problems and changes related to their relationship, and as a result, they experience more love between them, higher marital compatibility, and more marital satisfaction. Therefore, marital intimacy through love, marital compatibility, and marital satisfaction leads to increased life satisfaction between couples. Accordingly, recognizing and examining the factors that cause the stability and strength of the family, can be a useful step towards increasing the stability of married life.

Model of Academic Engagement Based on Psychological Capital with the Mediating of Self-Determination

Ali Sepahvand; Monirpour Nader; Majid Zargham Hajebi

Volume 30, Issue 2 , October 2023, Pages 59-80

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.39838.2778

Abstract

Introduction In the last two decades, the academic conflict has attracted the attention of researchers and educators because of its comprehensiveness in describing students 'motivation and learning, as well as a strong predictor of students' performance, progress, and success in school. There are many ... Read More Introduction In the last two decades, the academic conflict has attracted the attention of researchers and educators because of its comprehensiveness in describing students 'motivation and learning, as well as a strong predictor of students' performance, progress, and success in school. There are many different definitions of academic conflict, with some researchers considering conflict as a process while others have conceptualized it as an outcome. The framework of student achievement blueprints includes several identified personality and psychological elements that potentially influence student achievement; In this regard, we can refer to psychological capital and self-determination. The aim of the present study was a model of academic engagement based on psychological capital mediated by self-determination. Method This research is applied in terms of purpose and correlational in terms of the descriptive method. The study population consists of all twelfth-grade female students in Tehran province in the academic year 2009-2010. The sample consisted of 305 twelfth-grade female students in Robat Karim and Parand who were selected by multi-stage sampling. Students answered the questionnaires on academic engagement (Rio, 2013), psychological capital (Lutans et al., 2007), and self-determination (Ryan and Desi, 2000). After collecting the data, they were analyzed using Spss-24 and Amos-21 software and Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equations. Results The assumed model was fitting in the research community. The results of the analysis showed that the mediating role of self-determination in the relationship between psychological capital and academic conflict is positive and significant and the proposed model explains 33% of the variance of students' academic conflict. The research findings showed that psychological capital and self-determination, directly and indirectly, predict 33% of the variance of academic engagement. Therefore, it can be concluded that psychological capital and academic engagement have a mutual effect, and in other words, a causality and circular relationship can be considered between psychological capital and academic engagement. Conclusion Based on the research findings, it was found that the effect of psychological capital is more indirect and self-determining than direct. As a result, students' self-determination and academic engagement increase with increasing psychological capital. Psychological capital facilitates the processes of being required to pay attention, interpret, and maintain positive and constructive emotions in interaction and participation with educational environments due to positive cognitive evaluation of events, which can lead to more involvement with materials. The lesson is to act at the optimal level and increase performance. In fact, people with higher self-efficacy use study and learning strategies more effectively to achieve the desired result, these people use cognitive and metacognitive strategies more, and in educational activities with planning Purposeful and comprehensive effort, overcome academic problems and challenges.

The Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Attention and Electroencephalographic Pattern in Children with Attention Deficit Disorder

Naeemeh Sayafan; Alireza Hajiyakhchali; Manijeh Shehniyailagh

Volume 30, Issue 2 , October 2023, Pages 81-98

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.40786.2847

Abstract

Introduction Attention can be described as the choice of a thing or thought from several thoughts or several things by the mind so clearly that it seems to have happened at the same time. The ability to pay attention allows a person to control the entry of different stimuli into the consciousness stage ... Read More Introduction Attention can be described as the choice of a thing or thought from several thoughts or several things by the mind so clearly that it seems to have happened at the same time. The ability to pay attention allows a person to control the entry of different stimuli into the consciousness stage of the mind and choose only a limited number of them from different stimuli. Research shows that attention deficit disorder is one of the main educational problems. Method The statistical population was all the children with attention deficit disorder who were referred to a counseling center, in Shiraz in 2019. The statistical sample consisted of 36 children between 8 to 11 years old, who were selected from the counseling center using a targeted sampling method. Then they were assigned into three groups of control (12 persons) and an experimental group (12 samples). In the experimental group, the anode electrode was placed on the FP1 region, and the cathode electrode was placed on the right shoulder blade and fastened to the head with a clamp. In each session, transcranial direct current stimulation was applied at an intensity of 1 mA for 30 minutes for each subject. Research tools were the Demographic Characteristics Questionnaire, Stroop Effect Test, and Electroencephalograph recorder. 10 transcranial Direct Current Stimulation sessions for each subject in the experimental group were done over three weeks. During the interventions, the control group was under the passage of time. In the post-test, both groups were compared in terms of attention and Electroencephalographic patterns. The statistical data analysis was performed using the analysis of covariance at p < 0.05. SPSS software was used for data analysis. Results The results of the pre-test and post-test comparison showed that the effect of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) was significant in the experimental group. Therefore, it seems that transcranial Direct Current Stimulation affects the attention and electroencephalographic pattern of children with attention deficit disorder. As a result, transcranial Direct Current Stimulation can be used to treat children with attention deficit disorder. Since the level of students' attention to the subject of the lesson is one of the main factors of education and learning, therefore, according to the results of the mentioned studies and the present research, it can be concluded that Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation increases the excitability of the children's brain. Conclusion Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation is effective in improving selective attention and reducing the theta/beta ratio in the CZ region of children with attention deficit disorder. Therefore, it is suggested that extracranial Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in the fp1 region be used as an adjunct to accelerate the treatment of children with ADD

The effectiveness of Pennsylvania resilience training on the symptoms of procrastination and anxiety in perfectionist gifted adolescents

Razieh Khavasi; Mohsen Saeidmanesh; Mahdieh Azizi

Volume 30, Issue 2 , October 2023, Pages 99-120

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.39927.2783

Abstract

IntroductionTalented students are the national assets of any country and not paying attention to them can cause psychological damage to individuals. In this study, the effect of the Pennsylvania resilience treatment program on procrastination and anxiety components in perfectionist intelligent adolescents ... Read More IntroductionTalented students are the national assets of any country and not paying attention to them can cause psychological damage to individuals. In this study, the effect of the Pennsylvania resilience treatment program on procrastination and anxiety components in perfectionist intelligent adolescents in Dezful was investigated. MethodThe research method was experimental and in the form of a pre-test and post-test research design with a control group. The statistical population of this study included adolescent girls aged 12 to 16 years who responded positively to the call. They were invited to the clinic and filled out the perfectionism questionnaire. Then, among them, 30 people with high perfectionism scores were selected and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. A pre-test was performed on both groups and after the treatment sessions, a post-test was taken from both groups. Data collection tools were questionnaires by Solomon and Ratblum and the Beck Anxiety Scale (BAI). ResultsUnivariate analysis of covariance and analysis of covariance assumptions were used to analyze the data. The results of the analysis of covariance showed that the effect of academic procrastination scores in the pre-test stage was significant (p=0.32, F=5.145), meaning that there is a significant relationship between academic procrastination pre-test scores and post-test scores in this variable. Also, after controlling the pre-test scores, the effect of the group on the score of academic procrastination in the post-test stage was significant (p=0.001, F=23.50). Based on the observed averages, it can be concluded that resilience training by the Pennsylvania method has reduced academic procrastination by 46% in the post-examination phase. The effect of scores on the pre-test stage was also significant (P=0.026, F=7.565). This means that there is a significant relationship between the pre-test scores of anxiety and the post-test scores of this variable. Also, after controlling the pre-test scores, the effect of the group on the anxiety score in the post-test stage was significant (p=0.010, F=7.648). Based on the observed means, it can be concluded that resilience training by the Pennsylvania method has reduced anxiety by 22% in the post-test phase. DiscussionThe results of the analysis showed that the Pennsylvania Resilience Program has reduced academic procrastination and anxiety in perfectionist intelligent teens.

Prediction of Generalized Anxiety Disorder based on Attachment Styles by Mediating Early Maladaptive Schemas in Adolescents

zahra ebrahimi; Shahrokh Makvand Hoseini; Seyed Mosa Tabatabaee

Volume 30, Issue 2 , October 2023, Pages 121-138

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.38248.2731

Abstract

Introduction Adolescence is considered an important period of life that is accompanied by considerable biological and psychological changes that may lead to anxiety disorders in some cases. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) as one of the most prevalent psychological disorders among adolescents is mainly ... Read More Introduction Adolescence is considered an important period of life that is accompanied by considerable biological and psychological changes that may lead to anxiety disorders in some cases. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) as one of the most prevalent psychological disorders among adolescents is mainly characterized by heightened levels of anxiety that interferes with performance during life. Clinicians warn that untreated GAD can be harmful and may shift to a more severe disorder such as major depression disorder. Therefore, identifying underlying factors and concomitants of the disease seems pivotal. This study aimed to investigate the prediction of generalized anxiety disorder based on 3 attachment styles as well as examine the mediated role of maladaptive schemas. Method The statistical population of the study included students of different levels of high school, ages 13-18 years living in Tehran province, in the autumn and winter of the academic year of 2019 – 2020, from which 297 students were selected by a simple random sampling method. The Pennsylvania Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS), and Young’s Schema Questionnaire-short form (YSQ-SF) were used for data collection. A statistical analysis of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was performed using the SPSS-16 software. Results A negative and significant (P<0/01) direct effect was observed for secure attachment and avoidant attachment styles, while no significant direct effects were found for ambivalent attachment style relationship to generalized anxiety disorder. Also, the early maladaptive schemas could significantly mediate the secure attachment style and avoidant attachment style relationship to generalized anxiety disorder, while no mediating role was detected for the ambivalent attachment style. A Bootstrapping analysis also confirmed this finding. All 5 categories of maladaptive attachment schemas significantly were correlated to GAD symptoms. Conclusion Based on the findings of the present study, it could be concluded that increased measures of secure and avoidant attachment styles in adolescents are associated with decreased levels of GAD symptoms. Increase indices in each of the 5 categories of maladaptive schemas (The 18 early maladaptive schemas are classified into 5 main areas: Disconnection/Rejection, Impaired Autonomy, and Performance, Other-Directedness, Hypervigilance/ Inhibition, Impaired Limits) are associated with increased GAD severity, so the relationship is significant. Also, early maladaptive schemas could mediate the relationship between secure and avoidant attachment styles with generalized anxiety disorder in adolescents. According to the results of this study, careful consideration of attachment styles and early maladaptive schemas to prevent generalized anxiety disorder in adolescents is recommended.

The Boys' Lived Psychological and Social Experience of Puberty is Based on the Grounded Theory

ali rahimi; Morteza Omidian; Hamid Farhadi Rad

Volume 30, Issue 2 , October 2023, Pages 139-164

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.40252.2809

Abstract

IntroductionThe method of the present research is qualitative and the systematic version of the "Grounded Theory". The statistical population of the present study was all boys born in Dezful in the years 1999 to 2003. The sampling framework was purposeful and theoretical. For this purpose, ... Read More IntroductionThe method of the present research is qualitative and the systematic version of the "Grounded Theory". The statistical population of the present study was all boys born in Dezful in the years 1999 to 2003. The sampling framework was purposeful and theoretical. For this purpose, 18 people who experienced puberty and shared experiences and thoughts about puberty and could talk about the process of puberty were selected. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. The recorded interviews were transcribed on paper and then in open coding, the concept codes were assigned to the smallest meaningful unit of the text. Data were analyzed in three stages open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. ResultsThe 20 main categories, 50 subcategories, and 106 basic concepts expressed the lived experiences of sexual maturity of the participants in the present study. Lack or deficiency in education, lack of sexual knowledge, social factors, family, economic factors, technological factors, and specific sexual experiences were the most important determinants of people's life experience of puberty. All the main categories were glued together in 6 interrelated blocks and formed a paradigm pattern. The blocks are a central phenomenon, causal factors, strategies, contextual conditions, intervening factors, and consequences.DiscussionThe ultimate goal of the present study was to develop a data model of the boys' lived experience of sexual maturity based on the data collected through interviews. The results showed that puberty can be a source of dissatisfaction and psychological/emotional, social, and physical disorders or satisfaction and happiness. The psychological and social life experience of puberty can be evaluated positively or negatively. Puberty is one of the most important periods in the life of any person, depending on the relationships and training received can be positive or negative. Making sweet and effective courses is influenced by individual and social factors.

The Effectiveness of Emotional Intelligence Training on Preschool Teachers' Responsibility and Coping Skills

Zinab Momennai; ali taghvaeinia; Fariborz Nikdel

Volume 30, Issue 2 , October 2023, Pages 165-182

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.40741.2846

Abstract

IntroductionEmotional intelligence refers to the differences between individuals in identifying motivation, emotions, and feelings, and controlling emotions, both in the individual and in social relationships. In fact, emotional Intelligence is the ability to process information related to one's emotions ... Read More IntroductionEmotional intelligence refers to the differences between individuals in identifying motivation, emotions, and feelings, and controlling emotions, both in the individual and in social relationships. In fact, emotional Intelligence is the ability to process information related to one's emotions and the ability to use the information as a guide for understanding and acting. (MacCann et al., 2020). According to Bar-On (2003), emotional intelligence and teaching this skill deals with oneself, others, and the environment. Therefore, it should be more adaptive to changing conditions and be more successful in meeting environmental demands. Responsibility in the educational situation is broad in scope and guarantees health indicators and improved quality of life of children in school. In addition, recently, scientific interest in the problems of stress and coping with it has been increasing. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of emotional intelligence training for preschool teachers on their responsibility and coping skills. MethodThe research method is applied based on purpose and based on data collection, quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design and control group. The statistical population includes preschool teachers in Izeh City in 2020. From the target population, 30 people were selected by random sampling method and assigned to experimental (15) and control (15) groups. First, pre-tests were performed for both groups. The experimental group received emotional intelligence training in 10 sessions of 45 minutes over two months. The instruments used in the pre-test and post-test include the Responsibility subscale of the California Psychological Inventory and the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations. Data were analyzed using the analysis of covariance by SPSS-23 software. ResultsThe results obtained by comparing the post-test of independence variables in the two groups by controlling the effect of the pre-test, after emotional intelligence training showed the scores of responsibility and Task-oriented coping who participated in the experimental group compared to those in the control group Were significantly increased (P <0.01). The results also showed that the scores of the components of emotion-oriented coping and avoidant-oriented coping who participated in the experimental group, compared to those who were replaced in the control group decreased (P ≤.01). In general results showed that emotional intelligence training has a significant effect on the responsibility (F=20.20, p<0.0001) and coping skills (included: Task-oriented coping: F=11.25, p<0.003; Emotion-oriented coping: F=14.75, p<0.001; Avoidant-oriented coping: F=5.07, p<0.004) of preschool teachers. ConclusionTherefore, it can be concluded that emotional intelligence training is an effective method to increase preschool teachers’ responsibility and positive coping skills by using techniques such as familiarity with the concept of emotion, emotional awareness, identifying emotions, accepting emotions, confronting emotions, and personal responsibility skills. Also, emotional intelligence training because it emphasizes both cognitive and emotional factors, affects preschool teacher’s responsibility and coping skills.

Testing the Model of Psychological Well-Being Based on Moral Identity and Tolerance of Disturbance with the Mediation of Resilience in Female Students

Pooneh Safari; Rezvan Homaei

Volume 30, Issue 2 , October 2023, Pages 183-202

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.40937.2857

Abstract

IntroductionThe coronavirus has become a serious threat to public health and well-being. The spread of the virus, especially among children and teenagers, has caused great concern and anxiety. Given the pandemic's impact on important social, economic, and political aspects, it is crucial to explore the ... Read More IntroductionThe coronavirus has become a serious threat to public health and well-being. The spread of the virus, especially among children and teenagers, has caused great concern and anxiety. Given the pandemic's impact on important social, economic, and political aspects, it is crucial to explore the psychological effects of the disease on individuals at different levels of society. For instance, the psychological well-being of teenagers is of utmost importance, and factors such as moral identity, tolerance of disturbance, and resilience are believed to play a significant role. This study aims to examine the relationship between psychological well-being, moral identity, tolerance of disturbance, and resilience in female high school students. MethodThis study utilized a structural equation correlation design and included all female high school students in Ahvaz during the academic year 1401-1400. A total of 253 participants were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. District 1 of Ahvaz was randomly chosen, and five secondary schools were randomly selected from this district. After coordinating with school principals and teachers, students were asked to respond to questionnaires through WhatsApp and student groups. The Psychological well-being of Ryffs (2002), Moral identity of Aquino & Reed (2002), Distress Tolerance of Simmons & Gahr (2005), and Resilience of Connor & Davidson (2003) were used to collect data. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze data, including Pearson correlation coefficient, structural equation modeling, and Cronbach's alpha method to calculate the reliability coefficients. ResultsThe study found that all direct paths, except for the relationship between moral identity and psychological well-being, were significant (p > 0.05). There was also an indirect relationship between moral identity and psychological well-being through resilience, as well as between distress tolerance and psychological well-being through resilience. DiscussionThe study's findings can help improve the psychological well-being of students. The coronavirus pandemic has become a global health emergency, causing psychosocial stress, job closures, and increased mortality rates. These factors can reduce psychological well-being, but individuals with high resilience can maintain their mental health during these challenging times. Therefore, improving the psychological well-being of individuals should be a priority. It is suggested that educational workshops be held to help individuals control their behavior, improve their psychological tolerance, and enhance their psychological well-being..

Analysis of the Moral Inteligence Concept from the Point of View of the Conselling PhD Candidates: A Qualitative Study

Saeede Hamidi; Javad Khodadadi Sangdeh; Atousa Kalantar Hormozi

Volume 30, Issue 2 , October 2023, Pages 203-222

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.40448.2829

Abstract

Introduction Moral intelligence refers to the capacity to distinguish between true and false, practice strong moral beliefs and behave in a way that is morally right. This study aimed to investigate the perception of Counseling Ph.D. Candidates about Moral Intelligence. Methodology This research ... Read More Introduction Moral intelligence refers to the capacity to distinguish between true and false, practice strong moral beliefs and behave in a way that is morally right. This study aimed to investigate the perception of Counseling Ph.D. Candidates about Moral Intelligence. Methodology This research method was qualitative and based on the thematic analysis approach. The statistical population consisted of counseling Ph.D. Candidates of Allameh Tabatabai University Counseling in the academic year 1399-1400 who had completed at least one year of their doctoral program. 13 participants were selected using a non-probability purposive sampling method. Sampling continued until data saturation was reached. Data was collected, coded, and categorized into themes using a manual method. Results The data content analysis identified 121 open-source codes, 30 sub-themes, 9 main themes, and kernel themes. The main themes and kernel themes were 1) self-management (maintaining intellectual and emotional control, abstinence, control, and self-care (virtue), mental health improvement, and internalizing moral norms), 2) moral-based conscious action (recognizing moral condition, self-monitoring (consciousness), awareness of the effect of one's action on others, awareness of moral intelligence principles), 3) responsibleness (loyalty, commitment to improving mental health, acceptance of the implications of one's decisions and actions, being responsive to the implications of one's actions, commitment to the rights of others), 4) attention to honesty (clearness in relation, integrity of speech and behavior, integrity of values, and individual performance), 5) having mercifulness (social interest, empathy, paying attention to the principle of usefulness, tendency to caring), 6) fairness (unfavorable use of social position, not to misuse of professional positions, the principle of what you like about yourself to like for others), 7) tolerance (psychological flexibility, reflection on speech action, patience in action), 8) paying attention to respect (respect for the cultural nature of phenomena, respect for the privacy of others, respectful behavior and speech), and 9) forgiveness (self-forgiveness, forgiveness (others)). Conclusion According to Counseling Ph.D. Candidates, moral intelligence is effective in their behavior. Developing moral intelligence by recognizing moral situations and acting based on ethical principles helps a person avoid harming themselves and others. Strengthening the moral intelligence of students can lead to the consolidation and development of values and commitments, therefore, moral-based performance in them, and consequently in society. The moral performance of experts in the field affects society directly, and paying more attention to the moral attitudes of individuals working in this field can lead to the development of ethical attitudes in society.

The Model of Predicting Psychological Distress According to Emotional Regulation with the Mediation Role of Adaptation to Infertility in the Infertile Women

momeneh ghaderi; farideh dokaneei fard; panteh a jahangir; ahmad vosogh taghi dizaj

Volume 30, Issue 2 , October 2023, Pages 223-244

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.40485.2831

Abstract

Introduction Infertility is a major problem among many families, especially in Iranian families. The phenomenon of infertility, having the conditions of a critical event, ie duration, complex conditions, unpredictability, and uncontrollable conditions, creates a comprehensive crisis in the life of infertile ... Read More Introduction Infertility is a major problem among many families, especially in Iranian families. The phenomenon of infertility, having the conditions of a critical event, ie duration, complex conditions, unpredictability, and uncontrollable conditions, creates a comprehensive crisis in the life of infertile couples and causes various injuries. Therefore, infertile women can be expected to suffer from various psychological and social problems. The psychological impact of infertility on the marital life of infertile women is often associated with family conflicts. Infertile women often consider infertility as the most stressful event of their lives and describe repeated and successive periods of treatment as periods of crisis and negative psychological responses such as anxiety, depression, lack of control, guilt, sexual problems, and lack of self-confidence. Shows that these negative emotions and stress caused by infertility can even lead to treatment discontinuation or affect treatment outcomes. According to this, the present study was conducted to offer a model of predicting psychological distress according to emotional regulation with the mediation role of adaptation to infertility in infertile women. Method The research method was descriptive-correlational and pathway analysis. The statistical population of the present study included infertile women who were referred to the Royan Infertility Center in the city of Tehran in the summer of 2020. The statistical samples included 350 infertile women who were selected through a convenient sampling method. The applied questionnaires included the Psychological-Social Adaptation to Disease Scale (PSADS) (Drogits, 1986), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) (Garnefski, et.al, 2001), and Psychological Distress Questionnaire (Kessler, et.al, 2002). The data analysis was conducted via pathway analysis and Bootstrap test. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS and Amos 23 software. Results The results showed that positive and negative emotional regulation and adaptation to infertility have a significant relationship with the psychological distress of infertile women (p<0.01). Moreover, positive and negative emotional regulation and adaptation to infertility have a direct significant effect on the psychological distress of infertile women (p<0.01). Moreover, the results of Bootstrap showed that the adaptation to infertility has a significant mediation role in the relationship of positive and negative emotional regulation with the psychological distress of infertile women (p<0.01). Finally, the model enjoyed an appropriate goodness of fit. Conclusion Considering the significant mediation role of adaptation to infertility clinical therapists must improve the infertile women’s psychological-social adaptation through applying efficient psychological therapy methods. Because adapting to infertility can bring psychological and emotional relief to infertile women. This process also allows infertile women to follow their treatment process without stress and anxiety.

The Role of Social Support Dimensions in Psychological Well-Being of High School Students through Gratitude Mediation

Hossein Shafiee; Mohsen Shakeri; Mehdi Rahimi; Mahdieh Estabraghi

Volume 30, Issue 2 , October 2023, Pages 245-260

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.40174.2808

Abstract

Introduction One of the most important stages in human development is adolescence; the period when a person goes through childhood and encounters new plans and responsibilities in the family and society. One of the most critical adolescent issues is adolescents' mental health and well-being. Various ... Read More Introduction One of the most important stages in human development is adolescence; the period when a person goes through childhood and encounters new plans and responsibilities in the family and society. One of the most critical adolescent issues is adolescents' mental health and well-being. Various research studies have shown that psychological well-being is necessary for many successes and advances of individuals. It should be noted that many factors can increase or decrease psychological well-being; knowing them can be used to help adolescents improve psychological well-being. Various studies have shown that social support is one of the variables that play an important role in well-being. Gratitude is one of the factors that can probably act as a mediator in the impact of social support on people's well-being. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of social support in the well-being of high school students in Ashkezar with the mediating role of gratitude. Method This study was a correlational one (structural equation modeling). The population of this study included all male and female high school students in Ashkezar in the academic year of 2020-2021. A sample of 274 students was selected from the study population by convenient sampling. The research data were collected through Zimment et al.'s Social Support Questionnaire, Morgan et al.'s Gratitude Questionnaire, and Reef's Psychological Well-Being Scale. Data were analyzed by structural equation modeling using Amos-24 software. A bootstrap test was also used to check the indirect effects and mediating roles. Finally, various fitness indices were applied to check the consistency between the data and the conceptual framework. Results Regarding direct effects, the results showed that social support has a positive and significant effect on gratitude (β = 0.73) and psychological well-being (β = 0.63). The results also showed that gratitude positively and significantly affects psychological well-being (β = 0.42). The results of the bootstrap test also showed that in the relationship between social support and psychological well-being, the variable of gratitude could play a mediating role. Finally, the results showed that the proposed model has good fitness. Conclusion In sum, according to the research findings, it can be concluded that families and community officials can provide the environment to improve adolescents' mental health by delivering appropriate supportive environments. Also, proper conditions can promote adolescents' psychological well-being by teaching gratitude to adolescents. The results have been discussed in more detail using theoretical bases in the paper.

Ethnographic Research of Cognitive Scaffolding in Iranian Mothers

Rouhollah Shahabi

Volume 30, Issue 2 , October 2023, Pages 261-280

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.41560.2895

Abstract

IntroductionThe engagement of children in daily tasks and activities can play a major role in their cognitive development. Mothers can guide children in this process through parental scaffolding. Cognitive parental scaffolding has a cultural nature and may lead to different outcomes in children from ... Read More IntroductionThe engagement of children in daily tasks and activities can play a major role in their cognitive development. Mothers can guide children in this process through parental scaffolding. Cognitive parental scaffolding has a cultural nature and may lead to different outcomes in children from different cultures. Nevertheless, we haven’t an exact understanding of this concept among Iranian mothers; something which was addressed in this study. Method The research was conducted with a qualitative approach and ethnography method. A sample of 23 mothers with children aged 3-4 years was selected based on purposive snowball sampling. The required data were collected through non-participant observation. For this purpose, the mothers were asked to help their children solve a puzzle according to the pattern, and the mother-child interaction was video recorded without the observer’s intervention. The study setting was the home of the parents. To access the dominant maternal scaffolding pattern, the task was performed only once, with the mother being unaware of the task’s context before this single performance. The video files were transcribed and the content was analyzed in MAXQDA. ResultsCareful observations of 23 videos of mother-child interactions while completing a puzzle led to the identification of 3,517 scaffolding-related behaviors. After duplicates were removed, there remained 1,462 instances of which 90 primary codes, 14 level-2 sub-themes, six level-1 sub-themes, and three main themes were extracted. The results showed that dimensions of cognitive scaffolding in Iranian mothers included direct support (verbal and physical), expanded support (question and instructional), and emotional support (encouragement and approval). Based on the results, direct verbal and physical assistance (direct support), non-instructional questions (expended support), and repeated verbal praise (emotional support) during the tasks are the main styles of cognitive scaffolding in Iranian mothers. ConclusionThe general pattern of the parent-child relationship in Iranian families, the emphasis of Iranian parents on excessive responsibility towards their children, their expectation of children to obey them, and excessive control over the learning processing of children can well explain the findings of this study. Also, the use of direct support as a dominant pattern of scaffolding in Iranian mothers can be attributed to historical events and what has happened to Iranian society. Iran has experienced much political and economic instability in its historical life and Iranian parents always have been concerned about their children in these historical instabilities. Therefore, in such a context, the direct support of the mother is justified. The use of direct support by Iranian mothers can also be attributed to structural changes in the Iranian postmodern family. Now the average family size in Iran is three, including a father, a mother, and one child. It seems that living in single-child families, can affect parental support and facilitate direct cognitive scaffolding. The results of this study can be used in cognitive development programs for Iranian children. The task dependence of parental cognitive scaffolding is a consideration that must be taken into account when interpreting the results of this study. What was described and interpreted in this study was the maternal scaffolding during the completion of an intellectual puzzle. Future research should investigate whether or not comparable results can be obtained when performing a task other than a jigsaw puzzle.

The Effectiveness of Integrated Intervention based on Motivational Interview and Metacognitive Skills on Academic Procrastination, Academic Resilience and Motivation for Academic Achievement in Students with a History of Truancy

Fatemeh Bagheri Hosein Abadi; Naser Yoosefi

Volume 30, Issue 2 , October 2023, Pages 281-302

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.39605.2769

Abstract

IntroductionToday, paying attention to the psychological, social, and educational status of students and supporting their growth and prosperity, is an important and fundamental issue in the field of education. Therefore, discovering and studying effective variables in the field of students 'problems ... Read More IntroductionToday, paying attention to the psychological, social, and educational status of students and supporting their growth and prosperity, is an important and fundamental issue in the field of education. Therefore, discovering and studying effective variables in the field of students 'problems and difficulties, in addition to gaining knowledge, can be a beacon for better-solving students' problems and the development of the educational system. School truancy is a problem that causes a decline in academic performance and an increase in the number of years of study for a large number of students every year and is considered an obstacle to their potential growth. Abandonment is not only an educational issue but also an important social problem that, in addition to its social and economic consequences, also has psychological consequences and can be a preface to adolescents' crime. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of an integrated intervention based on motivational interview and metacognitive skills on academic procrastination, academic resilience, and motivation for academic achievement in students with a history of Truancy of school. MethodThe method of the present study was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and quarterly follow-up with two experimental and control groups. The statistical population of the study included all male high school students with a history of truancy in Isfahan City. 30 students were selected by simple random sampling and replaced in experimental and control groups. Participants completed the Solomon and Roth Bloom Academic Procrastination Questionnaire, the Samoise Academic Equality Questionnaire, and the Hermans Academic Achievement Inventory Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). ResultsAfter adjusting the pretest, F calculated in all components of the research, there is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the two stages of posttest and follow-up (sig <0.05). As a result, the intervention in the experimental group was effective. Eta squared is between 0.23 and 0.65, which indicates the desirability of the intervention. The mean test scores in the post-test stage in academic procrastination (score) of its subscales are significantly reduced (sig <0.05). The mean scores of the experiment in academic resilience (total score) of its subscales have increased (sig <0.05) and the average scores of the experimental group in motivation for academic achievement. Academic) (sig <0.05). The results showed that the integrated intervention based on motivational interview and metacognitive skills reduced academic procrastination and increased resilience and academic achievement motivation of students with a history of truancy in school. ConclusionThe present study showed that the combination of two interventions of motivational interview and metacognitive skills has a favorable effect.

Comparing the Level of Activity of Brain Structures of Reading, Writing and Speech Skills in People with Very High and Very Low Verbal Intelligence Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

zohre yarmohammadi; Abolghasem Yaghoobi; khosro Rashid; rasol kord noghabi

Volume 30, Issue 2 , October 2023, Pages 303-314

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.42648.2947

Abstract

IntroductionIn today's modern world where people tend to judge others by the way they speak, write, and understand words, verbal intelligence is very valuable. A literature review of 28 studies introduced the temporal cortex as the most dominant primary region for verbal intelligence. Dominant sub-regions ... Read More IntroductionIn today's modern world where people tend to judge others by the way they speak, write, and understand words, verbal intelligence is very valuable. A literature review of 28 studies introduced the temporal cortex as the most dominant primary region for verbal intelligence. Dominant sub-regions in both the temporal and frontal cortex are critical for language processing, speech control, and speech production. Also, the temporal cortex was recognized as an important area for verbal intelligence. Since then, the neuroscience of the skills of this intelligence has been considered an important issue for psychologists and neurologists, and few studies have investigated the neuroscience of this intelligence based on its skills, and the studies have been carried out in a scattered manner. Among the research conducted on this topic, we can mention the examination of speech, writing, and reading skills. MethodThis research was among case studies. The statistical population of the present study was composed of 45 male and female volunteers aged 18 years and older who were referred to the National Brain Mapping Laboratory in Tehran in 2019, and among them, two subjects were selected in a targeted manner using the developmental assessment scale of multiple intelligences. Multiple intelligences developmental assessment scales were selected. ResultsThe findings from data processing showed that performing the reading task was associated with the activity of the frontal and prefrontal areas as well as the temporal and fusiform gyri. Findings related to the writing task also showed that doing the task was associated with the activity of the Temporal, and Prefrontal areas, especially the inferior and middle frontal gyri. Also, the findings from data processing related to the speech task showed that the frontal and temporal regions as well as the precentral and postcentral gyrus were associated with the activity. Diagram 3 shows that the activity level of brain regions in a subject with very high intelligence is higher in all regions except for the fusiform gyrus. DiscussionThis study, like other studies, was accompanied by limitations, for example, the limitation in the number of subjects due to the high cost of fMRI and the time limit of assignments. Therefore, it is suggest to conduct research in a larger sample for better generalizability.

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Behavioral Activation Therapy and Metacognitive Therapy on Job Burnout of Mashhad Legal Medicine Employees

Zohreh Honarvar; Mohsen Doustkam; Hasan Toozandehjani

Volume 30, Issue 2 , October 2023, Pages 315-330

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.40956.2862

Abstract

Introduction The prerequisite for the development of any organization is to have healthy and efficient human resources. Numerous factors are effective in creating the physical and mental health of employees of an organization as well as their efficiency, the most important of which is the cause of burnout. ... Read More Introduction The prerequisite for the development of any organization is to have healthy and efficient human resources. Numerous factors are effective in creating the physical and mental health of employees of an organization as well as their efficiency, the most important of which is the cause of burnout. Burnout typically begins with abnormal reactions to conflict, failure, and job stress, and finally, it impairs individual performance. Jobs that have more stress and responsibilities are more exposed to it. Due to the fundamental and decisive role of Legal Medicine in appeal court cases, and also in dealing with annoying issues and crime scenes, Legal Medicine employees face a lot of stress in their careers. The organizational consequences of job burnout include reduced productivity and increased health costs. According to the mentioned materials and considering the importance of the subject of burnout in Legal Medical workers and the injuries affected by it, the need for further investigation and research was observed to reduce its harmful and destructive effects. The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of behavioral activation therapy and metacognitive therapy on job burnout of Legal Medicine employees. Method This quasi-experimental study was conducted with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with a control group of Mashhad Legal Medicine employees in 1399. Using the available sampling method after initial evaluation and fulfillment of research conditions, 45 people were selected and were randomly assigned to three groups. The first group received behavioral activation therapy the second group received metacognitive therapy and the third group was placed on the waiting list as a control group. To collect information, Meslach burn was used. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated by the method of Cronbach's alpha, and its value was obtained above 0.7 for all three items of the questionnaire. Likewise, content validity was used to test the validity of the questionnaire, for which the questionnaires were approved by the relevant expert. Results Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to analyze the data. According to the F calculated at the level of 0.05, both treatments were effective in the index of job burnout. The results showed that behavioral activation therapy and metacognitive therapy led to changes in job burnout and its subscales, and in subscales of exhaustion emotional and personal accomplishment decrease, metacognitive therapy had better results than behavioral activation therapy. Discussion The results indicate that behavioral activation therapy and metacognitive therapy are significantly effective in the field of mental health of Legal Medicine employees and the importance of psychological care in the workplace becomes more apparent.

The Effectiveness of Integrative Intervention of Conjoint Sex Therapy and Satir relational model on Self-esteem and Marital Intimacy of Couples with Sexual Dissatisfaction

Fatemeh Torkashvand; hossein davudi; davood taghvaei

Volume 30, Issue 2 , October 2023, Pages 331-350

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43040.2961

Abstract

Introduction Sexual dissatisfaction is a reason for marital conflicts and stresses and ignoring it causes irreparable damages to marital and social relations of people. Psychological effects of unsolved sexual problems and its annoying difficulties make negative effects on other parts of couples' life ... Read More Introduction Sexual dissatisfaction is a reason for marital conflicts and stresses and ignoring it causes irreparable damages to marital and social relations of people. Psychological effects of unsolved sexual problems and its annoying difficulties make negative effects on other parts of couples' life and cause many dysfunctions on different aspects of the family structure. Methods The aim of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of integrative intervention of conjoint sex therapy and Satir Relational model on self-esteem and marital intimacy of couples with sexual dissatisfaction referred to Malayer counseling centers. The research design was quasi-experimental method with pre-test, post-test by experimental and control groups and a three months follow up. The statistical population consisted of all couples in Malayer who had sexual problems referred to counseling centers in 2021 and 2022, among them 20 couples who were dissatisfied in their sexual relation (getting the score of 25 to 50 from Hudson sexual satisfaction questionnaire) selected by available sampling. Then they assigned randomly in two experimental and control groups (10 couples for each group). The couples of both groups completed questionnaires of sexual self-esteem and marital intimacy. After that, the couples of experimental group (10 couples) were educated by integrating treatment of conjoint sex therapy and Satir relational model during 9 sessions, but control group not received any treatment. When intervention completed, the couples of both groups answered research questionnaires. Then the data were analyzed by Covariance analysis method. Results The results supported that integrating intervention by conjoint sex therapy and Satir relational model affected on self-esteem (sig=0/001) and marital intimacy (sig=0/001) of couples in the experimental group, so the difference between sexual satisfaction of couples in two groups were statistically meaningful. It means that the integrating intervention was effective (p<0/001). Discussion According to the results of this study, integrating intervention of conjoint sex therapy and Satir relational model affected on self-esteem and marital intimacy of couples with sexual dissatisfaction.

Integrating Technology in the Role-playing Teaching Method and its Effect on Cognitive Engagement and Academic Self-efficacy of Elementary Students

Khabat bahri; maryam pourjamshidi

Volume 30, Issue 2 , October 2023, Pages 351-368

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.40570.2835

Abstract

Introduction Education stakeholders are increasingly interested in finding effective ways to improve education and learning outcomes. Among the factors that have been found to be crucial to student success are their engagement and self-efficacy beliefs. These two factors are known to predict students' ... Read More Introduction Education stakeholders are increasingly interested in finding effective ways to improve education and learning outcomes. Among the factors that have been found to be crucial to student success are their engagement and self-efficacy beliefs. These two factors are known to predict students' learning and performance, both of which are influenced by various factors, including the teaching method used. Research in recent years has shown that effective teaching methods require the integration of technology to activate and improve learners' capabilities. The integration of technology in education has become a necessity in many educational systems worldwide. While educators recognize the benefits of educational technologies, the integration of technology into the curriculum is still complex and challenging for teachers. They often find it difficult to integrate technology effectively into the classroom and have questions about how technology integration can improve learners' performance. Method The present study aimed to investigate the integration of technology in teaching role-playing methods and its effect on cognitive engagement and academic self-efficacy of elementary students in experimental sciences. The study used an experimental design with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The sample included 60 sixth-grade students selected through a multi-stage cluster sampling method and randomly assigned to three groups: an integration of technology in role-playing, role-playing, and a lecture group.The data were collected using two questionnaires: the Tinio Academic Engagement Questionnaire (2009) and the Jinks and Morgan Academic Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (1999). Results The results showed that the integration of technology in the teaching method of role-play had a positive effect on students' cognitive engagement and academic self-efficacy compared to traditional role-playing and lecturing methods. Discussion Integrating film technology into role-playing methods for elementary school children provides the conditions for learning in which students can make their thinking processes more coherent and organized. The method helps children better receive and process information through visual, auditory, and motor channels. It also increases students' self-efficacy through social interactions that take place between them, their teacher, and peers, leading to a growth in students' sense of pride and competence in their achievements and abilities.In conclusion, it is recommended that teachers integrate technology such as film into their teaching methods to help students better engage with the subjects of the experimental sciences and increase their academic self-efficacy.

The Effectiveness of Integrative Acceptance and Commitment and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (ACT-CBT) on Reduction of Craving and relapse Prediction in Addicts Introducing Dezful Addiction Treatment Centers

Abdalkarim ghaneay; Masoud Shahbazi; Amin Koraei

Volume 30, Issue 2 , October 2023, Pages 369-392

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.40941.2858

Abstract

Introduction This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the combined treatment of acceptance and commitment and cognitive-behavioral (ACT-CBT) on the temptation to use and prevent relapse in addicts representing Dezful addiction treatment centers. Method The present study is a quasi-experimental ... Read More Introduction This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the combined treatment of acceptance and commitment and cognitive-behavioral (ACT-CBT) on the temptation to use and prevent relapse in addicts representing Dezful addiction treatment centers. Method The present study is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design and a control and follow-up group. The statistical population of this study included all self-reported addicts to Dezful addiction treatment centers. To conduct the research, the first two Dezful addiction treatment centers were selected and the research plan was justified for the managers of the centers, and they announced their readiness to cooperate in conducting the research. Using the random sampling method, 30 self-reported addicts of these centers (15 people in each center) were selected and after performing the pre-test, based on the obtained scores, into two homogeneous groups (15 people tested and 15 witnesses) were divided. Then a meeting was held to explain the goals of the research and to attract their participation and obtain their informed consent to participate in the research. Inclusion criteria include willingness and satisfaction to participate in the study, masculinity, no acute or chronic psychological and psychiatric disorders, non-participation in parallel treatment during the study, and exit criteria include non-cooperation, non-performance of homework provided In sessions and absences there were more than two sessions in treatment sessions. The experimental and control groups answered the tempting beliefs questionnaire and the return prediction scale in the pre-test stage. Then, the experimental group was trained by an experienced therapist (with 10 years of experience in training and treatment) in 10 sessions of 60 minutes (one session per week) based on the protocol of integrated cognitive-behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment. The control group did not receive any treatment during this period. At the end of the treatment sessions, the experimental and control groups answered the tempting beliefs questionnaire and the return prediction scale again in the post-test and follow-up stages (two months later). To analyze the data, in this research, the following statistical methods have been used using SPSS-20 software:1) Descriptive statistics such as frequency table and percentage and column chart, mean and standard deviation; 2) Inferential statistics including Leon test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, independent t-test and ANCOVA analysis of covariance. In addition, for all hypotheses, a significance level of a= 0.05 has been considered. Results The results showed that the combination of acceptance, commitment, and cognitive-behavioral therapy had a significant effect on reducing the temptation to use and preventing relapse (desire and likelihood of use) in self-reported addicts in the experimental group compared to the control group. These results also remained in the follow-up phase. Conclusion The results showed that the combination therapy of acceptance and cognitive-behavioral commitment is an effective strategy to reduce the temptation to use and prevent recurrence in self-reported addicts and can be used as an effective treatment.

The effectiveness of self-regulation training with body mass index interaction on weight control, executive functioning, and emotion regulation of overweight and obese adolescent

mohammad vatankhah; seyed musa kafi; Abbas Abolqasemi; Iraj Shakerinia

Volume 27, Issue 2 , November 2020, , Pages 89-110

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2020.32231.2480

Abstract

Abstract Due to the difficulty in emotion regulation and executive functions of obese adolescents, psychological interventions have a great importance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of self-regulation training on weight control, executive functions and emotion regulation ... Read More

The Effectiveness of Group Cognitive Therapy Based on Mindfulness in Reducing Anxiety and Depression in High School Students

M. Bayrami; Y. Movahedi; R. Mohammadzadigan; M. Movahedi; S. Vakili

Volume 20, Issue 2 , December 2013, , Pages 1-18

Abstract

Mindfulness in psychotherapy research has been conceptualized as an enhanced state of self-awareness thought to promote well-being. In this research, the effectiveness of group cognitive therapy based on mindfulness in reducing anxiety and depression in high school students was studied.This research ... Read More

The validation of King’s Spiritual Intelligence Scale (SISRI-24) among students at University of Isfahan

M. Raghib; A. Siadat; B. Hakiminya; J. Ahmadi

Volume 17, Issue 1 , June 2010, , Pages 141-164

Abstract

The purpose of this research was the validation of King’s Spiritual Intelligence Scale (SISRI-24) among students at university of Isfahan. Statistical population of the study was all students in academic year of 2008-2009, out of which 250 students were selected randomly. The research method was ... Read More

Considering the Mediating Role of Work-family Conflict in Relationship between Stress and Social Support, and Job Satisfaction and Family Satisfaction

F. Shenavar; K. Beshlideh; S.E. Hashemi; A. Naami

Volume 22, Issue 1 , June 2015, , Pages 111-132

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2015.11190

Abstract

The present study was conducted intending to take into account the mediating work-family conflict role in relation with stress and social support with job and family satisfaction. Study samples included 203 industrial factory personnel selected through convenience sampling in Ahvaz over 2014. In this ... Read More The present study was conducted intending to take into account the mediating work-family conflict role in relation with stress and social support with job and family satisfaction. Study samples included 203 industrial factory personnel selected through convenience sampling in Ahvaz over 2014. In this study, which is a descriptive endeavor of a correlational nature , participants filled in the job stress scale (Parkers & Decotis, 1983), the perceived organizational support survey (Eisenberger, et al., 1997), the job in general scale (Ironson, et al., 1989), the family stress questionnaire (Hennessy, 2005), the perceived social support-family scale (Procidano & Heller, 1983), the family satisfaction scale (Aryee, et al., 1999), and the work-family conflict scale (Carlson, et al., 2000). Structural equation modeling was used to assess the suggested pattern and the bootstrapping method was used to test the mediating effect and it was performed via AMOS. Structural equation modeling indices confirmed general study patterns. Among the relations, only the direct relation of job stress and perceived organizational support were deleted from pattern 1 (work-family conflict mediation). The fitting indices obtained showed that the corrected pattern was of good fitness. Results from the bootstrapping method and the confidence distance from it showed that the work-family conflict completely mediates between job stress and perceived organizational support with family satisfaction and family-work conflict is a partial mediator between family stress and perceived family support with job satisfaction. Thus, job stress and perceived organizational support affect family satisfaction only through work-family conflict, while in the family, family stress and perceived family support directly affect job satisfaction through family-work conflict. Therefore, organizations are not only able to manage conflicts generated between work and the family, but can satisfy personnel with the job itself and the family can apply suitable approaches to reduce their own personnel stress and increase their support.

Survey the Relationship between Personality Traits and Consumer Behavior:Brand Objective Persue on NOKIA Mobile Phone

M. Joodzadeh; M. Nadaf; A. Darziyan Azizi; S. E. Hashemi

Volume 22, Issue 1 , June 2015, , Pages 245-268

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2015.11201

Abstract

Brand is among invaluable intellectual asset for ventures impressing their function in the market. Orientation with the brand personality impetus over consumers behavior may assist managers in business and traders set up better plas establish influensive marks and signs outshowing consistent effects ... Read More

Effectiveness of Training Anger Management According to Cognitive Approach on the Impulsivity in Bully Male Students’

eghbal zarei; maryam mobbasser; shiringol karimpour

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 05 July 2022

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.40246.2806

Abstract

The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of training anger management according to cognitive approach on the impulsivity in bully male students’. it was a quasi-experimental study with pretest, posttest, control group and two-month follow-up design. The statistical population ... Read More

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The effect of self-hypnosis on attention and the pattern of electroencephalography in candidates for university entrance examination

Ehsan Shahsavari Shirazi; Manijeh Shehniyailagh; Alireza Hajiyakhchali

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 April 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.40788.2848

Abstract

IntroductionSelf-hypnosis is simply a focused state of mindfulness that allows one to make the most of their mental capacities and abilities. In a final analysis, self - hypnosis is practically a tool that can be used to make better use of skills or techniques of self - control. All forms of hypnosis ... Read More IntroductionSelf-hypnosis is simply a focused state of mindfulness that allows one to make the most of their mental capacities and abilities. In a final analysis, self - hypnosis is practically a tool that can be used to make better use of skills or techniques of self - control. All forms of hypnosis are actually self-hypnosis. Even in so-called hypnotic situations, it is the client who hypnotizes himself, another person, usually called a hypnotherapist, provides the right conditions and guides the client to the hypnotic trance. Self- hypnosis is a way in which people can focus on their mental content and use their imagination, mental imagery and thoughts to evoke certain emotions so that they can finally make changes in their behaviors and attitudes. In other words, in a state of hypnotic ecstasy, the person can change their inner world. Feelings, perceptions, and behaviors also change when a person is able to change their thoughts and their visual imagery that they normally engage with. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of self-hypnosis on attention and the pattern of electroencephalography in candidates for university entrance examination.MethodThe statistical population was all the clients who referred to the Mr. Karami counseling center in Shiraz, in 2019. The statistical sample consisted of 24 male students between 18 to 20 years old, who were selected from the counseling center using targeted sampling method. Then they were assigned into two groups of control (12 persons) and experimental group (12 persons) randomly. Research tools were Demographic Characteristics Questionnaire, Stroop Effect Test and Electroencephalography recorder. 10 self-hypnosis sessions for each subject in experimental group were done, over two weeks. During the interventions of experimental group, the control group was under the passage of time. In post-test, both groups were compared in terms of attention and Electroencephalographic patterns. The statistical data analysis was performed using the analysis of covariance at p < 0.05. SPSS software was used for data analysis.ResultsThe results of pre-test and post-test comparison showed that the effects of intervention on experimental group were significant. Therefore, it seems that self-hypnosis affects attention and the pattern of electroencephalography in candidates for university entrance examination. DiscussionDue to the effectiveness of self-hypnosis on attention and the pattern of electroencephalography in candidates for university entrance examination, self-hypnosis can be used in entrance exam preparation centers to improve the attention of candidates

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Educational Psychology

Examining the mediating role of academic resilience in the relationship between academic self-confidence and attitude towards the future career with academic engagement among the students of Ahvaz Azad University

sara Dibazar; Zeynab Sabouri; leila mirzaei; Raziye Saffarifard; zahra naghsh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.42056.2915

Abstract

Introduction Various factors are effective in the all-round growth and development of students, however, one of the factors that can play a very effective role in improving their academic performance is academic engagement in educational activities (Thomas and Allen, 2021; Jack, 2016) Bugby, Beck, Ferrier ... Read More Introduction Various factors are effective in the all-round growth and development of students, however, one of the factors that can play a very effective role in improving their academic performance is academic engagement in educational activities (Thomas and Allen, 2021; Jack, 2016) Bugby, Beck, Ferrier and Aria (2019). Various factors are effective in the occurrence of academic engagement in students, among which academic self-confidence can be mentioned. It can be said that the existence of self-confidence in students is related to their greater academic engagement (Geoffrey, Borella and Mamarella, 2017). In this regard, the existence of academic self-confidence can affect the attitude towards the future career and academic engagement in students. An important factor that Academic resilience affects both the academic self-confidence and the attitude towards the future career in students and leads to an increase in academic engagement in them. Considering the importance and basic role of students in the development of society and considering the various problems and issues that students face in the educational environment, it is felt necessary to plan to eliminate their lack of motivation and lack of self-confidence. In this way, the aim of the present study was to examine the fit of the mediator role model of academic resilience in the relationship between academic self-confidence and attitude towards the future career with academic engagement in the students of Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz.MethodThe method of the current research was a description of structural equation modeling; in which the relationship between the variables was investigated in the form of path analysis.The statistical population consisted of all the students of Ahvaz Islamic Azad University in the academic year 2018-2019. 202 students were selected as samples. Then, the research questionnaires were given to the subjects to answer. In this research, the following tools were used. Rio academic occupation questionnaires; Nouri, Jafari and Saadatmand's academic self-confidence; The attitude towards the career future of Hassanlou, Hassannejad and Khazaei Pool and Samuels' academic resilience were distributed among them. The evaluation of the proposed model was done using the path analysis method. Bootstrap test was used to measure indirect relationships.ResultsThe results of Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between all research variables at the level of p>0.01. In the path of academic self-confidence to academic engagement (β=0.066), which was not statistically significant at the level of p>0.05. The relationship was excluded, so this hypothesis was not confirmed. The path of attitude towards future career to academic engagement (β=0.185) which was statistically significant at p<0.01 level and this hypothesis was confirmed. In the path of academic self-confidence to academic resilience (β=0.301), which was statistically significant at the p<0.01 level, and this hypothesis was confirmed. In the path of attitude towards future career to academic resilience (β=0.492), which was statistically significant at the level of p<0.01, and this hypothesis was confirmed. In the path of academic resilience to academic engagement (β=0.350), which was statistically significant at the p<0.01 level, and this hypothesis was also confirmed.Discussion and conclusionThe results showed that all the direct paths except the path of academic self-confidence were significant with academic engagement. Indirect paths were also significant through academic resilience and academic engagement. Based on the results of this research, the proposed model has a good fit and is considered an important step in the direction of knowing the effective factors in students' academic engagement and motivation, considering that the presented conceptual model had a good fit, it can be considered as an innovation. and considered a new scientific finding that can be effective in the prevention and treatment of academic failure.

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Structural Equation Modeling of mindfulness with job burnout and well-being Mediated by job stress

Hesam Soleimani; Nasrin Arshadi; Kioumars Beshlideh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43128.2972

Abstract

IntroductionOne of the most valuable resources of an organization for achieving goals and getting progressed is human power; Therefore, it can be said that the mental health of the employees of an organization is of special importance. With increasing emphasis on the mental health of employees and improving ... Read More

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Health Psychology

Predict of Social Adjustment in the Elderly based on Distress Tolerance, Emotion Regulation and Perceived Social Support

Abdolbaset Mahmoudpour; Fatemeh Alkasir; soliman ahmadboukani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43200.2980

Abstract

Introduction: elderly has been a major issue for experts, policymakers, and even the general public in recent years. The aim of this study was to predict social adjustment in the elderly based on distress tolerance, emotion regulation and perceived social support.Methods: The statistical population of ... Read More Introduction: elderly has been a major issue for experts, policymakers, and even the general public in recent years. The aim of this study was to predict social adjustment in the elderly based on distress tolerance, emotion regulation and perceived social support.Methods: The statistical population of the present study was all the elderly in Ahvaz in the period of November 1400 to December 1400 in the age range of 57 to 74 years. Data were collected using the Bell Social Adjustment Questionnaire (1962), Simmons & Gahr (2005) Distress Tolerance, Gross & John Emotion Regulation (2003), and Social Support (Zimmet, 1988). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis).Results: The results showed that there is a direct relationship between anxiety tolerance, emotion regulation and perceived social support with social adjustment (p <0.05). The adjusted R square value was equal to 0.416, which showed that the variables of distress tolerance, emotion regulation, and perceived social support explained 41.6% of the variance of social adjustment. The findings of the present study indicate the importance of the variables of anxiety tolerance, emotion regulation and perceived social support in explaining social adjustment in the elderly. Discussion: Therefore, it is recommended to train for stress tolerance, emotion regulation, providing adequate support from family and important people in life, and developing the dimensions of adjustment in the elderly.Conclusion: Emotion regulation strategies, distress tolerance and perceived social support in the elderly can change their social adjustment capacity and thus affect their mental health. From a fundamental point of view, the research of the current research can be considered as a main factor in explaining social adaptation, and at the practical level, for more adaptation in the elderly, emotion regulation strategies, distress tolerance, and social support are considered.

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Educational Psychology

Systematic review of effective areas of educational-therapeutic interventions based on choice theory on individual behavior management

moslem amiri; Javad Mesrabadi; Abolfazl Farid; Siavash Sheikhalizadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43240.2981

Abstract

IntroductionBehavioral problems can be investigated in different areas of communication and each of the behavioral challenges in this of fields shows that it is necessary for psychological programs and interventions to pay attention to the optimal management of individual behavior in order to prevent ... Read More IntroductionBehavioral problems can be investigated in different areas of communication and each of the behavioral challenges in this of fields shows that it is necessary for psychological programs and interventions to pay attention to the optimal management of individual behavior in order to prevent and reduce existing harms. Therefore the aim of this study was to identify the effective domains of educational-therapeutic interventions based on choice theory on the management of individual behavior in previous studies and based on a systematic review.MethodSearch for research records was done using numerous internal electronic databases, using the keywords: choice theory, william glasser, reality therapy, group reality therapy, quality school or quality schools, glasser school or glasser schools, lead management, peaceful parenting, parenting based on choice theory and psychology of internal control. After extraction, the content of the articles was qualitatively evaluated with the PRISMA checklist and content analysis method was used to review the data. After searching and evaluating the studies, the final analysis was performed on 53 studies with 62 variables.ResultsResults showed that effective domains of educational-therapeutic interventions based on choice theory fall into 5 categories: emotional-mood disorders, destructive behavioral disorders, procrastination, interpersonal relationships and individual and social skills. Most of the primary researches conducted in this research in the field of behavior management from the perspective of selection theory, respectively, include the field of personal and social skills with 16 studies, the field of interpersonal relations with 15 studies, the field of emotional-mood disorders with 15 studies, and the field of destructive behavioral disorders. with 10 researches, and the field of meditation with 6 researches.DiscussionIn the general explanation of the findings, it can be said that the selection theory is regulated in such a way that it is useful and usable for therapists, counselors, teachers, trainers and other people involved in education and guidance people. Based on the teachings of this theory, people realize that acting on new, effective and responsible choices enables them to discover and experience a life full of healthy and harmless creativity. The results of this study can be used as a summary to clarify as much as possible the effective domains of choice theory on the management of individual behavior and a comprehensive map for conducting studies more coherently and with better quality for researchers in provide future research.In fact, the findings of the present study can be a summary of the studies done and these classes were considered as the result of re-analysis of the data with a different perspective. Therefore, the basics of choice theory can be used as educational and therapeutic interventions in the counseling centers of schools and universities, family and couple training workshops, organizational management and individual and clinical counseling in order to manage individual behavior and Used to improve interpersonal relationships.

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Exceptional Children Psychology

Comparison of the effectiveness of executive function training and play therapy on promoting the learning of mathematical concepts of students with learning disabilities

Fatemeh Khandani; Noorali Farrokhi; Abotaleb Saadati Shamir

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43271.2985

Abstract

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of executive function training and play therapy on promoting the learning of mathematical concepts of students with learning disabilities. Learning mathematics is one of the basic subjects related to learning science, which has been devoted ... Read More IntroductionThe aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of executive function training and play therapy on promoting the learning of mathematical concepts of students with learning disabilities. Learning mathematics is one of the basic subjects related to learning science, which has been devoted to many studies and theories. Students learn not only to calculate in mathematics. Rather, they learn how to reason and use it to solve their real life problems. Disruption in mathematical calculations is manifested in various ways, including difficulty in determining sizes or naming mathematical numbers, inability to count, compare, and mental and practical calculations. Children with math disorder have problems with math calculation or reasoning ability in math. Due to the difference in the definitions of learning disorder and also the difference in the attitudes and educational goals of these children, the prevalence estimate fluctuates from one to thirty. MethodThe present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical sample consisted of 45 third grade elementary students who were selected by available sampling method and were replaced in 3 groups of executive functions training, play therapy and control group. The research tool was Tabrizi Learning Disorder Checklist (2010) & the K-Matt mathematical test. Experiment participants were trained in 10 sessions of 90 minutes. The sample size examined in this research was 45 people. After implementing the questionnaire on the sample, using a pre-test-post-test experimental plan with a control group, 15 people were randomly placed in the control group, 15 people in the executive functions training method, and 15 people in the play therapy training method. In the pre-examination phase, the amount of arithmetic skill learning was measured using the mentioned questionnaires. Then the researcher used educational methods (executive functions and play therapy and common education) for the studied groups for 10 sessions. At the end of the training period (post-test), the researcher obtained the scores of the questionnaire for learning mathematical concepts and arithmetic skills from all three groups (executive functions, play therapy and control). ResultsFindings showed that there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of executive function training and play therapy on learning mathematical concepts (P <0.01). Also, there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of executive function training and play therapy on learning mathematical concepts (P <0.01).DiscussionThe results showed that both executive functions and play therapy interventions have beneficial effects on learning mathematical concepts of students with learning math. It can be concluded that there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of teaching executive functions and play therapy on learning mathematical concepts of students with mathematical learning disabilities. In other words, both group training of executive functions and play therapy are effective on learning mathematical concepts of students with mathematical learning disabilities.

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Comparing the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for rumination, psychological flexibility, resilience, and perceived stress among the women suffering from depression

Mona Isvand; Hosein Baghouli; Hojjat Allah Javidi; Majid Barzegar

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 05 September 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43311.2990

Abstract

Depression is one of the common disabling and recurring psychological disorders that causes obvious changes in the individual’s different biological, cognitive, nervous and emotional functions .The aim of the present study was to compare effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance ... Read More Depression is one of the common disabling and recurring psychological disorders that causes obvious changes in the individual’s different biological, cognitive, nervous and emotional functions .The aim of the present study was to compare effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for rumination, cognitive flexibility, resilience and perceived stress among the women suffering from depression in Andimeshk city. Depression is also considered as the second most common cognitive disorder and therefore it has attracted the attention of many researchers around the world. Among the existing physical and mental diseases, depression is considered one of the most important global issues and problems, which according to the definition of the World Health Organization is the most important mood disorders that include loss of interest, feelings of guilt and worthlessness, sleep and appetite disorders, It is accompanied by a decrease in energy, poor concentration, and a decrease in the patient's mood. Depression is also a common, costly and debilitating disease that imposes a heavy burden on global societies. MethodThe statistical population included all women referred to psychiatric clinics. 45 patients were randomly assigned into three groups (two experimental groups and one control group). Measuring research variables with the help of Nolen-Hoeksema and Morrow’s rumination questionnaire (1991), Dennis and Vanderwaal's (2010) cognitive flexibility, Connor and Davidson's (2003) resilience, and Cohen et al.'s (1983) perceived stress questionnaire were used. At first, after obtaining the necessary permits and coordination with the psychiatric clinics of the city, all women referred to the psychiatric clinics who were suspected of symptoms of depression were screened by a psychiatrist. The initial diagnosis was made by a psychiatrist, and then, to make the diagnosis more certain, the clinical interview of SKID 5 was conducted by the researcher. According to the criteria for entering the research, 30 patients who were willing to cooperate in the research were randomly assigned into two groups (an experimental group of 15 people each and a control group of 15 people). ResultsAnalysis was done using analysis of covariance, two-way variance analysis and repeated measures and Ben Ferroni’s follow up test. The results indicated that there was a significant difference between effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy compared to cognitive behavioral therapy for rumination; No difference was observed in the effectiveness of the two approaches for cognitive flexibility and perceived stress. The results of the present study indicated that there was no significant difference in the effectiveness of both treatment methods on the three variables of cognitive flexibility, resilience and perceived stress. There was a difference between the two treatments only in the variable of rumination, so that the effectiveness of the treatment based on acceptance and commitment was confirmed. Regarding cognitive behavioral therapy, no evidence was found to confirm its effectiveness.DiscussionBoth approaches can be considered as effective methods for reduction of the symptoms of depression; however it is necessary to evaluate and compare effectiveness of the two methods for depression related variables in different groups as well.

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Equivalence of performance analysis psychotherapy (FAP) and schema therapy on emotional experience towards spouse, forgiveness and gratitude of couples referring to Isfahan counseling centers

Marjan Torajizade; Mojtaba Mohammadi jalai Farahani; Davood Taghvaei

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 July 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43318.2991

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to compare performance analysis psychotherapy (FAP) and schema therapy on emotional experience towards spouse, forgiveness and gratitude of couples referring to counseling centers in Isfahan city. Family is a social institution that is formed from the marriage bond of ... Read More The aim of the present study was to compare performance analysis psychotherapy (FAP) and schema therapy on emotional experience towards spouse, forgiveness and gratitude of couples referring to counseling centers in Isfahan city. Family is a social institution that is formed from the marriage bond of a man and a woman. The health of married life implies the emotional and mental health of its people, which is also dependent on the continuity of the relationship between husband and wife. Marital relationship is the most intimate and special human relationship, the durability and quality of which requires having knowledge and emotional skills in it. Several studies show that the obvious and non-obvious behavioral and emotional exchanges of couples are one of the strongest predictors of marital quality and stability, and emotional experience in married life plays a prominent role in the durability or collapse of married life. MethodThe research method was semi-experimental and pre-test, post-test and follow-up with two experimental and control groups. The statistical population includes all couples in the age group of 25 to 45 years old in Isfahan city, who were selected by available sampling method, 30 couples (10 couples in the first test group, 10 couples in the second test group, and 10 couples in the control group) And for the first group, the performance analysis therapy experiment was presented during 8 sessions, and for the second group, the schema therapy experiment was also presented during 8 sessions. The data collection tools included the 6-question questionnaire of emotional experience towards the spouse of Brashaw (2009), the 15-question questionnaire of Bakhshash Ray et al. (2001) and the 6-question questionnaire of appreciation of McCullough et al. (2001). To analyze the data, the statistical method of analysis of variance with repeated measurements was used. ResultsThe results showed that there was no significant difference between the effect of the two psychotherapeutic methods of performance analysis and schema therapy on the emotional experience towards the spouse and spouse's gratitude, but there was a significant difference between the effect of the two psychotherapeutic methods of performance analysis and schema therapy on forgiveness. Therefore, the schema therapy method has been a more effective method than performance analysis psychotherapy in the use of forgiveness skills by couples in reducing marital conflicts.DiscussionIn fact, schema therapy emphasizes supporting couples from each other, opening emotions, and expressing them in a positive way, focusing on one's emotions and identifying them, expressing new experiences in married life and the emotions associated with it, forming new interactions in the relationship. Emphasis on taking care of the spouse, identifying negative interaction cycles, and eliminating them in married life helps the couple to rebuild their relationship with their spouse and in the light of a healthy and effective relationship, forgive each other and be more grateful.

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Educational Psychology

Multilevel analysis of the relationship of perception of teachers' diagnostic skills, challenging level of class, quality of teacher’s teaching and math study skills with math performance in ninth grade students

Arash Akhash; Askar Atash Afrouz; Manijeh Shehni Yailagh; Morteza Omidian

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 30 September 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43370.2995

Abstract

Most students are facing problems in learning mathematics. These problems are related to the math course itself or related to external factors affecting it. The problems that are related to the mathematics lesson itself are caused by the content, nature and abstract nature of this knowledge, and the ... Read More Most students are facing problems in learning mathematics. These problems are related to the math course itself or related to external factors affecting it. The problems that are related to the mathematics lesson itself are caused by the content, nature and abstract nature of this knowledge, and the problems that are related to external factors are either internal or external. The intrapersonal origin is related to the individual characteristics of students in mental processing, learning, motivation and attitude and the external-personal origin is related to issues that are affected by educational factors and the way teachers treat and teach. Therefore, the current research with the aim of "multilevel analysis of the relationship between the perception of the teacher's diagnostic skills, the challenging level of the class, the quality of the teacher's teaching and math study skills with math performance in ninth grade students" seems necessary.MethodThe research method was a correlational type, namely multilevel analysis. The statistical population of this research was all ninth grade male and female students of first secondary school in Kohgiluyeh city, in Iran, in the academic year of 1401-1402, among them, a sample of 1000 people (500 male and 500 female) was selected by multi-stage random sampling method. Gartner's Class Evaluation Questionnaire (2010), Gentry and Springer's Scale of Students' Perception of Classroom Activities (2002), Kyriakides et al.'s Teaching Quality Scale (2000), Hooper's Math Study Skills Scale (1993) and students' grades of the first semester of math lessons were used to measure the variables of the research. Data were analyzed using Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) method.ResultsThe results of multilevel analysis showed that variables of level 1 (math study skills) and level 2 (average math study skills of class, perception of teacher's diagnostic skills, challenging level of class and quality of teacher’s teaching) were positively and significantly predicting math performance of students. The interactions of level 2 variables (average math study skills of class, perception of teacher's diagnostic skills and the challenging level of the class) with the slope of the relationship between math study skills and math performance were significant. Also, the difference in math performance among classes and the difference between classes in terms of the slope of math study skills and math performance were significant.DiscussionBased on the multilevel analysis in this research, it can be concluded that paying attention to the improvement of students' math study skills and class variables (average class math study skills, perception of teacher's diagnostic skills, challenging level of class and quality of teacher’s teaching) will lead to the improvement of students' mathematical performance and their positive attitude towards this lesson.

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Clinical Psychology

-Modeling of Suicidal Ideation in Women Based on Perceived Stress and Self-Silencing with Mediating Role of Difficulties in Emotion Regulation

Ameneh Dashti; Yadollah Zargar

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43460.3002

Abstract

AbstractIntroduction: Suicidal ideation increases the risk of levels of suicidal behavior. Therefore, it is necessary to study this complex and multifactorial phenomenon in non-clinical samples, especially women. The aim of this study was to develop a structural model of suicidal ideation based on the ... Read More AbstractIntroduction: Suicidal ideation increases the risk of levels of suicidal behavior. Therefore, it is necessary to study this complex and multifactorial phenomenon in non-clinical samples, especially women. The aim of this study was to develop a structural model of suicidal ideation based on the components of perceived stress and self-silencing, considering the mediator role of difficulty in emotion regulation in women. Method: Based on this, using multi-stage random sampling method, 350 female students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz were selected as the sample. Participants completed the Beck Suicide Ideation Scale (BSI), the Perceived Stress Inventory (PSQ), the Self-Silencing Scale, and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (S-DERS) with full knowledge and satisfaction. Structural equation modeling (AMOS-22 software) was used to evaluate the assumed relationships in the model and analyze the collected data. Result: According to the research results, all direct and indirect paths embedded in the model were significant and had an acceptable fit (p<0.001). In this research, the χ2 (df) was estimated as 0.13, which indicates the fit of the model with the data. Also, GFI, AGFI, and CFI indices were obtained as 0.94, 0.90, and 0.95, respectively, which indicates the acceptable fit of the model. Among the fit indices of RMSEA is the basis of acceptance or rejection of a hypothesized model, which was obtained as 0.05. Also, according to the multivariable regression analysis, the R value was equal to 0.237, which means that 23% of the variance of suicidal ideation can be predicted and explained by difficulty in emotion regulation, perceived stress, and self-silencing.Conclusion: Designing a model of suicidal ideation made it possible to examine the role and influence of difficulty in emotion regulation, perceived stress and self-silencing. Based on the findings of the present study, difficulty in emotion regulation has a positive and significant relationship with suicidal ideation in women.Difficulty in emotion regulation is a type of emotional vulnerability that predicts suicidal ideation. The relationship between perceived stress and difficulty in regulating emotion was another finding that was confirmed in this study. A stressful situation is defined as a situation where the demands expected of a person are greater than his ability to adapt. In fact, when dealing with stress, a person focuses on the stressful and problematic situation and the awareness of his emotions decreases. On the other hand, limited access to effective emotion regulation strategies in conditions of intensified pressure and finally the ability of a person to manage his emotions decreases.Another assumed relationship of the proposed model in this research was the relationship between self- silencing and difficulty in emotion regulation. As expected, a direct relationship between self- silencing and difficulty in emotion regulation was confirmed. This means that the more self- silencing increases, the more difficult the emotion regulation process will be. The requirement of self- silencing is the suppression and denial of emotions, and this process is strengthened by ignoring oneself and giving priority to the desires, needs and emotions of others and getting attention and approval or maintaining relationships.These results mean that; Perceived stress, self-silencing, and difficulty in emotion regulating have a high predictive power for suicidal ideation in women. In addition, the findings suggest that predictor variables all predict a total of 23% variance of suicidal ideation.Key words: Suicidal Ideation, Perceived Stress, Self-silencing, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation, Structural Equation Modeling, Women

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Psychometrics scales

Investigating the psychometric adequacy of the Persian version of the Psychologically rich life Questionnaire in the student and general population

Mohsen Arbezi; Zahra Noorozi Ghader loo

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43440.3006

Abstract

IntroductionA psychologically rich life is other psychologically desirable life which has recently been conceptualized and introduced by experts in the field of well-being. Developing a psychologically rich life questionnaire is necessary to investigate psychologically rich life in Iranian society empirically. ... Read More IntroductionA psychologically rich life is other psychologically desirable life which has recently been conceptualized and introduced by experts in the field of well-being. Developing a psychologically rich life questionnaire is necessary to investigate psychologically rich life in Iranian society empirically. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Psychologically rich life Questionnaire (Oishi et al., 2019) in two general population groups and College students. For this purpose, two studies were conducted. The first study was conducted on the general population, and the second was on the student population.MethodIn the first study, 450 people from the general population of Shiraz were selected using the convenience sampling method; And they responded to Psychologically rich life questionnaires (Oishi et al., 2019), depression-short form (Beck et al., 1996) and meaning of life (Steger, 2010). In the second study, 220 students of Shiraz University who were studying in the academic year of 2019-2020; selected by convenience sampling method; and answered Psychologically rich life questionnaires (Oishi et al., 2019), flourishing scale (Diener et al., 2010), the scale of positive and negative feelings (Diener et al., 2010) and life satisfaction questionnaire (Diener et al., 1985). SPSS-16 and AMOS-21 statistical software analyzed data. The content, construct, convergent and divergent validity of the mentioned questionnaire were investigated using the opinions of educational and clinical psychology experts, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and correlation coefficients of Psychologically rich life components with related variables, respectively. In order to investigate the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used.ResultsExperts confirmed the representativeness of the questionnaire items to measure Psychologically rich life. In the first study, both types of exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used for construct validity. Exploratory factor analysis showed that the Persian version of the psychological rich life questionnaire consists of three factors under the headings of «new and various experiences», «unusual experiences», and «non-uniformity». Confirmatory factor analysis also confirmed the fit of the three-factor model with the data. Also, in this study, the logical relationship between the components of a psychologically rich life and related variables indicates this questionnaire's convergent and divergent validity. In the second study, confirmatory factor analysis showed that the three-factor model of a psychologically rich life is consistent with the data. In this study, the logical relationship between the components of a psychologically rich life with related variables indicates the convergent and divergent validity of the questionnaire. In both studies, Cronbach's alpha coefficient confirms the reliability of the questionnaire.ConclusionThe research findings show that the questionnaire mentioned has suitable psychometric indicators for measuring the Psychologically rich life of the general and student population; researchers can use it.

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Psychometrics scales

Validity and Reliability of Online Shopping Addiction Scale in Iranian Sample

Farzin Bagheri Sheykhangafshe; Zahra Khani; Hojjatollah Farahani; Parviz Azadfallah

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43512.3008

Abstract

IntroductionThe Internet is one of the most influential forms of mass media that created a great revolution at the global level. Today, most people spend their time on the Internet and use the Internet in various fields such as learning, playing, teaching, social communication, and shopping. In this ... Read More IntroductionThe Internet is one of the most influential forms of mass media that created a great revolution at the global level. Today, most people spend their time on the Internet and use the Internet in various fields such as learning, playing, teaching, social communication, and shopping. In this regard, the present study was conducted to investigate the psychometric properties of the online shopping addiction scale in an Iranian sample. MethodThis research was a descriptive-analytical evaluation study. The sample consisted of 500 women (404) and men (96) in Tehran in 2021 who were selected by the available sampling method and completed the online shopping addiction scale, Saving inventory questionnaire, and psychological well-being questionnaire. Psychometric properties of the online shopping addiction scale were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis, divergent validity, concurrent validity, Pearson correlation, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient in R software version 4.1 at a significance level of 0.05. Two translators fluent in English separately translated the questionnaire into Farsi. The prepared English versions were compared with the original version of the questionnaire, and with the cooperation of the group of translators, the Farsi version of the questionnaire was prepared and given to several people in different age groups. After identifying and solving the ambiguities in the questions, the final version of the questionnaire was prepared.ResultsAccording to the investigations, the average and standard deviation of the age of the research participants were 29.68 and 9.16, respectively. Based on the results obtained, the six-factor structure (Salience, Tolerance, Mood Modification, Withdrawal, Relapse, Conflict) of the online shopping addiction scale was assessed and validated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFI = 0.93, RMSEA = 0.07). To check the construct validity of the scale, we will first check its confirmatory factor analysis. The suitability of the test items for factor analysis was investigated using the correlation index of the score of each item with the corrected total score. In the study of concurrent and divergent criterion validity, the correlation of the online shopping addiction scale with the positive Saving inventory scale was significant. The relationship between online shopping addiction and psychological well-being was also negative and significant. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total score of the online shopping addiction scale was 0.93 and for its dimensions was 0.72 to 0.91.DiscussionThe results of the present study were similar to previous studies, showing the good validity of the tool. The findings of the present study showed that the Persian version of the online shopping addiction questionnaire in the Iranian sample has adequate validity and reliability. The existence of a high correlation with the storage behavior questionnaire as well as a high Cronbach's alpha for the subscales is also a confirmation that this questionnaire can be used effectively. Since less attention has been paid to the issue of online shopping addiction inside the country, by conducting extensive studies, we can see the validity of this scale as much as possible inside the country of Iran.

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Health Psychology

The effect of experiential avoidance on the symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder with the mediation of rumination and perceived vulnerability to infectious disease in the treatment staff of patients with Covid-19

afsaneh moradi; samireh karimi; elham hessami; Sara Yadollahi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43610.3021

Abstract

The effect of experiential avoidance on the symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder with the mediation of rumination and perceived vulnerability to infectious disease in the treatment staff of patients with Covid-19Abstract IntroductionThe emergence of the covid-19 disease in Wuhan, China and its ... Read More The effect of experiential avoidance on the symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder with the mediation of rumination and perceived vulnerability to infectious disease in the treatment staff of patients with Covid-19Abstract IntroductionThe emergence of the covid-19 disease in Wuhan, China and its spread throughout the world challenged the quality of life of people and especially the health care system and medical staff. Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and depression have been observed during the Covid-19 pandemic in nurses and employees of the departments related to the coronavirus, which are considered one of the most important elements of health care. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of experiential avoidance on the symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder with the mediation of mental rumination and perceived vulnerability to infectious disease in the treatment staff of patients with covid-19.MethodThe current research method is descriptive and the research design is correlational. The statistical population of the present study included the medical staff caring for patients with covid-19 working in Tehran hospitals in Khordad and Tir 1400. The sampling method was accessible. A total of 516 people completed the questionnaires and after removing the distorted answers, the sample size included 458 people. Research tools included Mississippi PTSD Citizen Scale kane et al, Perceived Vulnerability to Infectious Diseases Questionnaire Duncan et al, Nolen-Hoeksma Rumination Questionnaire and Band et al Acceptance and Act Questionnaire. The criteria for entering the research included informed consent and employment in the care work in one of the designated hospitals for Covid-19, and the criteria for exiting included the distortion of the submitted answer sheet. The online method was used to implement the questionnaires, in such a way that the link of the online questionnaire was placed in the working groups of the nurses of certain hospitals for Covid-19 so that they could answer the questions of the questionnaires if they wanted to. For the sample people, before answering the questionnaires, the objectives, the importance of conducting the research and the criteria for entering the research were explained and they were reassured about ethical points such as confidentiality of personal information, etc. Data analysis was done using Structural Equation Analysis by Amos version 24 and SPSS version 22 softwareResultsData analysis showed that experiential avoidance has an effect both directly (p<0.0001) and indirectly through mental rumination (p<0.0001) on the experience of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms. In other words, rumination plays a significant mediating role in the relationship between experiential avoidance and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms, but perceived vulnerability does not play such a role.ConclusionIn addition to practical and theoretical implications, research findings can be used as a useful model for providing psychological services to nurses to prevent Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms. Considering the direct and indirect effect of experiential avoidance on the experience of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms, by reducing experiential avoidance and rumination, the probability of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms can be reduced. It is suggested that in future researches, along with the main variables of the present study, important variables such as age, gender, socio-economic status, work experience, having a history of covid-19 disease or any other disease in the medical staff be studied as moderator variables.KeyWords: Experiential Avoidance, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Rumination, Perceived Vulnerability, Covid-19Acknowledgments: The researchers consider it necessary to appreciate all nurses and medical staff caring for patients with Covid-19 working in Tehran hospitals (such as Masih Deneshvari, Milad, Shariati, Luqman, Shohadaie Tajrish, Imam Khomeini, Imam Hossein) during the pandemic who had the utmost cooperation in this research.Financial resources: The implementation of this research did not conflict with any case, dimension, or organization of interest.Conflict of interest: This article has not been sponsored

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Health Psychology

Causal model of health-enhancing lifestyle based on core self-evaluations and spirituality in the work environment with the mediation of social intimacy, time perspective and self-control in veteran personnel of southern oil-rich regions.

Elahe Talavari; Parvin Ehteshamzadeh; Parviz Asgari; Farah Naderi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43640.3022

Abstract

The mental health of veterans is greatly influenced by their lifestyle. Lifestyle is a pattern of characteristics, behaviors, and habits specific to an individual, if defective they increase the risk of illness or accidents in veterans. The current study was to investigate the causal relationship model ... Read More The mental health of veterans is greatly influenced by their lifestyle. Lifestyle is a pattern of characteristics, behaviors, and habits specific to an individual, if defective they increase the risk of illness or accidents in veterans. The current study was to investigate the causal relationship model of lifestyle of health promotion with Core self-evaluations and spirituality in the work environment with the mediation of social intimacy, Time perspective and self-control in the personnel of Southern Oil Regions in the south. Complications and consequences of war are one of the most important psychological and psychiatry topics in the world, which have attracted the attention of relevant experts during different times. Among these, neurological and psychological complications are the most debilitating complications that have caused numerous problems for the people who were present in the war, for their families and the society. The effects of war remain in the wounded for years, and these effects leave significant damages on the individual and his family.MethodThe statistical population of this research included all the veterans of over 25% in working in the Southern Oil Regions Company in 1400, of which 182 people were selected by voluntary method. Gathering information using health-enhancing lifestyle questionnaires by Walker et al. (1987), social self-evaluations (CSES) (2003), spirituality in the workplace (Milliman et al. 2003), self-control by Tani et al. (2004), Time perspective-ZTPI (Zimbardo, 1999), social intimacy (Costa and McCrae, 1992).ResultsStructural equation analysis method was used to analyze the data. The results of data analysis showed that the causal model of the research had a good fit. All direct paths of personality self-evaluations and spirituality in the work environment with health promoting style were significant. The direct paths of mediated social intimacy, time perspective and self-control were also significant with health promotion style. There is a causal relationship between core self-evaluation and the health-promoting lifestyle of veteran employees through social intimacy: The available results indicate that there is a causal relationship between core self-evaluation and the health-promoting lifestyle of veteran employees through social intimacy. Core self-evaluation provides resources that activate beliefs such as self-efficacy and self-esteem in the individual. If veterans have such high self-evaluations, they are more directed towards close interactions with the community and extensive social support. form and participate more in group activities, this can guide them in choosing a social and healthier lifestyle.DiscussionAlso, social intimacy, time perspective and self-control cannot mediate the causal relationship between time perspective and spirituality in the work environment with health promoting style in a significantly way (p<0.001). According to the findings of the research, it can be concluded that the veterans who are in the company of oil-rich areas, despite the unpleasant incidents they experienced and suffered injuries because of it, but these potentially stressful conditions, their lifestyle and health. Has not caused serious damage. This immunity of their lifestyle depends on their evaluations and cognitive attitudes and the spirituality and relationships of the work environment and the organization in which they are active, so that on the one hand, the central self-evaluation of the veterans believes in them. It provides them with the ability and being equipped with psychological tools, and on the other hand, this belief and cognitive and psychological equipment is strengthened by the work environment.

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Social Pathology

Comparison of the effectiveness of self-determination skills training and Islamic quality of life on perceived social support and psychological well-being

Elham Tavasli; Tayebeh Sharifi; Reza Ahmadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 26 September 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43647.3024

Abstract

Background: Today, psychologists have come to the conclusion that treatment without considering spirituality will not be effective. But it should be noted that for people who have understood religion and its position, acquiring spirituality is achieved more reliably through religion. Divine religions, ... Read More Background: Today, psychologists have come to the conclusion that treatment without considering spirituality will not be effective. But it should be noted that for people who have understood religion and its position, acquiring spirituality is achieved more reliably through religion. Divine religions, especially Islam, provide practical recommendations for human connection with the infinite being in every way. Man's relationship with God is at the peak of spirituality and in this way, spiritual experiences and indescribable pleasures are obtained. The purpose of this research was to compare the effectiveness of self-determination skills training and Islamic quality of life training on perceived social support and psychological well-being of primary caregivers of chronic mental patients in Borujen city. Material & Method: This research was an applied research and in terms of method, it was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test-follow-up plan and a control group. The statistical population included all the main caregivers of chronic mental patients in Borujen city, under the supervision of welfare and rehabilitation centers of Borujen city, whose number is 550 people. In this research, 60 primary caregivers of chronic mental patients were selected using available sampling method and then randomly assigned to two experimental groups (self-determination skills training and Islamic quality of life training) and a control group. In order to carry out the research in the first stage, the necessary coordination was made with the General Welfare Department of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. The necessary permission to implement the program, i.e. the self-determination skills training program and the Islamic quality training program and the implementation of two questionnaires including perceived social support and psychological well-being, was received; Then, in the pre-test phase, questionnaires of perceived social support and psychological well-being were administered to all three groups, then in a three-month intervention for 19 90-minute sessions of an experimental group, a training package of self-determination skills (Field & Hoffman, 2012) and training Islamic quality of life (Seifi et al., 2015), and after the interventions, the participants of all three groups answered questionnaires of perceived social support and psychological well-being (post-test). Finally, after two months, the aforementioned questionnaires were collected from the research participants. mResearch tools included multidimensional scale of perceived social support and Psychological Well-Being Scales. Data analysis was done with the method of analysis of variance with repeated measurements using SPSS-22 software. Results: The results showed that the effectiveness of self-determination skills training and Islamic quality of life group training on increasing perceived social support was significant (P<0.05) and the effect size was 0.66, respectively, and the effectiveness of Islamic quality of life group training was more than training was self-determination skills. Also, the effectiveness of self-determination skills training and Islamic quality training on increasing psychological well-being was significant (P<0.05) and the effect size was 0.12, respectively, and the effectiveness of Islamic life quality training was more than self-determination skills training. Conclusion: The group method of teaching self-determination skills and the quality of Islamic life have a significant effect on the level of perceived social support and psychological well-being. Teaching self-determination skills and Islamic quality of life increased perceived social support and psychological well-being of caregivers of chronic neurological and mental patients. Also, the effectiveness of Islamic quality of life training on perceived social support and psychological well-being has been higher than the effectiveness of self-determination skills training.

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Effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy on difficulty coefficient, life expectancy and emotional processing of adolescents with self-injury background

Marziyeh Firouzeh; ساره Ehsani; Majid Barzegar; Morteza Moradi Doliskani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 July 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43712.3027

Abstract

IntroductionAdolescence is an important period of human development that is associated with neurological, hormonal, physiological and social changes. During this period, teenagers cope with many stressful factors. Self-injurious behaviors appear in different ways. He has divided self-injurious behaviors ... Read More IntroductionAdolescence is an important period of human development that is associated with neurological, hormonal, physiological and social changes. During this period, teenagers cope with many stressful factors. Self-injurious behaviors appear in different ways. He has divided self-injurious behaviors into three categories: 1- severe self-injurious behaviors that are observed in mental patients and because of which a person causes serious damage to his own body tissue, such as cutting off a limb from the body. 2- stereotyped (involuntary) self-harming behaviors that are observed in mentally retarded, autism or Tourette syndrome. In such a situation, the person involuntarily and repeatedly hits himself (such as banging his head against the wall). 3- Self-harm behaviors are the most common type and are done under the influence of fashion or other factors: such as scratching and cutting the skin, picking wounds., nail biting, cosmetic surgery, and skin carving. One of the most common problems among teenagers today is self-injurious behavior, which is found to a large extent in all cultures. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy on the coefficient of difficulty, life expectancy and emotional processing of adolescents with self-harm. MethodThe research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test design with experimental and control groups. The statistical population of the research included all female students of the second secondary level of Bushehr 2019-2020 academic year who had a history of self-injury. And the sample size includes 40 people, 20 people were randomly placed and selected in the experimental group and 20 people in the control group. The experimental group underwent dialectical behavior therapy intervention, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The research tools were self-injurious behavior questionnaire (Sanson et al., 1998), response to difficulty profile (Stoltz, 1997), Miller Hope Scale (1986) and emotional processing questionnaire (Baker et al., 2010). ResultsThe results showed that the intervention has increased the difficulty coefficient, life expectancy and reduced maladaptive emotional processing in adolescents (p<0.05). Also, the research findings indicated that dialectical behavior therapy is an effective method in emotional processing (p<0.001). It shows the results of univariate analysis of covariance to investigate the effect of the independent variable on each of the dependent variables. The F value obtained for all dependent variables is significant at the P<0.05 level; Therefore, it can be said that dialectical behavior therapy influences emotional processing variables, difficulty coefficient and life expectancy.DiscussionAccording to the results of the research, this intervention can be used to improve the difficulty factor, life expectancy and emotional processing of adolescents with self-injury, along with other therapeutic interventions. Also, the focus of dialectical behavior therapy on mindfulness, which is done to observe and describe events non-judgmentally, and awareness and alertness focused on the present moment, leads to the natural development of distress tolerance, and the person learns to deal with emotions without evaluating and trying to change or control them and without arousal. or experience distress and thereby learned the skill of coping with adverse events, which leads to an increase in the level of difficulty in facing adverse and stimulating life events.

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Educational Psychology

The effectiveness of teaching based on the brain-centered approach on the motivation to learn physics

Nasrin Taheri Asghari; Shahram vahedi; Davoud Tahmasebzadeh sheikhlar; Kiumars Taghipour; Hasan Sabourimoghaddam

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 17 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43730.3031

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to measure the effectiveness of the brain-centered teaching approach on the motivation to learn physics among second year high school students. In this semi-experimental study, a pre-test-post-test design with a control group was used. The statistical population included ... Read More The purpose of this study is to measure the effectiveness of the brain-centered teaching approach on the motivation to learn physics among second year high school students. In this semi-experimental study, a pre-test-post-test design with a control group was used. The statistical population included female students of the twelfth grade of the second year of secondary school in the city of Takestan, and 50 people were selected from among them as an available sample. The research tools included a questionnaire on learning motivation towards physics, daily writings and structured interviews of students. First, the subjects of both groups were pre-tested, then the subjects of the experimental group were tested for eight weeks with the help of the brain-based method, the subject of dynamics (Newton's laws). were trained, while the control group was subjected to common training at school. After the end of the intervention on the experimental group, the subjects of both groups were evaluated by the post-test. With the help of SPSS software, analysis Covariance and U Mann Whitney and kruskal- wallis H test were used for data analysis. The findings of this research showed that the students of the experimental group have more motivation to learn than the control group and we saw their significant superiority in the subscales of internal motivation, goal and self-efficacy, although there was a difference in the mean of the autonomy and job subscales, but this difference It was not statistically significant. Also, three motivational patterns were identified after the intervention. The first pattern of students' parallel motivation compared to before the implementation of the experimental plan, the second pattern of students' motivation becoming positive after the experimental intervention, and the third pattern of students' motivation becoming negative after the experimental intervention. Based on the findings of the present research, it can be concluded that by spending enough time, brain-based education can be used as an effective intervention to increase the motivation towards physics used by teachers and counselors.

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Developmental Psychology

Causal relationship of nature and character with internalized and externalized signs of adolescents with the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation

Sohaila Rajabi Marandian; marzieh talebzadeh; Hamdaleh Jairvand

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43950.3056

Abstract

The Causal relationship of Temperament and Character dimension with Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms via mediation of Cognitive Emotion Regulation in AdolescentsAbstractIntroduction: Emotional dysregulation and personality disorders are related to maladaptive behaviors in adolescence, which in ... Read More The Causal relationship of Temperament and Character dimension with Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms via mediation of Cognitive Emotion Regulation in AdolescentsAbstractIntroduction: Emotional dysregulation and personality disorders are related to maladaptive behaviors in adolescence, which in turn may be associated with an increased risk of psychological damage during life. Therefore, considering the importance of adolescence and the prevalence of behavioral problems in this period and the serious and obvious failure that this They create problems in the field of academic, social, communication and other important areas of a person's life in the present and future, determining the factors related to these problems is of particular importance, so the main problem of the current research is to investigate the role of mediators. It is the positive and negative strategies of cognitive regulation of emotion in relation to the nature and character of the personality and the emergence of internal and externalized symptoms of adolescent boys and girls in Andimeshk city.Method: This correlational research and the statistical population included male and female students of the second grade of high school in Andimshek city. The sample consisted of 326 people who were selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling method. To collect data, behavioral disorders questionnaire (Aschenbach et al. 2001), personality questionnaire (Cloninger et al., 1994) and cognitive emotion regulation strategies (Garnefski et al., 2001) were used.Results: The results showed that for both indirect paths, the effect of Temperament and character on Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms, was confirmed through the regulation of positive and negative emotions.Conclusion: Based on the findings of this research, it can be said that the positive and negative strategies of cognitive emotion regulation by affecting the nature and personality dimensions, cause the emergence or continuation of Internalizing and Externalizing behavioral problems in adolescents.Keywords: Temperament and character, Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms, cognitive emotion regulation , adolescent

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Educational Psychology

Expla ining moral reasoning based on person ality traits: studying the mediating role of mindfulness and individual values

amin sharifi; Masoud Fazilatpoor; Mahboobeh Fouladchang; farhad khormaei

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 28 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44020.3057

Abstract

Intro ductionOne of the important topics in the field of moral philosophy in psychological theories is the discussion of the role of reasoning in decision making. Moral development studies have emphasized the role and importance of internal and external factors on moral reasoning. This research was done ... Read More Intro ductionOne of the important topics in the field of moral philosophy in psychological theories is the discussion of the role of reasoning in decision making. Moral development studies have emphasized the role and importance of internal and external factors on moral reasoning. This research was done with the aim of presenting an explanatory model of moral reasoning based on personality traits. For this purpose, personality traits were considered as an exogenous variable, mindfulness variable as a mediator variable of the first level, value system as a mediator variable of the second level and moral reasoning variable as an endogenous variable.MethodThe method of this research was a correlational research in which personality traits were used as predictor variables and moral reasoning as a criterion (dependent) variable, and mindfulness and individual values were used as mediating variables. The research population included all students studying at Shiraz University in the academic year 1402-1401, from which 400 undergraduate, master's and doctoral students were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling. The data collection tool included the big five personality factor questionnaire, mindfulness questionnaire, personal values questionnaire and moral reasoning standard questionnaire, which was used after checking the reliability and validity. Data analysis was done using SPSS and AMOS software version 24 and PROCESS plugin version 4.2. In order to check the importance of indirect paths, the bootstrap method was used.ResultsThe findings indicated that among the big five factors of personality, the characteristics of agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness to experience have a positive and significant relationship with moral reasoning. Also, among the big five factors of personality, the characteristics of agreeableness, emotional stability and openness to experience showed a positive and significant relationship with mindfulness. In addition, the individual values of self-exaltation and self-enhancement along with mindfulness played a mediating role between the personality traits of emotional stability, openness to experience, agreeableness, and moral reasoning. DiscussionMoral reasoning can help a person to find the best solutions to deal with their duties and responsibilities. Also, openness to experience has the strongest relationship with moral reasoning. People who have a high degree of openness to experience may have a high degree moral reasoning and apply more in their behavior and consider more diverse points of view when making moral judgments and have more trust, kindness, altruism, and other general social behaviors, and they put fairness at the top of their work when judging or reasoning morally. and has a stronger argument. In addition, the more emotionally stable people are, the more they will have the power of mindfulness and become more aware of their thoughts, feelings and actions in the present moment. It has also been seen that people with a strong sense of self-superiority may prioritize their own interests over the interests of others, which can affect their moral reasoning.

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The effect of education based on positive psychology (perma model) on future orientation, time perspective and self-efficacy in female students

Seyydeh Razieh Zakarianzadeh; Qader zadeh Bagheri; Alireza Maredpour

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 July 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44034.3058

Abstract

One of the most important concerns of educational systems is improving the well-being and optimal performance of learners. Since different individual and social factors have an effect on well-being, mental health and optimal performance, effective intervention seems necessary to improve and promote them. ... Read More One of the most important concerns of educational systems is improving the well-being and optimal performance of learners. Since different individual and social factors have an effect on well-being, mental health and optimal performance, effective intervention seems necessary to improve and promote them. After entering high school, students face problems in social, family, emotional, health, academic, etc., and due to the symmetry of high school with adolescent crises, a person's ability to adapt to the surrounding environment decreases. Adolescents who have problems in adapting to the conditions and roles given to them in the educational environment as a social institution are likely to have problems in other aspects of life and education. By entering the middle school period, of course, the school and their teachers change, and the students also choose their field of study and start a new educational path, in which many problems are observed in these fields. For example, evidence suggests that high school students have difficulty controlling emotions, feeling effective, and planning for the future and its prospects.The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of education based on positive psychology (perma model) on future orientation, self-efficacy and time perspective of female students.MethodThe research method was a semi-experimental design using a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with a control group. In the present study, the experimental group was trained in perma pack, and the control group was on the waiting list. The statistical population was all female students of the second secondary school (11th grade) of Yasouj city in the academic year of 2021-2022. The sampling method was a multi-stage cluster and the tools used were Maggio et al.'s Future Orientation Questionnaire (2016), Morris Students' Self-Efficacy Scale (2001), and Zimbardo's Time Perspective Scale (1999). ResultsBased on the results of the research, the effect of the Perma model on future orientation in the Perma intervention group and the control group in the post-test is significant and positive; That is, education based on positive psychology leads to the improvement of future orientation and resilience in the post-exam. The findings also showed that the effect of Perma model training on students' self-efficacy in the post-test is significant; That is, education based on positive psychology leads to an increase in cognitive, motivational and metacognitive components of self-efficacy (P<0.05). Also, the findings showed that the effect of Perma model training on students' time perspective in the post-test and follow-up is not significant.DiscussionBased on the findings of the research, more attention should be paid to the processes of planning and implementing intervention and combining both positive and negative characteristics of human performance; Because training and practice based on positive psychology focused on awareness can be the basis for designing and implementing many interventions. Based on the results of the research, teaching the Perma model promotes future orientation and increases resilience in students; in a way that they are more hopeful and optimistic about achieving mental well-being and about the future. In addition, be positive towards achieving long-term goals and career, academic and personal success plans and develop and improve your abilities. Teaching the skills of positivity, optimism and positive emotion makes students hope for the future and strive to achieve goals instead of giving in to personal and environmental limitations.

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Social Pathology

A comparative study of emotional suppression, prosocial behavior and perceived competence in adolescents with and without childhood abuse experience.

Arezou Asghari; Haniyeh Mian Abadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 28 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44038.3059

Abstract

IntroductionChild abuse as one of the psycho-social problems is any physical, sexual, emotional and mental harm or exploitation and not taking care of the basic needs of people under the age of 18, which disrupts their performance in all aspects of life, and leads to harm such as Death, physical, sexual ... Read More IntroductionChild abuse as one of the psycho-social problems is any physical, sexual, emotional and mental harm or exploitation and not taking care of the basic needs of people under the age of 18, which disrupts their performance in all aspects of life, and leads to harm such as Death, physical, sexual injuries or emotional-psychological sufferings happen to him. The aim of this research was to compare emotional suppression, prosocial behavior and perceived competence in adolescents with and without experiencing childhood abuse.MethodsThis research was a descriptive study of causal-comparative studies. The studied population were all female students of the first and second grade of Gorgan city in the academic year 2022-2023. From the research community, 100 students (50 students with childhood abuse experience and 50 students without childhood abuse experience) were selected as a sample in a multi-stage cluster.Research toolsEmotional Suppression Questionnaire: This questionnaire has 84 items and 10 subscales, and is used to measure three different constructs including distress, self-control, and defensiveness. The reliability of the questionnaire in the present study was obtained by Cronbach's alpha method of 0.79. Prosocial Behavior Questionnaire: This questionnaire has 30 items and consists of seven subscales, which basically measure the two factors of empathy directed towards others and helping. The reliability of the questionnaire in the present study was obtained by Cronbach's alpha method of 0.93. Competency Perception Questionnaire: This questionnaire has 4 subscales and 27 questions in Likert format, which subscales are: behavioral competence, academic competence, social competence and physical competence. The reliability of the questionnaire in the present study was obtained by Cronbach's alpha method of 0.86. Child abuse self-report questionnaire: This questionnaire was prepared in 2000 and has 38 items that measure and evaluate a range of child abuse behavior. The reliability of the questionnaire in the present study was obtained by Cronbach's alpha method of 0.91.ResultsThe findings showed that the components of emotional suppression, prosocial behavior and perception of competence in adolescents with and without the experience of harassment have significant differences (p<0.05).ConclusionBased on this, it can be concluded that teenagers who have experienced harassment because they think the outside world is unsafe and have a negative view of themselves, others and the environment. In the components of emotional suppression, they obtained higher scores and in social behaviors and perception of competence, they obtained lower scores.

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Family Psychology

Modeling Emotional Divorce based on Metacognitive Beliefs in Divorce Applicants with the Mediation of Emotional Processing and Dysfunctional communication beliefs

Atefeh Zaker Esfahani; Mokhtar Arefi; Keivan Kakabaraee; Azita Chehri

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 27 September 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43970.3060

Abstract

Emotional divorce is a kind of separation, couples live together under the same roof but do not have love and tolerate each other. This research was conducted with the aim of modeling emotional divorce based on metacognitive beliefs in divorce applicants with the mediation of emotional processing and ... Read More Emotional divorce is a kind of separation, couples live together under the same roof but do not have love and tolerate each other. This research was conducted with the aim of modeling emotional divorce based on metacognitive beliefs in divorce applicants with the mediation of emotional processing and ineffective communication beliefs. The research method of this study is descriptive-correlation type; The statistical population of the research included all women and men applying for divorce who referred to clinics and family counseling centers in Isfahan city in 2021. In order to determine the sample size, based on Klein's (2010) point of view, in structural models, the sample size is at least 200 people and 226 men and women who referred were selected using available sampling method, and responded to the metacognitive beliefs questionnaires of Wells (1997) Gutman's emotional divorce (2008) Bakker et al.'s emotional processing (2010) Idelson and Epstein's dysfunctional communication beliefs(1981), and path analysis was used in the analyzed structural equations. The results showed that direct paths of metacognitive beliefs and relational beliefs to emotional divorce are 0.22 and 0.21, respectively, which is significant at the 0.01 level (P<0.01), while the direct path of processing Emotion is not significant to emotional divorce (P>0.05). Also, the direct paths of metacognitive beliefs to emotional processing and communication beliefs are equal to 0.61 and 0.53, respectively, and are significant at the 0.01 level (P<0.01). The total coefficient of the path of metacognitive beliefs to emotional divorce is equal to 0.34, of which 0.10 is the contribution of the indirect coefficient and is significant at the 0.05 level (P<0.05). The results of direct paths showed that metacognitive beliefs and relational beliefs are significant to emotional divorce (P<0.01), while the direct path of emotional processing to emotional divorce is not significant (P>0.05). Also, the indirect paths showed that marital communication beliefs and emotional processing could play a mediating role in the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and emotional divorce. The fit indices of the assumed model are at the optimal and good level, which indicates the good fit of the model. The normalized chi-square value (CMIN/DF) is equal to 3.44 and since it is less than 5, it indicates the desirability of the proposed model. In this way, the proposed model fits with the desired model and ineffective communication and emotional processing beliefs have been able to play a mediating role in the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and emotional divorce. It can be concluded that metacognitive beliefs can predict the emotional divorce of divorce applicants through marital communication beliefs and emotional processing.

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Effectiveness of Contextual Schema Therapy for Fear of Negative Evaluation and Fear of Positive Evaluation in Individuals with Social Anxiety Disorder: Single Subject Design

zahra emamzamani; Isaac Rahimian Boogar; Ali Mashhadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 July 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44088.3062

Abstract

IntroductionSocial anxiety disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by intense anxiety or fear of social situations in which a person may be evaluated by others. People with this disorder worry about receiving negative and positive evaluations from others and avoid situations where they may be evaluated. ... Read More IntroductionSocial anxiety disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by intense anxiety or fear of social situations in which a person may be evaluated by others. People with this disorder worry about receiving negative and positive evaluations from others and avoid situations where they may be evaluated. Social anxiety disorder is related to lower quality of life and more interpersonal, occupational, and academic problems. A high percentage of people with this disorder also report comorbid disorders such as other anxiety disorders, depression, and some personality disorders. Despite high prevalence and important consequences of social anxiety disorder, studies show that one-third of people with this disorder receive treatments. Social anxiety disorder, if not treated, can turn into a chronic disorder that leads to problems, destruction, and comorbid or subsequent disorders such as anxiety disorders and depression. Contextual schema therapy is an approach that integrates Young's schema therapy with the concepts of third-wave therapies and corrects coping, inner critic, and child modes and strengthens healthy adult mode. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of contextual schema therapy on the fear of negative evaluation and the fear of positive evaluation in people with social anxiety disorder. MethodThe present study was performed in the frame of an A-B single-subject design. The statistical population consisted of all the people with social anxiety disorder in Mashhad city, in 1400, out of which 12 people were selected by convenience sampling. The subjects received contextual schema therapy for 16 weekly sessions of 1 hour. The tools were used in the study included the Carleton et al. Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale-II and the Weeks et al. Fear of Positive Evaluation Scale. The data were analyzed using improvement percentage, reliable change index, non-overlapping effect size and visual analysis.ResultsThe reliable change index (1.96 <), the improvement percentage (25% <) and the non-overlapping data showed the significant effect of the intervention in reducing the fear of negative evaluation and the fear of positive evaluation of all subjects. The improvement percentage at the follow-up stage indicated that the treatment was effective in reducing the fear of negative evaluation and the fear of positive evaluation.DiscussionBased on the findings, contextual schema therapy by integrating the third wave approaches was effective in reducing the fear of negative evaluation and the fear of positive evaluation. Therefore, contextual schema therapy can be suggested as an effective treatment for social anxiety disorder.

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Health Psychology

Comparing the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment-based therapy and compassion-focused therapy on basic psychological needs, maladaptive magnification, and stress coping strategies in patients with lupus

mojtaba aghili; Zahra Poorbahman; Ensiyeh Babaee

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44152.3069

Abstract

IntroductionLupus is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly activates against the body's cells and causes damage to the body's tissues. The prevalence of lupus in women is about 9 times higher than in men. Usually, people between 15 and 45 years old get this disease. Symptoms of ... Read More IntroductionLupus is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly activates against the body's cells and causes damage to the body's tissues. The prevalence of lupus in women is about 9 times higher than in men. Usually, people between 15 and 45 years old get this disease. Symptoms of this disease include skin rashes, sensitivity to light, mouth ulcers, arthritis and fever. This disease, with alternating phases of recovery, exacerbation of clinical symptoms, and the involvement of almost all organs and tissues, which is sometimes irreversible, can affect various aspects of the patients' lives and mental and physical health and lead to a disruption in their quality of life.MethodsThe current research is semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and control group. The statistical population of the study was all the patients with lupus hospitalized in Ghaem and Razavi hospitals of Mashhad in 2022, using available sampling method, 45 people were selected as a sample and randomly divided into 3 groups of experiment 1 (admission-based treatment and commitment), experiment 2 (compassion-focused therapy) and the control group were included.Research toolsBasic Psychological Needs Questionnaire: This questionnaire was created by LaGuardia et al in 2000 and contains 21 questions graded on a 7-point Likert scale. The reliability coefficients obtained from the implementation of this questionnaire on the subjects' mother, father, romantic partner and friends were reported as 0.92, 0.92, 0.92 and 0.92 respectively. Incongruent Magnification Questionnaire: This questionnaire was created by Riskind et al in the year (2000) and consists of six display texts that respondents answer each item on a 5-point scale from 1 (not at all) to 5 (very much). they give. The reliability coefficient of this questionnaire in the study of Riskind et al. (2000) was obtained by Cronbach's alpha method of 0.84. Stress Coping Strategies Questionnaire: This questionnaire was created in 1990 by Endler & Parker in order to evaluate how people deal with their problems. This test has 48 statements and includes three coping styles, i.e. problem-oriented coping, emotion-oriented coping, and avoidant coping style. The reliability of the whole test is reported as 0.85 and its validity as 0.78. ResultsThe results of the research showed that therapy based on acceptance and commitment and therapy focused on compassion on basic psychological needs, maladaptive magnification and stress coping strategies are effective in patients with lupus (P<0.05). Also, compassion-focused therapy has more effectiveness on basic psychological needs, maladaptive magnification, and stress coping strategies in lupus patients.ConclusionBased on this, the results of the research indicate that treatment focused on compassion leads to the inhibition of automatic emotional reactions and the cultivation of a sense of human commonality in patients, leading to an increase in the feeling of satisfaction of basic psychological needs and a decrease in maladaptive magnification and stress coping strategies.

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Psychometrics scales

Design and validation of situational judgment test of critical social thinking of managers of Iran alloy steel company

Iman SHAKERI; Ali Mehdad; hadi farhadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44211.3072

Abstract

IntroductionGiven the changing nature of today’s workforce, it is becoming increasingly common, and at times even vital, for employees to be well-prepared for navigating complex social situations to fulfill everyday organizational demands. However, while effective interpersonal interactions are ... Read More IntroductionGiven the changing nature of today’s workforce, it is becoming increasingly common, and at times even vital, for employees to be well-prepared for navigating complex social situations to fulfill everyday organizational demands. However, while effective interpersonal interactions are clearly required in many occupations, an ongoing deficiency of critical interpersonal knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAOs) among employees has been widely recognized. The current study seeks to answer a critical call in the literature for better methods of assessing and developing employee interpersonal KSAOs, especially in terms of how to assess employee effectiveness in the application of these KSAOs to socially complex situations. Specifically, the current study develops and provides initial validity evidence for a situational judgment test (SJT) of critical social thinking, the underlying set of processes that put interpersonal KSAOs into practice.MethodThe present study was conducted within the framework of descriptive and correlation based psychometric design. The statistical population included all managers of the Iran Alloy Steel Company in the first half of 2022, of which 196 people (for exploratory factor analysis and reliability) and 210 separate people (for confirmatory factor analysis and convergent validity), who were selected by stratified sampling method. In order to design the situations and answer options of the scale, were used viewpoints of subject matter experts, and to analyze the data, reliability analysis, correlation methods, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used.ResultsIn otder to investigate the validity of situational judgment test of critical social thinking several method were used. The exploratory factor analysis with principal components method and varimax rotation, as expected, suggested a structure based on three subscales include "scanning", "appraising/assessing", "interpreting". Confirmatory factor analysis showed the researcher’s hypothesis that the structure is based on three components is confirmed. Also, convergent validity was confirmed by its correlation with the scores of critical social thinking in the assessment center. Evaluation of internal consistency of scale by Cronbach’s alpha method and correlation of each question whit total score, showed that questions of this scale have acceptable internal consistency. Discussionoverally, the study findings showed situational judgment test of critical social thinking is composed of three factors and acceptable validity and reliability. Consequently, it can be applied to measure critical social thinking of employees in complex organizational situations. This research has provided promising fields for studies that measure and develop critical social thinking in the workplace.Keywords: situational judgment test, critical social thinking, factor analysis, assessment center

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Qualitative study of the sexual problems of adolescents living in welfare boarding centers

shadi jazini; Fahimeh Namdarpour; abbas amanelahi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44239.3074

Abstract

Adolescence is one of the most critical stages of life. Homeless adolescents are not only more exposed to sexual harm than others but also miss educational opportunities using effective resources due to isolation and stressful events in their lives. Such adolescents are also more likely to experience ... Read More Adolescence is one of the most critical stages of life. Homeless adolescents are not only more exposed to sexual harm than others but also miss educational opportunities using effective resources due to isolation and stressful events in their lives. Such adolescents are also more likely to experience dysfunctional relationships with parents and other people and are also more exposed to trauma and other risk factors that increase the likelihood of unsafe sex. These behaviors include starting sexual intercourse at a young age, having more sexual partners, and insufficient use of contraceptive methods. Accordingly, the present study aimed to provide a qualitative analysis of the sexual problems of adolescents living in boarding welfare centers.MethodThe present study sought to analyze the sexual problems of adolescents living in boarding welfare centers using Colaizzi’s qualitative phenomenological approach. The participants were 15 adolescents who were selected using purposive sampling. The data from the adolescents was collected using semi-structured interviews that continued until data saturation. Each interview lasted about 45 to 60 minutes. The data were clustered into primary themes, subthemes, and main themes. The primary themes were extracted in the first stage. To this end, the themes and the statements from the first interview were extracted and labeled. The subthemes were extracted and categorized after labeling several interviews. At this stage, almost all categories were identified. The data from each interview were confirmed by the participant. After the completion of each interview, the recorded notes and statements were carefully reviewed immediately to ensure the credibility of the data. Moreover, the main codes and themes were examined in several meetings with subject-matter experts, and the validity of the findings was confirmed by the participants and the experts in the field.ResultsThe data were coded and analyzed in three stages. The results revealed 27 primary themes, 9 subthemes, and 3 main themes including sexual traumas, sexual misbehavior, and invalid sexual modeling. DiscussionThe findings showed that adolescents with sexual problems are engaged in sexual traumas, sexually wrong behaviors, and invalid sexual modeling. Thus, to improve the sexual health of adolescents, clear, specific, and practical educational intervention programs need to be formulated and implemented.

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Health Psychology

Designing a model for improving the quality of work life of Isfahan Mobarake Steel Company employees: a qualitative study

sayedhamidreza Shavaran; ahmad abedi; Bahar Rashidi; Seyed Hedayat Davarpanah

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44338.3083

Abstract

The quality of work life is a philosophy of management science, emphased on increasing the dignity of human and with the aim of psychological well-being and people's physical health in order to create opportunities for growth and development. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of work ... Read More The quality of work life is a philosophy of management science, emphased on increasing the dignity of human and with the aim of psychological well-being and people's physical health in order to create opportunities for growth and development. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of work life of steel industry employees in Iran, based on the qualitative method. In order to identify factors affecting the quality of life of steel industry employees and provide strategies and consequences. 18 employees, experts and managers of Mobarakeh Steel Company and 7 academic experts interviewed with the purposive sampling method and theoretical saturation criteria. The results showed that the causal factors affecting the quality of work life include 5 categories of personal issues, work-life balance and responsibilities, management issues, organizational justice, and the work environment. Effective strategies were presented for all categories. The results indicate that undoubtedly, paying attention to factors affecting the quality of life of workers will increase productivity and attract talented humans, reducing costs and increasing profitability. Also, identifying destructive factors leads managers to search for effective solutions.The quality of work life is a philosophy of management science, emphased on increasing the dignity of human and with the aim of psychological well-being and people's physical health in order to create opportunities for growth and development. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of work life of steel industry employees in Iran, based on the qualitative method. In order to identify factors affecting the quality of life of steel industry employees and provide strategies and consequences. 18 employees, experts and managers of Mobarakeh Steel Company and 7 academic experts interviewed with the purposive sampling method and theoretical saturation criteria. The results showed that the causal factors affecting the quality of work life include 5 categories of personal issues, work-life balance and responsibilities, management issues, organizational justice, and the work environment. Effective strategies were presented for all categories. The results indicate that undoubtedly, paying attention to factors affecting the quality of life of workers will increase productivity and attract talented humans, reducing costs and increasing profitability. Also, identifying destructive factors leads managers to search for effective solutions.

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Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Attributional Styles, Coping Strategies and Alexithymia of Divorce Applicant Couples

Mojtaba Sourian Reihanpour; Mahsa Kashefizadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44458.3088

Abstract

IntroductionDivorce reflects a flaw in different aspects of life and the dynamics of the family structure, and it is associated with higher levels of hostility in both women and men. Furthermore, divorce indicates the inability of the family which usually manifests itself in the form of unstable, dogmatic, ... Read More IntroductionDivorce reflects a flaw in different aspects of life and the dynamics of the family structure, and it is associated with higher levels of hostility in both women and men. Furthermore, divorce indicates the inability of the family which usually manifests itself in the form of unstable, dogmatic, or turbulent family patterns. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the group cognitive behavioral therapy on attributional styles, coping strategies, and alexithymia of divorced applicant couples in Eqlid city.MethodThis is a quasi-experimental study with three pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages with two experimental and control groups. From all divorced applicant couples referring to the Social Emergency Centers of Eqlid, 40 individuals were selected by the available sampling method and they were assigned to two experimental and control groups by completely random allocation. The participants of the experimental group underwent the group cognitive-behavioral therapy for 12 sessions over three months (one day a week and each session for 120 minutes). The Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ), Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WoCQ), and Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (FTAS-20) were used to collect data during pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages. Then, data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance.ResultsThe results showed that individuals in the experimental group in comparison to persons in the control group had significantly higher performance in all components of attributional styles (except seeking social support subscale), coping strategies, and alexithymia. Also, the effects of the group cognitive-behavioral therapy were stable until the four-month follow-up.DiscussionMental health professionals can apply these findings to promoting a couple's mental well-being and reducing marital conflict among couples in both clinical and non-clinical settings. Also, these results are useful for effective treatment and prevention goals by family and community psychologists who work with dysfunctional families and divorced applicant couples.

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Developmental Psychology

The Structural Model of Predicting Social Interest based on Attachment Styles with the Mediating Role of Forgiveness

Akram Esfahani; Hasan Heydari; zabih pirani; hossein davudi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 13 September 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44500.3095

Abstract

IntroductionHumans are social creatures and need to be together and cooperate with each other. According to Adler's theory of individual psychology, a person can function, participate, and cooperate properly in society only if he feels that he belongs to that society. There is an innate sense or social ... Read More IntroductionHumans are social creatures and need to be together and cooperate with each other. According to Adler's theory of individual psychology, a person can function, participate, and cooperate properly in society only if he feels that he belongs to that society. There is an innate sense or social interest in a human being that gradually appears during growth and development and helps him to live a healthy, successful life with others based on cooperation and empathy. Accordingly, social interest is a measure of health and weakness in it is a sign of psychological damage.This research was conducted with the aim of providing a structural model for predicting social interest based on attachment styles with the mediating role of forgiveness of women.MethodThe cross-sectional research method is correlational. The statistical population of the current study was made up of all the women who referred to Sarai Mahalat in Tehran in 2020-2021, and among them, 305 people were selected by single-stage cluster sampling method. In this research, the tools of social interest (Crandall, 1976), attachment styles (Hazen and Shaver, 1987), and forgiveness (Rai et al., 2001) were used, all of which had acceptable validity and reliability. To analyze the data, SPSS-V23 and Lisrel-V7.8 software were used.To respond to the research hypotheses, structural equation modeling was used. ResultsThe results showed that attachment styles have a direct effect on social interest in women. Attachment styles have an indirect effect on social interest in women with the mediating role of forgiveness. Based on the findings of the research, it can be said that forgiveness is one of the important processes that increase social interest either directly or indirectly by reducing the negative impact of factors such as insecure attachment styles.DiscussionAs a result, to increase social interest between spouses, while paying attention to their attachment style, it is necessary to strengthen forgiveness between them.Due to the fact that people with insecure avoidant attachment style are unable to share their thoughts and feelings with others, in fact, it can be said that the avoidant person's relationships with others are not stable, whereas a person with high social interest, He has certain ideas and beliefs in life, which are stable and manifested in interpersonal relationships, leading to stable relationships. Avoidant insecure attachment style has a negative relationship with low social interest. In the analysis of this relationship, it can be said that people with low social interest and avoidance both benefit from emotion-oriented coping methods.

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Educational Psychology

Examining the relationship between self-compassion and teachers' job burnout: the mediating role of resilience

Abolfazl Nejati mehr; Mohammad saeid Abdekhodaei; Abbas Firoozabadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 28 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44618.3105

Abstract

Introduction Teaching is a job with a high level of stress, and stress is a normal emotional response to threatening events; But when stress becomes chronic, it becomes traumatic. Finally, the stress of the teaching job leads to experiencing severe anxiety, decreasing job satisfaction, leaving the job, ... Read More Introduction Teaching is a job with a high level of stress, and stress is a normal emotional response to threatening events; But when stress becomes chronic, it becomes traumatic. Finally, the stress of the teaching job leads to experiencing severe anxiety, decreasing job satisfaction, leaving the job, and increasing burnout. Therefore, examining burnout and the factors that can affect its level and severity is of great importance. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between self-compassion and burnout of teachers with more than ten years of experience, considering the mediating role of resilience. Method In this research, which was conducted by correlation method and structural equation model, a sample size of 372 teachers (220 men and 152 women( with more than ten years of work experience was selected by a multi-stage random sampling method. For data collection, the Neff self-compassion Scale, The Connor & Davidson Resilience Scale and The Maslach Burnout Inventory were applied. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation method and structural equation modeling in SPSS-26 and AMOS-25 software. Results The findings of structural equation modeling showed that all paths are statistically significant. So that the direct effect of self-compassion on burnout (β=-0.27, p < 0.003) and its indirect effect through resilience (p < 0.001, β=-0.28) are statistically significant. Resilience also has a significant direct effect on burnout (p < 0.002, β = -0.43). Also, 42% of the variance of burnout can be explained based on self-compassion and resilience. Conclusion The findings showed that resilience plays a mediating role in the relationship between on self-compassion and burnout. There is a significant positive relationship between self-kindness, a sense of Common humanity and mindfulness with burnout, and there is a significant negative relationship between self-judgment, isolation, and over-identification with burnout. In explaining these findings, it should be stated that self-compassion originates from positive psychology, which believes that the level of psychological well-being should be improved through accepting abilities and improving them, so people who have high self-compassion, By taking serious care and attention to themselves and using compassionate guides, they help themselves to provide the means for their growth and development, which results in reducing negative mood and ultimately reducing the experience of burnout. With these interpretations, Self-compassion can be an important variable related to burnout, because it empowers a person to take control of the situation when faced with life's problems and hardships by influencing resilience.

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Family Psychology

The effectiveness of emotional schema therapy on sexual self-esteem, marital relationship quality, communication patterns and emotional dyslexia in conflicted couples referring to family counseling centers in Qom

Mahbobeh Abbasi Ghomi; Hasan Heydari; Mojtaba Mahamodi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44837.3120

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of emotion-oriented schema therapy and combined behavioral therapy on sexual self-esteem, quality of marital relationship, communication patterns and emotional narcissism in conflicting couples referred to counseling centers in Qom. The family is ... Read More The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of emotion-oriented schema therapy and combined behavioral therapy on sexual self-esteem, quality of marital relationship, communication patterns and emotional narcissism in conflicting couples referred to counseling centers in Qom. The family is the main core of every society and the center of maintaining people's health and mental health, and it is not the only place to meet the emotional, material, developmental and spiritual needs of its members, but the origin of human emotions and the center of the most intimate relationships and interactions. It is also interpersonal. The concept of family and the value of this social institution is considered as the basic work for every government and society, and every society, according to its values, first goes to the family to help its society from within. For this reason, the family is one of the first institutions that must change in society. Therefore, the foundation of the family is formed based on the marriage contract between the husband and wife so that they can experience a peaceful and happy life together, but unfortunately, abundant evidence indicates that couples in today's society Establishing and maintaining intimate and friendly relationships have severe and difficult problems. One of the common problems in couples' relationships that has attracted the attention of therapists is couples' conflicts. Conflict in relationships occurs when a person's behavior does not match the other person's expectations. All over the world, there is an increasing concern about increasing the level of marital conflict and its serious effect on the functioning and stability of the family. MethodSemi-experimental research method with pretest design - Post-test with two experimental groups and a control group and the statistical population, including all women with marital conflicts referred to counseling centers in Qom province in 2021. From this population, 21 couples were selected by sampling method and randomly divided into three groups: emotion-oriented schema therapy (7 couples), integrated behavior (7 couples) and control (7 couples). Both experimental groups received ten 60-minute training sessions. Subjects were examined before the intervention, at the end of the intervention, and at the follow-up stage for three months using the Toronto Alexithymia Questionnaire (1986), Schwartz (1996) Sexual Self-Esteem Questionnaire, the quality of subsequent marital relationships, et al. (1995), and Christ's age and relationship patterns. Salavi (1984) Assessing Assistance. The data were analyzed with the help of SPSS software and multivariate covariance analysis method. ResultsThe findings showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in sexual self-esteem, marital relationship quality, constructive communication patterns, and emotional ataxia in the post-test phase. The results showed that emotional schema therapy increased the results of three variables: self-esteem, quality of marital relationship, and mutual constructive communication, and decreased the three variables of withdrawal expectation, mutual communication, and emotional dyslexia. Emotional-centered couple therapy is effective on emotional apathy, relationship quality, sexual self-esteem, and communication patterns among conflicting couples. In explaining the above results, it can be said: the goal of couple therapy based on schema-emotional therapy is to change emotional patterns that are linked to communication problems.DiscussionTherefore, according to the research, it can be concluded that emotion-oriented schema therapy can increase sexual self-esteem, the quality of relationships and communication patterns, and reduce Alexithymia. In the model of emotional schemas, people differ from each other in terms of the interpretation and evaluations they make of their emotional experience, and they may try to deal with their emotions with different strategies such as experiential avoidance, ineffective cognitive strategies, social support, or other strategies. to deal with, which causes mental disorders and on the one hand, the formation of high conflicts between couples, but during the process of treatment with various techniques, including cognitive reconstruction, couples with problems are changed or adjusted, and this model is based on this principle. It is established that emotional disorders are caused by beliefs, interpretations and strategies used to deal with emotions. Therefore, interventions related to emotional schemas can be effective on marital satisfaction and marital problems, and subsequently reduce conflicts in couples.

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Clinical Psychology

The role of grandious and vulnerable narcissism in predicting self-presentation tactics in students

Mona Mohammadi; Mahnaz Mehrabizadeh Honarmand; Iran Davoudi; Saeid Afrozpour; Mehdi Soleimani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.40071.2794

Abstract

IntroductionIn recent years, studies in the field of narcissism have received increasing attention from researchers, but despite the growing interest in the concept of narcissism, there are many unanswered questions, especially about the nature of this structure. The present study aimed to investigate ... Read More IntroductionIn recent years, studies in the field of narcissism have received increasing attention from researchers, but despite the growing interest in the concept of narcissism, there are many unanswered questions, especially about the nature of this structure. The present study aimed to investigate the role of narcissistic narcissism and vulnerable narcissism in predicting self-presentation tactics in students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz.MethodDescriptive research method of conventional (focal) correlation and its statistical population is all graduate students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz who were studying in 1996-97 (N = 1500). After obtaining the necessary permits from Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, the questionnaires were distributed among the selected students based on multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software A total of 250 students were randomly selected based on the Cochran's formula according to the size of the population, in a multi-stage cluster method. Finally, by stratified random sampling method, the sample size was selected from the target population (n = 222). Collection tools included a pathological narcissism questionnaire (Pincus et al., 2009) and a scale of self-Presentation tactics(Tedeschi & Melburg, 1984).ResultsThe results showed that the linear combination of defensive and assertive self-presentation tactics can be predicted by the linear combination of predictor variables. Significance of the whole model showed that there is a significant relationship between the two variables of self-Presentation tactics and existential expression with grandius and vulnerable narcissism (P<0.005). Predictive variables explain 28% of the variance of the criterion variables. Overall, the findings showed that the types of narcissism (grandius and vulnerable) can be predicted based on the type and extent of using different types of self-presentation tactics (defensive and assertiveness). Of the two criterion variables, self- Presentation tactics are more important in the linear criterion variable. On the other hand, in the first function, among the predictor variables, the narcissistic narcissist has the largest share in the linear composition of its category. In other words, the first function of self-Presentation tactics is predicted by grandius narcissism.ConclusionAccording to the findings of the present study, It is suggested that clinical specialists pay special attention to the types of narcissism and the self-presentation tactics of clients with narcissistic personality disorder in order to know and understand more about these people. It is better for clinical psychologists (considering the existence of two types of narcissism) in their diagnostic interviews to pay attention to the narcissism of the vulnerable type and examine its symptoms in clients who are dissatisfied with their self-esteem or have problems in interpersonal relationships.

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Clinical Psychology

Looming style as a specific vulnerability factor for the symptoms of anxiety disorders: investigation of the triple vulnerability model

mahin etemadnia; parsa javanmard; Majid Mahmoud Alilou; Abbas Bakhshipour Roudsari; Mansour Bayrami

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.39731.2776

Abstract

IntroductionThe present study evaluated the triple vulnerability model for depression, general anxiety, and social phobia. Each level of the triple vulnerability model for each disorder was examined with looming vulnerability style as a disorder-specific psychological vulnerability for GAD and social ... Read More IntroductionThe present study evaluated the triple vulnerability model for depression, general anxiety, and social phobia. Each level of the triple vulnerability model for each disorder was examined with looming vulnerability style as a disorder-specific psychological vulnerability for GAD and social phobia.MethodThe method of the present study was descriptive-correlational. 370 students from Urmia universities were selected from which 340 students (177 men, 162 women) completed Neuroticism and Extraversion Subscales (Neo-FFI), Anxiety Control Questionnaire (ACQ-R), Looming Maladaptive Style Questionnaire (LMSQ-R), Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS), Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), and Albany Panic and Phobia Questionnaire (APPQ). ResultsThe results of path analysis indicated that neuroticism had significant direct effects on all three disorders, and holding neuroticism constant, extraversion was inversely associated with depression and social phobia. Perceived control was significantly associated with GAD only, holding neuroticism and extraversion constant. Of the disorder-specific psychological vulnerability, holding general vulnerability dimensions constant, looming vulnerability style was not specific predictor of GAD and social phobia. Based on the results reported in the first model of the study (general bio-vulnerability), the effect coefficients of all variables are significant at the level (p <0.01). In the second model (general psychological vulnerability), the coefficients of the effect of neuroticism and extraversion on all three variables are significant; However, the perceived control pathway coefficient is significant only on pervasive anxiety (p <0.01). In the third model of the research (specific vulnerability with the addition of near-risk perception style), the coefficients of the effect of neuroticism, extraversion and perceived control on all three variables are significant; However, after maintaining the effect of the dimensions of general vulnerability, namely neuroticism, extraversion, and perceived control, the coefficient of the near-risk perception pathway on social anxiety and depression is significant. The coefficients of neuroticism pathway on social anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder and depression are 0.44, 0.39 and 0.40, respectively (p <0.01). The coefficient of extraversion pathway on social anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder and depression was -0.36, -0.31 and -0.33, respectively (p <0.01). Perceived control path's coefficients on social anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder and depression were reported as -0.25, -0.30 and -0.28, respectively (p <0.01). The coefficient of near-risk perception style path's coefficient on social anxiety (0.26) is at the level of 0.01 and the pathway coefficient of near-risk perception style on depression (0.19) is at the level of 0.05; however, the coefficient of near-risk perception style on pervasive anxiety (0.11) is not significant.ConclusionThe results are discussed in regard to transdiagnostic models of the emotional disorders and the various roles of general and specific vulnerability dimensions in the onset, severity, and temporal course of psychopathology.

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Educational Psychology

The Relationship between Psychological Factors and Cyberbullying in Students: The Mediating Role of Problematic Internet Use

Sara Ebrahimi; Zeynab Laki

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.40330.2816

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of problematic Internet use in the relationship between cyberbullying & psychological factors. The method of the present study was descriptive-correlational. The study population consisted of all boy’s high school students in Tehran ... Read More

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Educational Psychology

Comparing the Effectiveness of Behavioral Activation and Schema Therapy on Reducing the Experiential Avoidance of Students with Academic Procrastination

Iman Farjaleh Chaabi:; Mahnaz Mehrabizadeh Honarmand; Naser Amini

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.42939.2952

Abstract

IntroductionHigher education in the health system is a fundamental element in the comprehensive development of the country and one of the most important social pillars that is responsible for training and providing efficient and committed human resources in the health sector. The most valuable result ... Read More IntroductionHigher education in the health system is a fundamental element in the comprehensive development of the country and one of the most important social pillars that is responsible for training and providing efficient and committed human resources in the health sector. The most valuable result of all training is the ability to get a person to do something when it needs to be done. Whether he likes it or not. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the effectiveness of behavioral activation therapy and schema therapy on reducing experiential avoidance in students with academic procrastination.MethodsThe research design was a pre-test-post-test experiment with a control group. The statistical population included students of the first semester of the academic year 2021-2022 of Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz. The first sample of the research included 152 students who were selected from among seven faculties by multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Then the selected people responded to Solomon and Rothblum’s Academic Procrastination Scale and those whose score was one score higher than the standard deviation were separated. Then 60 people were randomly selected from among them and placed in three groups of 20 people (two experimental groups and one control group). The experimental groups received behavioral activation and schema therapy, while the control group did not receive any intervention. In this research, Solomon and Rothblum’s Academic Procrastination Scale and Gámez et al. Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire were used to collect data. The data were analyzed using univariate covariance analysis (ANCOVA) and SPSS-25 software.ResultsThe results showed that both behavioral activation therapy and schema therapy are effective in reducing the experiential avoidance of students with academic procrastination (F=29.71, p<0.0001); However, the effectiveness of schema therapy was higher than behavioral activation therapy (p<0.002).ConclusionAccording to the results obtained in this research, it is suggested that early identification of students with academic procrastination and their timely treatment should be done to eliminate their experiential avoidance. According to the results obtained from this research, behavioral activation and schema therapy are recommended as useful treatments to help reduce the clinical symptoms of students with academic procrastination. Therefore, the student counseling departments of medical sciences universities of the country can use this treatment to reduce the clinical symptoms of procrastinators, especially to reduce the experiential avoidance of students with academic procrastination and reduce the consequences of procrastination in them. Based on the results of this research, schema therapy and behavioral activation therapy can be used to reduce the experiential avoidance of students with academic procrastination.

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Explaining the causal relationships between parenting styles and academic achievement of second grade high school students based on the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation

Shabnam Davari; Nasrin Bagheri

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43088.2975

Abstract

IntroductionAcademic achievement shows the degree of success of a person in achieving the specific goals of the educational environment, especially the school. Academic achievement describes to students, teachers, and their parents how well students have achieved their learning goals. It is also an important ... Read More IntroductionAcademic achievement shows the degree of success of a person in achieving the specific goals of the educational environment, especially the school. Academic achievement describes to students, teachers, and their parents how well students have achieved their learning goals. It is also an important criterion for making decisions and predicting the future of education and job opportunities of people. Family environment and parenting style of parents are among the important components that play an important role in the academic progress of students. Baumrind (1971) has classified parenting styles into three authoritative, authoritarian and permissive styles. Research supports the direct and indirect effects of parenting styles on academic achievement (Hayek et al., 2022; Amani, 2020). Some researchers have examined the relationship between emotions and outcomes related to the educational environment and academic achievement and support the relationship between emotional regulation and academic achievement (Albadarin, 2016).MethodThe present study was conducted by correlation method and Path analysis. The statistical population of the research consisted of all second-grade high school students studying in Private Schools in the 1st education region of Tehran in the year 2021-2022. 240 people were selected by multistage random sampling method. The participants answered the Academic Performance Questionnaire (Pham & Taylor, 1994), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski & Kraaij, 2006) and their parents answered Baumrind’s parenting Questionnaire (1973) individually during one session. ResultsThe results showed that the path coefficient between maladaptive strategies of cognitive regulation (p=0.001, β=0.208) and adaptive strategies of cognitive regulation (p=0.001, β=0.306) and academic achievement was significant. The direct path coefficient between permissive parenting style (p=0.001, β=0.221) and authoritative parenting style (p=0.001, β=0.303) was significant with academic achievement. The indirect effect coefficient between permissive parenting style and academic achievement with the mediation of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (p=0.045, β=0.028) and adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (p=0.001, β=0.073) was significant. Conclusion In explaining the findings, it can be said that parenting style explains the importance of educating and preparing children to achieve success. The findings of the present study showed that the structure and various compositions of the family are related to various effects on the growth process and personality of the children and create various parenting styles that affect the personality and academic performance of the children. Thus, cognitive emotion regulation strategies under the influence of parents' parenting styles can explain the academic progress of students.

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Educational Psychology

Designing a quality model for mother-child relationships based on the dimensions of wisdom and feeling of social-emotional loneliness with the mediation of the lack of pleasure in mothers of children with autism in Ahvaz

Leila Ghasemi; Sahar Safarzadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43257.2983

Abstract

IntroductionConsidering the course of world developments due to modernization and technological advancement, the 21st century man has undeniably witnessed many changes in the lifestyle and human relationships, which have caused many changes in the quality of life. Due to such changes, the type of interaction ... Read More IntroductionConsidering the course of world developments due to modernization and technological advancement, the 21st century man has undeniably witnessed many changes in the lifestyle and human relationships, which have caused many changes in the quality of life. Due to such changes, the type of interaction of people in the context of the family and sometimes in the society is not unaffected and it shows its effects in different ways. In recent years, more attention has been paid to the quality of parent-child relationships in the etiology of children's behavioral problems and morbid fears. In many researches, the psychological characteristics of the mother in causing the child's behavioral problems and disorders such as children's autism have been the focus of researchers. In this, the psychological characteristics of the mother, such as the relationship she has with the child and the lack of pleasure-seeking, play an important role. Therefore, this examination of the different dimensions and conditions of parent-child relationships in children with autism and autism is very necessary.The aim of this study was to design the quality of mother-child relationships based on the dimensions of wisdom and social-emotional loneliness strategies mediated by the lack of pleasure in mothers of children with autism in Ahvaz.MethodThe statistical population of the present study was all mothers with autistic children in Ahvaz and the sample consisted of 200 mothers with autistic children in Ahvaz, who were selected and tested by the available method of autism children's schools. The Structural Equations and Research Tools Research Project includes Quantum Mother-Child Quality Questionnaires (1994), Ardlett's Wise Three-Dimensional Questionnaire (2003), an abbreviated form of the Detomaso et al. and the Questionnaire of Lack of Pleasure by Senate et al. (1995). Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis were used to analyze the data.ResultsThe results showed that there is a direct relationship between cognitive, reflective and emotional dimension of wisdom and quality of mother-child relationships.There is a direct relationship between the feeling of romantic and social loneliness and the quality of mother-child relationships, but this direct relationship with family loneliness was not significant. There is also a direct relationship between cognitive dimension, wisdom reflection and lack of pleasure, but the direct relationship between emotional dimension of intelligence and lack of pleasure was not significant. There is a direct relationship between the feeling of family loneliness and the lack of pleasure, but this direct relationship was not significant with the feeling of romantic and social loneliness. At the same time, there is a significant direct relationship between lack of pleasure and quality of mother-child relationships. The results also found that there was an indirect relationship between cognitive dimension and reflexivity, sense of family loneliness, of mother-child relationships through mediated lack of pleasure. Also, during the research results, the suitability of the research model was confirmed.DiscussionAccording to the obtained results, it is suggested that the educational program and specialized workshops in the field of increasing the skills of parents' behavior with autistic children or increasing the feeling of pleasure-seeking should be organized by experienced psychologists in educational environments as well as schools. It is also suggested that by creating associations for autistic children and participating in the associations, steps should be taken towards supporting the minimum capabilities and getting familiar with other different behavioral characteristics in these children, and in this way, the level of dependence of the autistic child on the mother will be reduced and Based on the minimum ability seen in these children, a suitable productivity program of their time and life can be set and implemented.

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Clinical Psychology

Effectiveness of mindful parenting training on positive self-expression and mood of Female students with internalizing disorders

Houra Ebrahimi rad; ilnaz sajjadian

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43321.3014

Abstract

Introduction : Internalizing disorders are the most frequent among elementary school students and are often manifested due to irregularity in mood and emotions, and it affects children with weak self-expression more. Studies have shown that one of the most important causes of internalizing disorders ... Read More Introduction : Internalizing disorders are the most frequent among elementary school students and are often manifested due to irregularity in mood and emotions, and it affects children with weak self-expression more. Studies have shown that one of the most important causes of internalizing disorders in children is family factors, and in this way, it seems that mindful parenting education provides a framework for parents to correct ineffective parenting practices, provide appropriate feedback, and pay attention to parent-child relationships. to focus on the present time and with this method it improved the mood and positive self-expression in children. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of mindful parenting training on the positive self-expression and mood of students with internalizing disorders.Method: The research design was semi-experimental and pre-test and post-test with a control group and a one-month follow-up period. The statistical population consisted of all the female students of the second year of elementary school with internalizing disorders in Isfahan city in the academic year of 2018-2019 along with their mothers. From the mentioned society, 30 student-mothers were selected and randomly placed in two experimental and control groups. Mindful parenting training program was implemented for the experimental group during 8 sessions. The research tools were temperament scale (Malhotra, 1993), self-expression scale (Gambrill and Reggie, 1975) and child behavior checklist (Achenbach, 1991). For statistical analysis, SPSS software version 22 was used in this research to analyze the data, and the analysis of variance test with repeated measurements was used to test the hypotheses.Results: In the variables of positive self-expression and mood, the difference between the two experimental and control groups in the pre-test is insignificant. However, in the post-test and follow-up stage, the difference between the control group and the group of mindful parenting education is significant in positive self-expression and mood (p<0.05). The effect of parenting training in improving positive self-expression in the post-test and follow-up phase is equal to 18.7 and 21 percent, respectively, and in improving mood in the post-test phase is equal to 27.6 percent and in the follow-up phase is equal to 36 percent. According to the results, it can be concluded that mindful parenting training is effective on positive self-expression and mood of students with internalizing disorder, and the effects of training remain in the follow-up phase.Discussion: Therefore, in order to improve positive self-expression and mood of students with internalizing disorder, it is possible to benefit from mindful parenting training.

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Educational Psychology

The role of perceived teacher-working environment fit in social contextual burnout with the mediating role of proactive strategies in Zahedan teachers

rouhollah rahdar; maryam zare; mehdi rahimi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43462.3004

Abstract

IntroductionBurnout develops gradually as a result of extensive and prolonged work-related stress .This study aimed to obtain a better understanding of the relationship between the perceived fit between teachers and work environment with socio-contextual burnout through the mediating role of teachers' ... Read More IntroductionBurnout develops gradually as a result of extensive and prolonged work-related stress .This study aimed to obtain a better understanding of the relationship between the perceived fit between teachers and work environment with socio-contextual burnout through the mediating role of teachers' proactive strategies (self-regulatory and co-regulatory) in the academic year of 2021-22 .MethodThe present study was conducted using a correlational design and structural equation modeling. To this purpose, 386 teachers were selected from 36 girl and boy elementary, middle and high schools using multi-stage cluster sampling. To collect data, the Proactive Strategies Scale and the Socio-Contextual Teacher Burnout Inventory (STBI) and the role of perceived fit between teachers and work environment developed by Pietarinen et al. (2013) were used.ResultsFindings obtained from structural equations in Amos suggested that the perceived fit between teachers and work environment (received professional recognition and productive and capable work environment) negatively predicts socio-contextual teacher burnout in both models through the mediating role of self-regulation (-0.58) and co-regulation (-0.35) and the mediating role of self-regulation and co-regulation with burnout was (0.09) and (-0.28) respectively. On the other hand, the perceived fit between teachers and work environment significantly predicted teachers' proactive strategies (self-regulation (0.61) and co-regulation (0.65)).DiscussionResults suggested that proactive strategies are associated with a lower risk of experiencing socio-contextual burnout. This association lies in this fact that learning and using these strategies depends on the social interactions of schools where the teachers work. Therefore, they can potentially be promoted and stabilized. So, teachers can learn various strategies which help them reduce job burnout and create a more appropriate work environment.Keywords: Teachere-working environment fit; Proactive Strategies; Teachers' Socio-contextual Burnout; Zahedan Schools.Keywords: Teachere-working environment fit; Proactive Strategies; Teachers' Socio-contextual Burnout; Zahedan Schools.Keywords: Teachere-working environment fit; Proactive Strategies; Teachers' Socio-contextual Burnout; Zahedan Schools.

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Educational Psychology

Investigating the mediating role of academic flow in the relationship between intrinsic motivation and academic well-being

Mohsen Arbezi; Masoud Fazilatpoor

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43729.3030

Abstract

IntroductionAcademic well-being is one of the important constructs in educational psychology. Considering the importance of this structure, previous researchers have made efforts to identify its antecedents. Based on the theoretical foundations and previous research, motivational resources are needed ... Read More IntroductionAcademic well-being is one of the important constructs in educational psychology. Considering the importance of this structure, previous researchers have made efforts to identify its antecedents. Based on the theoretical foundations and previous research, motivational resources are needed for adaptive performance and progress-oriented behaviours in various fields, especially in the field of education. Among the types of motivation, intrinsic motivation is considered one of the adaptive types of motivation. Intrinsically motivated students study using internal reasons such as the enjoyment of learning, And they experience states of full attention and absorption while studying. The mentioned states are consistent with the experience of flow. Therefore, in the present study, it was assumed that intrinsic motivation can predict academic well-being directly and indirectly through academic flow. the present study was conducted to investigate the structural relationship between intrinsic motivation and academic well-being through the mediation of academic flow.MethodIn this study, 356 students (119 boys, 237 girls) of senior high school in Evaz city (located in the south of Fars province), who were studying in the academic year of 2022-2023, were selected by multi-stage random cluster sampling method; and they responded to the questionnaires of intrinsic motivation (Choi et al., 2010), academic flow (Martin & Jackson, 2008) and academic well-being (Tuominen-Soini et al., 2012). SPSS-16 and AMOS-24 statistical software were used for data analysis.ResultsThe proposed research model was tested using the maximum likelihood method, And the results of the research showed that intrinsic motivation predicts academic well-being directly (β= 0/42, p= 0/009) and indirectly (β=0/07, p= 0/015) through academic flow. Academic flow, in addition to the mediating role, directly (β=0/14, p= 0/012) predicts academic well-being.ConclusionThe findings of this research theoretically include new themes. In general, the results of the current research confirm the role of intrinsic motivation and academic flow as intrapersonal antecedents in facilitating the occurrence of students' academic well-being. The findings of the present research can be used as a basis for designing interventions based on the constructs of intrinsic motivation and academic flow to improve students' academic well-being.

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Clinical Psychology

Evaluation of the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy on emotional balance, psychological cohesion, and self-efficacy in fibromyalgia patients

Asieh Mazloom Ghaziani; Mryam Ghorbani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43773.3033

Abstract

Chronic pain is one of the important issues of global health that has huge economic and social effects. Extensive chronic pain syndromes have always been a big challenge for doctors and patients. One of the most common chronic pain syndromes is fibromyalgia syndrome. Fibromyalgia is known as a chronic, ... Read More Chronic pain is one of the important issues of global health that has huge economic and social effects. Extensive chronic pain syndromes have always been a big challenge for doctors and patients. One of the most common chronic pain syndromes is fibromyalgia syndrome. Fibromyalgia is known as a chronic, painful, and non-inflammatory syndrome that affects the musculoskeletal system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy on emotional balance, psychological cohesion, and self-efficacy in fibromyalgia patients. The research design was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest with a control group. MethodThe study population included fibromyalgia patients referred to Isfahan Medical Sciences Center in 2021. Of these, 24 patients were selected by available sampling method based on inclusion criteria and randomly assigned to two groups of 12 experimental and control. The experimental group participated in 90 minutes of 8 sessions of emotion therapy; But for the control group, no intervention was made. Data collection tools including three questionnaires of emotion balance Spin Diner (2010), Antonovsky's sense of inner cohesion (1993) and Scherer self-efficacy questionnaire (1982) answered. Research data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS software version 26. ResultsThe results of the main hypothesis of the study showed that emotion-oriented treatment has effectively increased positive feelings, feelings of psychological cohesion, self-efficacy in fibromyalgia patients in Isfahan (p<0.01). Also, the results of the first sub-hypothesis showed that emotion-oriented treatment has effectively increased the feeling of psychological cohesion in the dimensions of comprehensibility and manageability in fibromyalgia patients in Isfahan (p<0.05). Also, the results of the second sub-hypothesis showed that emotion-oriented treatment has effectively increased general self-efficacy in fibromyalgia patients in Isfahan (p<0.05). In explaining the results obtained in relation to the effectiveness of the treatment on the positive emotions of the patients, it can be said that feelings and emotions are an essential part of the dynamic system of human personality. The characteristics and changes of feelings and emotions and their interpretation play an important role in the development of personality organization, moral evolution, social relations, formation of identity and self-concept.DiscussionTherefore, according to the results, it is suggested that emotion-oriented therapy be used to increase positive bed bugs, psychological cohesion, and self-efficacy in fibromyalgia patients. Determining the effectiveness of emotional therapy on emotional balance, sense of inner coherence and self-efficacy in fibromyalgia patients in Isfahan city. Findings about the effectiveness of emotion-oriented therapy on the dependent variables of research in fibromyalgia patients in Isfahan city showed that emotion-oriented therapy has effectively increased positive feelings, feelings of psychological coherence, and self-efficacy in fibromyalgia patients in Isfahan city.

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Social Pathology

Prediction of suicidal thoughts in students based on indicators of personality excellence and difficulty in emotion regulation

Ali Pakizeh; sadegh hekmatiyan fard; Sara KheirAndish

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43786.3034

Abstract

Prediction of suicidal thoughts based on the indicators of personality transcendence and emotional regulation in college studentsIntroductionSuicide as a psychological-social trauma threatens different strata of the society specifically vulnerable groups such as young adolescent and the young. Besides, ... Read More Prediction of suicidal thoughts based on the indicators of personality transcendence and emotional regulation in college studentsIntroductionSuicide as a psychological-social trauma threatens different strata of the society specifically vulnerable groups such as young adolescent and the young. Besides, university students as the young group of the society are not safe from this trauma due to the environmental factors including educational problems and failure, unemployment and financial problems, failure in emotional relationships, the inappropriate physical spaces of dormitories, and the vague occupational future. In addition to the environmental factors, some personal factors including psychological characteristics could have a harmful or protective role in relation to the social traumas such as suicide. The present study examined the predictable role of personality transcendence and its dimensions besides the expertness of emotion regulation in suicidal thoughts of university students.MethodPersian Gulf University. The participants were all the students of Persian Gulf University in the years 1399-1400. The subjects included 200 students (119 male, 81 female) which were selected based on multistage cluster sampling. The applied measurement in this study included Pakizeh Personality Transcendence questionnaire and Gross Emotion Regulation Difficulty questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. ResultsThe results of the statistical analysis indicated that personality transcendence is the reverse predictor of suicidal thoughts and the emotion regulation problems are the direct predictor of suicidal thoughts in university students. In addition, the results of the investigation suggested that the dimensions.DiscussionConsidering the preventive role of personality transcendence dimensions and the facilitating role of emotion regulation problems in students' tendency to commit suicide, the implementation of educational programs in order to improve students' character excellence and training skills in order to apply adaptive strategies of emotion regulation and solve regulation problems emotional, can play an effective role in reducing mental and physical injuries and the unfortunate consequences of suicide in the university environment

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Health Psychology

structural model of belief in a just world based on social support with the mediating role of emotional schemas in patients with type 2 diabetes

Tahereh Hosseini; Mahdi Zare Bahramabadi; Reza Ghorban Jahromi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 December 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.42037.2911

Abstract

Until a few years ago, infectious diseases were considered as the biggest health problem in third world countries. So that all the power of the countries was used to control and prevent the epidemics of these diseases; But currently, the increase in the burden of non-communicable diseases, especially ... Read More Until a few years ago, infectious diseases were considered as the biggest health problem in third world countries. So that all the power of the countries was used to control and prevent the epidemics of these diseases; But currently, the increase in the burden of non-communicable diseases, especially in developing countries, is considered a serious threat. Diabetes Mellitus or sugar disease is one of the chronic diseases that have plagued mankind for many years, and it can be seen in all ages. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the mediating role of emotional schemas in the relationship between belief in a just world and social support. MethodThe research method is descriptive-correlation and structural equation modeling in a special way. The statistical population included all patients with type 2 diabetes referred to specialized diabetes clinics in Tehran, and 350 people were randomly selected from among those who referred to the Taban Diabetes Clinic (Tehran District 2) in the autumn of 2020-2021. All research processes were done virtually due to the Covid-19 virus pandemic. Research tools include the scale of belief in a just world (Dalbert, 1999) and (Sutton, Douglas, 2005), the scale of perceived social support (Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet, et al., 1988), the scale of emotional schemas (Leahy, 2002), which is the software was provided to the participants.ResultsThe results showed that the fit indices of the research model were favorable (GFI<0.9) and emotional schemas played a mediating role in the relationship between belief in a just world and social support. This model explains 63% of the changes in belief in a just world in diabetic patients. The obtained results showed that the direct relationship between social support and belief in a just world is significant. Also, emotional schemas can play a mediating role in the relationship between social support and belief in a just world.DiscussionThis means that emotional schemas play a mediating role in the relationship between social support and belief in a just world. In fact, the understanding of social support can prevent the occurrence of adverse physiological effects of the disease in a person, increase the level of self-care and self-confidence of a person, and leave a positive impact on a person's physical, mental and social condition, and clearly increase performance and improve quality of life.

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The relationship between psychological capital and knowledge sharing and innovative work behavior with the mediation of job engagement in South East Khuzestan Water Company

Zohra Chiraghi; Fatemah Bohlool; hadi Elahai; Hooman Babadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 December 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.42570.3046

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between psychological capital and knowledge sharing and innovative work behavior with the mediation of job engagement in South East Khuzestan Water Company. The statistical population of this research included 200 employees of South East ... Read More The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between psychological capital and knowledge sharing and innovative work behavior with the mediation of job engagement in South East Khuzestan Water Company. The statistical population of this research included 200 employees of South East Khuzestan Water Company in 1401, who were selected by random sampling. Data were collected through psychological capital questionnaire (Luthans et al., 2007), knowledge sharing questionnaire (Huy et al., 2010), innovative work behavior questionnaire (De Jong & Den Hartog, 2010) and job engagement scale (Schaufeli et al., 2001) data collection and analysis was done with the help of structural equation modeling method and using SPSS-24 and AMOS-24 software. The results showed that the proposed model had a relatively good fit with the data. The findings indicated a direct and significant relationship between psychological capital and knowledge sharing, innovative work behavior and job engagement. In addition, there was a positive and significant relationship between knowledge sharing and job engagement, as well as innovative work behavior and job enthusiasm. The results of the indirect paths showed that job engagement has a positive and significant effect on the relationship between psychological capital and knowledge sharing and on the relationship between psychological capital and innovative work behavior. Therefore, by strengthening the psychological capitals (resilience, self-efficacy, hope and optimism) in employees, job engagement will also increase, and then we will witness innovative work behaviors and knowledge sharing in the workplace.The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between psychological capital and knowledge sharing and innovative work behavior with the mediation of job engagement in South East Khuzestan Water Company. The statistical population of this research included 200 employees of South East Khuzestan Water Company in 1401, who were selected by random sampling. Data were collected through psychological capital questionnaire (Luthans et al., 2007), knowledge sharing questionnaire (Huy et al., 2010), innovative work behavior questionnaire (De Jong & Den Hartog, 2010) and job engagement scale (Schaufeli et al., 2001) data collection and analysis was done with the help of structural equation modeling method and using SPSS-24 and AMOS-24 software. The results showed that the proposed model had a relatively good fit with the data. The findings indicated a direct and significant relationship between psychological capital and knowledge sharing, innovative work behavior and job engagement. In addition, there was a positive and significant relationship between knowledge sharing and job engagement, as well as innovative work behavior and job enthusiasm. The results of the indirect paths showed that job engagement has a positive and significant effect on the relationship between psychological capital and knowledge sharing and on the relationship between psychological capital and innovative work behavior. Therefore, by strengthening the psychological capitals (resilience, self-efficacy, hope and optimism) in employees, job engagement will also increase, and then we will witness innovative work behaviors and knowledge sharing in the workplace.

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Health Psychology

The mediating role of dependence and non-dependence on the field in the relationship between personality traits and cognitive performance with job performance Nurses of Shiraz hospitals

Bahareh Saghanejad; Javidi Hojatollah; Majid Barzegar

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 12 December 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44841.3121

Abstract

The aim of this research was to investigate the mediating role of dependence and non-dependence on the field in the relationship between personality traits and cognitive performance with nurses' job performance. Psychologists consider job performance as a product of human behavior and believe that motivations ... Read More The aim of this research was to investigate the mediating role of dependence and non-dependence on the field in the relationship between personality traits and cognitive performance with nurses' job performance. Psychologists consider job performance as a product of human behavior and believe that motivations and needs have an effect on people's performance and ultimately growth and development. They can be identified through a set of specific owners. Theoretically, job performance includes two components, the first component is job performance that reflects job requirements and requirements, and the second component is field performance that includes undefined and unspecified activities such as teamwork and support. It takes In fact, background work refers to those job-related activities (such as working hard and helping others) that are not officially considered part of the job or duty. Another core theory is related to job performance, the underlying ground of this theory is that the internal nature of job duties can motivate people. If the job is interesting and enjoyable, people will like their jobs, have higher motivation and perform their duties better. One of the influencing variables on people's job performance is cognitive performance. MethodThe current research was descriptive-correlational and of the type of structural equations and modeling. The statistical population includes nurses from hospitals in Shiraz and the sample size, using the table of krejci and Morgan (1970), including 200 nurses from different hospitals in Shiraz, who were selected by cluster sampling. And through the measurement tools of cognitive style test of dependence and non-dependence on the field of Eltman, Raskin and Witkin (1971), Costa McGarry personality traits questionnaire (1985), Patterson job performance questionnaire (1970) and Ridley-Stroop Stroop test (1935). Were evaluated. The data were analyzed using structural equations. ResultsThe findings confirmed the mediating effect of dependence and non-dependence on the field in the relationship between personality traits and cognitive performance with nurses' job performance.DiscussionIn fact, cognitive style is the result of a person's interactions with his environment in the process of growth and socialization, and it is effective on a person's attitude and attitude towards others and the way he communicates with them, and this process leads to his job performance in adulthood. to be effective and act with more social resilience in the face of job difficulties and problems and perform best by acquiring job information. Cognitive style reacts to information, stimuli and situations in a spontaneous and automatic way and enables a person to learn strategies and methods with the help of them from the maximum points Use the strengths and advantages of your style and minimize the weaknesses and limitations and show the best performance.

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Family Psychology

Examining the challenges of women's remarriage and compiling and validating a native educational-counseling package before remarriage

Sahar Dehghani; Marieh Dehghan Manshadi; Najmeh Sedrpoushan; Ali Nazari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 30 December 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44899.3125

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to develop and validate a native counseling package before remarriage for divorced women. During the past decades, divorce in Iran had an upward trend. Following the increasing number of divorces in societies and the transformation of families, remarriage is gaining ... Read More The purpose of the present study was to develop and validate a native counseling package before remarriage for divorced women. During the past decades, divorce in Iran had an upward trend. Following the increasing number of divorces in societies and the transformation of families, remarriage is gaining meaning and meaning as a justified and logical method, and the rate of remarriage will increase in accordance with the increase in the rate of divorce and widowhood. The remarriage ratio of divorced Iranian men is 6% higher than western men, and the remarriage ratio of divorced Iranian women is 25% lower than western women. In Iran, research have reported a high level of willingness to remarry among female heads of households. But this statistic shows the fact that a significant part of women after divorce and the death of their spouse, despite their desire to remarry, are less likely to remarry compared to men, and we see a gender difference in remarrying. The number of unmarried women who are left alone due to the death of their spouses is 6 times more than men whose spouses died, and the number of divorced women is 2 times more than separated men. MethodThe current research plan is applied in terms of its purpose and in terms of the method of data collection, it is a mixed method research. The stage of developing the model is the qualitative part of the research and is of the type of "lived experience of experts" and "thematic analysis" and "contextual". The statistical population of the qualitative part includes all divorced women from Yazd or living in Yazd who have a history of remarriage for at least 6 months, among which a number of people who had rich information about the studied phenomenon were selected by purposeful sampling method and The semi-structured interview answered the researcher's questions, the number of participants was selected based on the saturation criterion, and after interviewing 15 people, we reached the saturation stage. ResultsThe texts of the interviews were extracted using the analysis coding method, 27 codes, 4 main themes (themes) and 14 sub-themes (categories) were extracted from the lived experiences of divorced women with a history of remarriage. Also, psychological theories, theories related to marriage and divorce, counseling methods used by domestic and foreign counselors and experts, and religious teachings related to marriage were examined, and a pre-remarriage counseling model was developed in 11 sessions (45 to 60 minutes). To validate the pre-remarriage counseling package designed, the package was given to 10 professors and psychology experts in the field of marriage and family and with Delphi validation technique and using quantitative methods (Wilcoxon coefficient), content validity (CVR) and validity.DiscussionThe results confirmed the validity of the compiled consultation package. One of the vulnerable sections of the society are women heads of households who are responsible for their lives and children due to divorce or the death of their husbands. No matter how much social support is provided to this group, there remains an unfulfilled need that can only be solved through successful remarriage. In this research, an attempt was made to investigate the lived experience of divorced women regarding remarriage. According to the results obtained from the interviews with women with a history of remarriage, cases related to remarriage fall into 4 general categories of remarriage challenges, remarriage obstacles, remarriage success factors, and remarriage motivation. Raising and maintaining children, different financial perspectives, re-parenting and one of the most important challenges of remarriage, stereotypical views of married women and previous marriage background are among the most important obstacles to remarriage and marital skills and during the time of getting to know one of the most important the most important success factors in remarriage are economic security, satisfying emotional-sexual needs and reducing social vulnerability.

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The Mediating Role of Mindfulness in the Relationship between Spirituality and Wisdom

Fereshteh cheraghi; Roghayeh Ghorbani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 31 December 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44642.3107

Abstract

IntroductionThe interest in wisdom is increasing in psychology, probably due to the changing conditions of the scientific community, which emphasizes the evolution of the life span and positive psychology. However, we need more research to understand wisdom and its development in people better. In the ... Read More IntroductionThe interest in wisdom is increasing in psychology, probably due to the changing conditions of the scientific community, which emphasizes the evolution of the life span and positive psychology. However, we need more research to understand wisdom and its development in people better. In the meantime, spirituality, as one of the essential aspects of the quality of life, can have a decisive contribution in predicting wisdom, although the results in this regard are scattered and sometimes contradictory. It seems that how spirituality affects wisdom is still unclear to us, so the current research has investigated the mediating role of mindfulness in the relationship between these two variables in the form of a causal model.MethodologyThis study is among the descriptive studies of the correlation type, in which the relationships between variables were investigated using structural equation modeling. The statistical population included female student teachers of Farhangian University of Tehran, among whom 309 were selected by random cluster method. A five-dimensional wisdom questionnaire (Webster, 2003) was used to collect data, including the dimensions of experience, openness, reflection/review, emotion regulation, and humor. In measuring mindfulness, a five-factor questionnaire (Baer et al., 2006) was used, including conscious action, non-judgment, observation, description, non-reaction, and evaluating spirituality, Spiritual well-being questionnaire (Dehshiri et al., 2014), including four dimensions of communication with self, others, nature, and God.ResultsThe results showed that spirituality has both a direct and indirect effect on wisdom through mindfulness. All in all, according to the analysis results and the direct and indirect effects of the variables in the model, it can be said that spirituality and mindfulness predict 0.75 mental changes.ExplanationIt can be concluded from this research that spirituality has a direct relationship with mindfulness, which is related to increasing wisdom; in other words, mindfulness plays a mediating role in the relationship between spirituality and wisdom. Among the reasons for this finding, we can point out the common features between three variables: connection with oneself and beyond oneself, a sense of coherence and integrity, reflection on experiences and actions, being open to new experiences, and a sense of altruism and compassion. It seems that spirituality, through inner peace, a sense of calmness, satisfaction, and integration, provides a person's existential platform for the experiences of the conscious mind and, subsequently, the growth of wisdom in people. In general, the results of this study can provide a valuable basis for improving theory and practice, so interventional studies are suggested to improve spirituality and mindfulness and investigate its effect on wisdom.Keywords: spirituality, wisdom, mindfulness

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Clinical Psychology

Effectiveness of sex education program on mental health and self-care development of first year high school students

Shahrazad Qarabaghi; Marjan Kian; Maryam Moghadasin

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 13 January 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.44824.3118

Abstract

IntroductionAdolescence is a critical period that includes the age range of ten to eighteen years, and the adolescent at this age enjoys rapid physical, cognitive, psychological, and emotional growth, and the occurrence of these characteristics causes challenges in the adolescent's thinking, feeling, ... Read More IntroductionAdolescence is a critical period that includes the age range of ten to eighteen years, and the adolescent at this age enjoys rapid physical, cognitive, psychological, and emotional growth, and the occurrence of these characteristics causes challenges in the adolescent's thinking, feeling, decision-making power, and interaction. will be Today's teenagers are faced with many crises. Among the challenges of adolescent development are the consequences of the advancement of civilization, technology, the ever-increasing development of information and information systems, pornography, social temptations, the flow of influence, bloodshed and cultural degeneration, the gap between generations, family unrest, the bombardment of sexual information by peers. The aim of the research was to investigate the effectiveness of the sex education curriculum on the mental health and self-care development of first year high school students. MethodThe quantitative research approach was semi-experimental. The statistical population was public school students of the first year of high school in one district of Karaj city, 30 7th grade female students were selected in two groups of 15 (experimental and control). The research tool was three questionnaires of the mental health of the saints, eternal self-care and a researcher-made checklist, which was used in order to check the learning effectiveness of the intervention plan, a pre-test-post-test format with experimental and control groups. Multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance were used to analyze the data. ResultsThe findings showed that the sex education curriculum has a significant effect on some components of mental health, as well as in the dimensions of self-care, the sex education program has a significant effect on the development of emotional, mental and physical self-care. Also, the significant difference in the post-test scores of the experimental group compared to the control group indicated the effectiveness of the sex education intervention plan. DiscussionIn fact, the curriculum of sex education has led to the formation and development of knowledge, awareness, skills, and knowledge of educators, and by transferring the principles of maintaining mental health and developing self-care skills, it will lead to the safety of the individual and society, and the enjoyment of a more efficient generation and a healthier society. It is recommended to education policymakers to design a sex education curriculum with an Islamic-native approach, based on the philosophical, social and cultural foundations of Iran, and to formally teach it as one of the essential educational and cultural skills in schools so that students in the environment The community should not suffer unwanted and hidden injuries.

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Family Psychology

Predicting marital satisfaction based on mother's parenting stress with the mediating role of depression and marital conflict and moderating father's empathy tendency

Sara Ebrahimi; Seyedeh Elham Mousavian Khatir

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 13 January 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.43570.3015

Abstract

Introduction Although research findings indicated the adverse and negative effect of parenting stress on mothers' marital satisfaction, the internal mechanism of this relationship and the effect of father's behavior on marital problems have not been investigated. The importance of studying the father's ... Read More Introduction Although research findings indicated the adverse and negative effect of parenting stress on mothers' marital satisfaction, the internal mechanism of this relationship and the effect of father's behavior on marital problems have not been investigated. The importance of studying the father's behavior is because the problems of married life are related not only to the mother's behavior but also to the father's behavior. Also, considering that high levels of stress in raising children harms the mother's physical and mental health and endangers the normal functioning of the family, the present study aims to: First, provide research support for family studies by examining the relationship between mother's parenting stress and her marital satisfaction. Second, provide a model to investigate the mechanism of depression and marital conflict in the relationship between parenting stress and marital satisfaction. Third, past studies of couple relationships have ignored the possible effects of empathy. In this study, father's tendency instead of empathy ability was used as a moderator in the relationship between mother's parenting stress and marital satisfaction with the mediation of depression and marital conflict.MethodThe research method was descriptive and correlation type. The studied population included all the employed couples with children from Tehran in 1401, and 212 couples were selected as a sample using convenience sampling method. Mothers responded to the Parenting Stress Scale (Berry & Jones, 1995), Self-Rating Depression Scale (Zung, 1965), Conflict Behavior Scales (Rusbult et al., 1986 and Strauss, 1979) and Marital Satisfaction Scale (Olson et al., 1982) and fathers responded to the Basic Empathy Scale (Jolliffe & Farrington, 2006). In order to analyze the data, Pearson's correlation and multiple regression (models 6 and 85) were used in Hayes Process in SPSS24 software.ResultsThe findings indicated that mother’s parenting stress has a negative correlation with their marital satisfaction, depression and marital conflict play a mediating role in the relationship between mother’s parenting stress and their marital satisfaction, and fathers' empathy tendency also moderates this relationship. This means that fathers can with empathy for mothers, reduce depression and marital conflicts caused by parenting stress and finally their low levels of marital satisfaction.ConclusionIn sum, these findings highlighted the serious impact of mother’s parenting stress of in keeping and caring for their children on their mental health and quality of life together, as well as the important role of fathers' empathy in reducing these consequences. The results can be used to design an intervention and a comprehensive approach to improve the mental well-being of mothers.

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Educational Psychology

Mothers' Lived experience of cooperating with teachers during the Corona epidemic

parvaneh Valavi; Ashraf Boland Shushtari; Masoud Safai Moghadam

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 13 January 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.44939.3128

Abstract

Aim: The purpose of the present study is to investigate mothers' experience of cooperating with primary school teachers during the Corona epidemic.Methods: The research method is qualitative and it was done using the phenomenological method. The statistical population of this research includes all mothers ... Read More Aim: The purpose of the present study is to investigate mothers' experience of cooperating with primary school teachers during the Corona epidemic.Methods: The research method is qualitative and it was done using the phenomenological method. The statistical population of this research includes all mothers of elementary school students in the academic year of 2013-2014. Sampling was purposeful and includes mothers of elementary school students who expressed their willingness to participate in the interview. Through semi-structured interviews and data saturation, the final sample size of 25 people was determined. Paul Ricoeur's three-step method was used to analyze the interview data. The steps include raw reading or simple comprehension, structural analysis, and total interpretation.Results: The research findings include 3 main themes and 7 sub-themes. Main themes include learning facilitation, maternal supportive tasks, and supportive feedback.Conclusion: It shows that the cooperation of mothers with teachers has caused them to communicate and empathize more with teachers and to know about the complexities of jobs and the problems and issues of teachers. Also, mother is the best teacher and the first role model that every child has. There is a lot of evidence that shows that good communication between parents (especially mothers) and teachers leads to a positive effect on the academic performance of students. Establishing communication between the teacher and the mother has made them aware of their children's class issues, school issues and has strengthened and improved their education. The third result of the research is collaborative feedback. Before the spread of Corona, the role of families in the education of children was less, because many learning and teaching activities were carried out in the same school, but with the non-attendance of education and the transfer of classrooms from school to homes and online conversations, the role of parents and especially mothers became much more prominent and became "teaching assistants". Of course, playing this role requires acquiring new skills and competencies. That is, the more correctly this role happens, the higher the quality of the education and training process will be.

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Clinical Psychology

effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on social physique anxiety, impulsive behaviors, and emotional self-regulation of obese people

Noora Shahmiri; Javanshir Asadi; leila sadat Azizi ziabari; Hasan Abdollahzadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.46090.3216

Abstract

IntroductionThe present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Social physique anxiety, impulsive behaviors, and emotional self-regulation of obese people. The statistical population of the research consisted of all obese women living ... Read More IntroductionThe present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Social physique anxiety, impulsive behaviors, and emotional self-regulation of obese people. The statistical population of the research consisted of all obese women living in Tehran in 2022. Recent studies show that obesity has reached epidemic proportions in recent years and its prevalence is still increasing. Obesity is often associated with many physical diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, high blood pressure, premature birth, and arthritis, as well as social and economic harms such as problems in interpersonal communication, reduced productivity, and hope. It comes with life and health care costs. Although weight causes physical, social, and economic problems, it can have a significant effect on creating psychological problems; Especially in today's age, when there is a different view of obesity and body, and these conditions, in turn, cause physical and social anxiety in people with obesity in social situations. Physical-social anxiety is a special form of social anxiety that is defined as the fear of negative evaluation or rejection by others because of one's physical appearance. A person suffering from physical-social anxiety does not feel comfortable with his body and body in social situations and is worried that others will judge his appearance or have a negative evaluation about his appearance. On the other hand, in people with obesity, due to their physical condition and fear of social evaluations, this condition, in addition to being anxiety-provoking, can reduce the patient's tolerance threshold, which is one of the important and fundamental factors in increased impulsivity. MethodThe research method is quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design and follow-up (one month) with control group and random assignment of subjects. To measure the research variables, social physique anxiety scale (SPA) by Hart et al. (1989), the impulsivity questionnaire (BIS-11) by Barrett et al. (2004) and the emotional self-regulation scale by Hoffman and Kashdan (2010) were used. First, 30 people were selected by convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (15 people each). Then, the experimental group received Acceptance and Commitment Therapy during 8 therapy sessions, one session of 90 minutes per week. Both groups were measured in three stages: pre-test, post-test and one-month follow-up. The data were analyzed by multivariate variance analysis using SPSS-22 software.ResultsThe findings of the research showed that Acceptance and Commitment Therapy was effective on social physique anxiety, impulsive behaviors, and emotional self-regulation in obese women (p=0/.5). This effectiveness was sustained in the follow-up period. Also, the findings of the research show that the treatment based on acceptance and commitment has led to the reduction of impulsive behaviors and improvement of emotional self-regulation in people with obesity. Individuals who struggle with problems with emotional self-regulation, delayed gratification, and poor impulse control are more likely to eat high-fat foods when they are available. In fact, overeating appears to temporarily reduce negative emotions. The reduction of impulsive behaviors and, consequently, the improvement of emotional self-regulation skills following treatment based on acceptance and commitment can be attributed to the three components of acceptance, attention to clients' values, and mindfulness in therapy based on acceptance and commitment. Acceptance as an adaptive emotion regulation strategy does not mean changing the experienced emotions.DiscussionAcceptance and Commitment Therapy can be used as an effective intervention to reduce social people. anxiety and impulsive behaviors and improve emotional self-regulation in obese people. Based on the results of statistical analysis, the research hypothesis is confirmed. The findings show that the treatment based on acceptance and commitment has been effective in reducing the physical-social anxiety of people with obesity.

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The Effectiveness of Schema Therapy on Emotional Instability and Self-Injurious Behaviors of People with Borderline Personality Disorder and Drug Abusers

Hosein Dehghan; Saeed Najarpour Ostadi; Mina Mojtabai

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.44169.3071

Abstract

IntroductionDue to coexistence of borderline personality disorder with substance abuse, it is felt necessary to pay attention to interventions. The results of various researches show that schema therapy is effective on emotional instability, psychological well-being and self-injurious behaviors in addicted ... Read More IntroductionDue to coexistence of borderline personality disorder with substance abuse, it is felt necessary to pay attention to interventions. The results of various researches show that schema therapy is effective on emotional instability, psychological well-being and self-injurious behaviors in addicted people. Reduction of symptoms and the harm caused by addiction in society is most important that make research necessary. The present study was conducted with the aim of studying the effectiveness of schema therapy on emotional instability and self-injurious behaviors of people with borderline personality disorder and substance abuse.MethodThis research was a semi-experimental study with pre-test-post-test method and control group. statistical population was all addicts living in three addiction treatment camps in Tabriz and Ahar. Milon's multi-axis questionnaire was implemented and 30 people who had highest score of borderline disorder were selected as research sample and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. data collection tool was Milon's multi-axis questionnaire (Millon, 1987), Sanson et al.'s (1998), self-harm questionnaire, and Mlacic & Goldberg (2007) emotion regulation difficulty questionnaire. The experimental group received two schema therapy sessions in 12 sessions of 90 minutes each week. The control group did not receive any interventions. In the present study, the Declaration of Helsinki including: "explanation of research objectives and obtaining informed consent from the subjects, optionality of participation in the research, right to withdraw from the research, non-harmfulness of the intervention and provision of the results if desired" were observed. Mean and standard deviation indices and univariate covariance analysis were used to analyze the data. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 23 statistical software.ResultsFindings showed that the mean and standard deviation of the self-injurious behavior scores in the schema therapy group in the pre-test and post-test phases are (16.56, 3.49, 11.19, 2.85) respectively. The mean and standard deviation of scores of self-injurious behaviors in the control group are (16.37, 3.13, 16.89, 3.52) respectively. Also, the mean and standard deviation of emotional instability scores in the schema therapy group in the pre-test and post-test stages respectively (88.22, 11.8, 62.11, 10.13) and the mean and standard deviation of emotional instability scores in the control group were the order is (88/67, 11/44, 89/31, 11/56). In order to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy on self- injurious behaviors and emotional instability, separately, covariance tests were used. Based on the results obtained from the analysis of variance tests, the observed differences (decrease) in the averages of schema treatment and control groups, in the post-test, are significant in both variables. Therapeutic intervention was effective in reducing the symptoms of self-injurious behaviors and emotional instability, and schema therapy it is effective in improving self-harming behavior and emotional instability.DiscussionThe findings showed that schema therapy of emotional instability and self-injurious behaviors of people with borderline personality disorder was effective. The findings of this research on the effectiveness of schema therapy on self-injurious behaviors among addicts with borderline personality disorder are in line with the results of many studies in this field. In schema therapy, by using cognitive techniques, especially redefining the evidence confirming the schema and completing the schema registration form, the person is in a non-judgmental position, an observer and an accurate and correct definition of behaviors and neither adds nor subtracts anything from his observations. The effectiveness of schema therapy is due to the focus of this treatment on the cognitive function of the person with an emphasis on emotions based on inconsistent schemas, and since in addicted people, the problems are mainly interpersonal, schema therapy has been able to be effective.

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Psychotherapy

Effectiveness of Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy on Object Relations, Anger, and Guilt in Women with Major Depressive Disorder

Abolfazl Sarlaki; Mona Farokhzad; Fatemeh Khanzadeh; Mahsa Younesi sinaki; Seyedeh Zahra Razavi Mahdiian; Mojtaba Tayyar Parvin

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.44694.3112

Abstract

IntroductionMajor depressive disorder is a common mental illness in women that can lead to negative consequences on psychological, family, social, and economic levels. According to the psychodynamic theory, this disorder is caused by a perceived real loss in relationships, resulting in anger and guilt ... Read More IntroductionMajor depressive disorder is a common mental illness in women that can lead to negative consequences on psychological, family, social, and economic levels. According to the psychodynamic theory, this disorder is caused by a perceived real loss in relationships, resulting in anger and guilt towards the other person. These negative emotions are often directed toward oneself, leading to depressive symptoms. Short-term intensive dynamic psychotherapy aims to help patients bring their unconscious emotions to the conscious level, known as "Unlocking the Unconscious". The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of short-term intensive dynamic psychotherapy on objective relationships, anger, and guilt in women with major depressive disorder.MethodsIn terms of the purpose, the present study was in the applied research group, and in terms of methodology, it was a semi-experimental type of pre-test - post-test - 3-month follow-up with a control group. The statistical population included all women with major depressive disorder who were referred to counseling centers and psychological services in Isfahan in the spring of 1402. 32 women with major depressive disorder were selected by available sampling and randomly assigned to the experimental group (16 people) and the control group (16 people). Dovanloo's (1995) intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy protocol was performed only for the experimental group during 8 sessions of 90 minutes weekly, and the control group was placed on the waiting list. Subjects were evaluated in 3 stages (pre-test, post-test, and 3-month follow-up) with Bell's Object Relation Inventory(BORI), State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory 2 (STAXI-2), kugler and Jones Guilty Feelings ‘S Questionnaire(KJGFQ), and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) . Data analysis was done with repeated measures analysis of variance and the Bonferroni post hoc test using SPSS-28 software.ResultsThe results of this research showed that the short-term psychodynamic intervention was effective on alienation, insecure attachment, the total score of subjective relationships, internal occurrence of anger, internal control of anger, trait guilt, the total score of guilt and depression symptoms, and up to 3 months after The intervention was stable(p>0/05). Short-term intensive psychodynamics had the greatest effect on depression symptoms (ηp2=0.543), anger internalization (ηp2=0.436), and anger internal control (ηp2=0.412).ConclusionDynamic psychotherapy is an approach that is effective in reducing unpleasant emotions by creating a safe space and relationships based on empathy and trust encouraging a person to touch his original feelings and consequently improving the Object Relations of patients with depression. In short-term dynamic psychotherapy, the therapist helps the patient, so that he can face the feeling of anger towards his favorite object and be able to feel and understand it again and find out that he is also damaged through applying pressure To feel guilt can lead to a reduction of guilt in the patient and improvement of depression symptoms.

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Educational Psychology

The relationship between family communication patterns and psychological resilience with the mediation of primary maladaptive schemas and gender roles.

Sima Molaie; Maryam kouroshnia; maryam Zarnaghash

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.45071.3144

Abstract

IntroductionSo far, the researches that have been proposed have considered and examined each of the variables separately as underlying factors in resilience. However, no research was found to identify the underlying factors in resilience in a comprehensive model and form a unified view of resilience. ... Read More IntroductionSo far, the researches that have been proposed have considered and examined each of the variables separately as underlying factors in resilience. However, no research was found to identify the underlying factors in resilience in a comprehensive model and form a unified view of resilience. Therefore, in this research, an attempt was made to consider the internal and external factors effective in resilience in a causal model. Internal factors include incompatible schemas and gender roles, and external factors include family communication patterns. Previously, the placement of the research variables was considered. The communication patterns of the family first affect the incompatible schemas, and then the incompatible schemas are effective in giving gender roles. Finally, they cause people to act differently in terms of resilience in dealing with problems. MethodThe current research is correlational and in the form of a causal model. The statistical population of this research included students of Shiraz and Kerman universities. The number of people was determined according to the number of routes according to Kline (2011) (Kline, 2015). Klein (2015) suggested that 20 people should be considered for each route. Based on this, it was necessary to select 380 people as participants. Considering missing and outlier cases, 400 people were studied. A multi-stage cluster random sampling method was used to select the participants. In this way, 5 faculties were selected from among the faculties of Shiraz and Kerman University, and then 4 departments were randomly selected in each faculty, and 2 classes were randomly selected from each of the 4 departments, and all the students of the classes were studied. took It should be noted that due to the fact that we are in the time of the corona virus outbreak, the link of the questionnaires was provided to the students through the virtual space through the course professors. It should be noted that the number of outliers in data collection was 12.ResultsAs it was found, congruence (p = 0.007, β = -0.18) significantly affects resilience through incompatible schemas. Also, it was found that communication affects resilience through male gender role (β = 0.11, p = 0.01). In addition, communication through female gender role affects resilience (β = 0.13, p = 0.005). Also, it has been determined that incompatible schemas act as the first mediator and female gender role as the second mediator between the relationship of communication and resilience (p=0.01) , β = 0.10). In addition, it was found that incompatible schemas act as the first mediator and female gender role as the second mediator between the relationship of conformity and resilience (p = 0.22, 007). β = -0/0).DiscussionIn summary, it can be said that the family's communication patterns influence the formation of children's primary schemas, and if these patterns are ineffective, incompatible schemas are formed in different dimensions and become the basis for the formation of children's gender roles. The formation of incompatible schemas and incompatible patterns of interpretation of the environment and disruption of the gender role; It will cause a drop in psychological performance and eventually reduce resilience. Therefore, in stressful situations of daily life, a person does not have the necessary ability to deal with and solve it.

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Psychotherapy

The Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Training on Social Cognition, Intolerance of Uncertainty and Distress Tolerance in Adolecents

Atena Asadinia; احمد منصوری

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.45147.3145

Abstract

IntroductionAdolescence is one of the critical periods of life, which is associated with extensive changes in physical, sexual, social, cognitive and emotional aspects. These changes can cause them distress. Adolescents' inability to tolerate distress can have physical and psychological health consequences. ... Read More IntroductionAdolescence is one of the critical periods of life, which is associated with extensive changes in physical, sexual, social, cognitive and emotional aspects. These changes can cause them distress. Adolescents' inability to tolerate distress can have physical and psychological health consequences. On the other hand, several therapeutic and educational interventions have been used to increase distress tolerance and related factors such as social cognition and intolerance of uncertainty. Emotion regulation training is another intervention that can be used in this field. Emotion regulation training enhances psychological health and is associated with multiple positive psychological outcomes, including better interpersonal functioning, greater perceived well-being, and better physical health. Therefore, considering the importance of adolescence, the effect of emotions on people's lives and health, as well as the need of educational centers for interventions based on emotion regulation, the aim of present study was to investigate the effectiveness of emotion regulation training on social cognition, intolerance of uncertainty and distress tolerance in adolescents.MethodThis study is applied in terms of purpose and quasi-experimental research with pretest-posttest design and control group in terms of method. The statistical population included all boy students of public elementary schools in Mashhad city in 2022. Thirty boy teenage students of elementary school were selected by available sampling method and then randomly designed into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group participated in 8 sessions of emotion regulation training based on the Gross model (Gross, 2002) while control group was not in any training. Inclusion criteria for the study were being 11 to 15 years, not having specific physical and psychological problems and informed consent. Exclusion criteria were absences of more than two session, participation in the other psychotherapies and unwillingness to participate in the research. Ethical principles were obtaining informed consent from parents, protecting the anonymity and confidentiality of participants, avoid harm to participants. The participants answered to the intolerance of uncertainty scale (Carleton, et al., 2007), social stories questionnaire (1986) and distress tolerance scale (Simons & Gaher, 2005). Data were analyzed by SPSS26 software, using Multivariate analysis of covariance. The significance level was 0.05.ResultsThe average age of the experimental group, control group and total participants was 12.06, 12.13 and 12.01, respectively. The results of Multivariate analysis of covariance showed that there is a significant difference between the two experimental and control groups in the variables of social cognition (p= 0.001, F= 12.22) and distress tolerance (p= 0.02, F= 6.02), but there is no difference between groups in the intolerance of uncertainty (P= 0.052, F= 4.16). In other word, mean scores of social cognition and distress tolerance increased in the experimental group compared to the control group.DiscussionThe results of present study showed that emotion regulation training increases social cognition and distress tolerance. Therefore, emotion regulation training might be an efficient way to increases these variables. Also, psychologists and other mental health professionals can use this training to improve and increase social cognition and tolerance of distress in adolescents.

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Addiction

Comparison of the effectiveness of therapeutic community (TC) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA) in the defense mechanisms of people addicted to methamphetamine.

Vali Rashidzadegan Dost; Ghasem Ahi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.45520.3170

Abstract

IntroductionThe present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of community therapy (TC) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA) in the defense mechanisms of people addicted to methamphetamine. Addiction is a disease that has many biological, psychological, and social consequences, and ... Read More IntroductionThe present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of community therapy (TC) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA) in the defense mechanisms of people addicted to methamphetamine. Addiction is a disease that has many biological, psychological, and social consequences, and its treatment programs also have various consequences. Most treatment programs aim to reduce or stop taking medication. However, drug dependent patients are also dealing with many other problems, many of which may date back to before they started using drugs. These problems may even be one of the important reasons for starting to use drugs. In this way, treatment programs should not only aim to reduce and stop drug use but should also consider relevant aMethodThe current study was applied in terms of purpose and in a semi-experimental manner with a pre-test-post-test design with two experimental groups and one control group along with a follow-up period. The statistical population studied included all people addicted to methamphetamine with consumption at least twice a month and at most three times a week for 2 years in 2 maintenance centers of the community center for the treatment of the secret of peace and NA sessions of Shahid Ostadian welfare in the city of Shiraz in 6 months. They were first treated in 2021. According to Cohen's table, 15 people were considered for each group and 45 people in total. The samplingling method was purposeful based on the entry and exit criteria, and the assignment in the groups was done randomly in three groups of 15 people, experiment 1 (TC treatment), experiment 2 (NA treatment) and the control group. The tool used in this research is the defense mechanism questionnaire of Andrews et al. (1993) and the TC treatment protocol and the NA treatment protocol were conducted in two 90-minute sessions in the morning and evening shifts during 12 sessions every 4 days for 3 months. In all three groups, these questionnaires were first distributed, and then educational interventions were held for the test groups. Finally, after two months, a post-test was taken from all three groups. The data was analyzed by spss-22 and statistical tests of covariance were the final analysis.ResultsThe results showed that there is a significant difference between the mean of only the subscales of inhibitory control and selective attention, physicalizing, isolation, exaltation and suppression, irritability in the experimental (under NA) and control groups. The results of the Bonferroni test show that there is a significant difference between TC and NA in the average subscales of memory, planning and social cognition, mechanisms of all-purpose ability, autistic fantasy and suppression, irritability, extroversion, and openness. and TC has a higher effectiveness.DiscussionTherefore, according to the results, TC and NA treatment can be used in the use of incompatible defense mechanisms. Being in a family with a member suffering from a mental disorder often imposes a major objective and mental pressure on other family members. The amount of this pressure depends on the relationships between the members such as husband and wife and children or parents, age and gender, the quality of their relationship with the patient before the illness, the nature of the patient's problems, the coping strategies used. Since defense mechanisms change our understanding of ourselves, immature defense mechanisms become an obstacle to people's understanding of reality and deprive them of the possibility of rational and effective defense. They reduce a person's capacity for insight and self-discovery. In addition, people with underdeveloped defensive styles are more willing to use ineffective solutions to solve their conflicts, which causes them to remain in difficult relationships and can even intensify the severity of the damage. Perhaps one of the reasons for the excessive use of defense mechanisms by the families of people suffering from addiction is the failure to face the same problems in the family.

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Educational Psychology

the mediating role of anxiety sensitivity in the relationship between connectedness with school and academic well - being

mohammad derikvand; Moslem Daneshpayeh; atefeh mazoosaz; Seyed javad Hosseini

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.45605.3180

Abstract

Introductionacademic well-being refers to the individuals enjoyment of the role and experience as a self-taught student, perception of educational programs, the necessary conditions for studying, and overall satisfaction of student in the academic environment. It is associated with positive factors in ... Read More Introductionacademic well-being refers to the individuals enjoyment of the role and experience as a self-taught student, perception of educational programs, the necessary conditions for studying, and overall satisfaction of student in the academic environment. It is associated with positive factors in school context , such as increasing educational activities, having good social relations,satisfaction with education and finally academic achievement. On the other hand, the mood of depression , anxiety , anger , educational loss and education is the consequences of academic failure. According to the researches , including effective variables on academic well-being, school connectedness and anxiety sensitivity. school connectedness is a multi-dimensional structure, but is generally defined as the extent to which students acquire, respect and support in the school environment. anxiety sensitivity is a personal tendency to understand emotions and anxiety symptoms as consequences of disasters that can be identified that in shaping social interaction,feeling of security and psychological and social development of students have an important role and academic well - being . the purpose of this study was to the mediating role of anxiety sensitivity in the relationship between connectedness with school and academic well – being.MethodThis study employed an applied objective and a correlational descriptive method. The study population consisted of all male and female middle school students in Tehran during the academic year 2024-2025. The research sample included 256 students selected through multi-stage sampling. Participants responded to questionnaires on connectedness with school (Berry et al., 2004), anxiety sensitivity (Floyd et al., 2005), and academic well-being (Tominen et al., 2012). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS and Amos version 26, structural equation modeling.ResultsResults indicated a anxiety sensitivity played a mediating role between connectedness with school and academic well-being, showing a significant and negative association (p<0/01) . Additionally significant and positive relationship between connectedness with school and academic well-being (p<0/01). Finally, the model an appropriate goodness of fit.DiscussionTherefore it can be concluded that the more to connectedness with school the degree of anxiety sensitivity of students and reduce academic well-being has in important role in school context, such as increasing educational activities, feeling management, in class, having good social relations, education satisfaction and academic achievement. according to the mediating role of anxiety sensitivity in relation to connectedness with school and academic well-being, counselors apractitioners need to employ efficient therapeutic procedures for anxiety disorder and improve students academic well – being.

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Educational Psychology

The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) Training on Academic Hardiness of Female Students: During The Coronavirus Pandemic

Pouran Ahmadishuli; Hossein Aflaki Fard; Safoora Khatemeh Marbueih; Ehsan Keshtvarz Kondazi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 13 April 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.45508.3169

Abstract

IntroductionDue to the situation of the corona virus epidemic, almost all the important economic, political, social and even military aspects of all the countries of the world have been affected. Researches show that students who contracted covid-19 disease have low psychological tolerance and due to ... Read More IntroductionDue to the situation of the corona virus epidemic, almost all the important economic, political, social and even military aspects of all the countries of the world have been affected. Researches show that students who contracted covid-19 disease have low psychological tolerance and due to the condition of the disease, these people are highly exposed to psychological disorders such as anxiety, fear, depression and also negative thoughts. Accordingly, in the present study, academic hardness, which is one of the variables related to academic progress and psychological well-being of students, has been considered. Academic persistence is a set of personality traits that serve as a source of resistance in facing stressful life events, including education. Kobasa's tenacity theory(1979) and Kamtsios & Karagiannopoulou's theory of academic motivation (2016) have been proposed with a cognitive orientation in order to understand why some students show more persistence in the face of academic problems than other learners. Kubasa's theory proposes three cognitive evaluation processes of control, commitment, and challenges, which are related to persistence in facing problems. Students with stubbornness usually feel more in control of their lives, have a greater sense of belonging to what they do, and are receptive to new ideas and changes. In the meantime, different techniques have been presented regarding the improvement of academic tenacity, including mindfulness training. Self-motivated students feel capable of achieving academic goals through effort and emotional self-regulation, they want to excel academically through personal sacrifice, and they pursue challenging goals to achieve long-term personal growth. The research results showed that, in general, mindfulness training has been effective on positive things, including stubbornness. Therefore, considering that the middle school period is the stage of transition from school to university and is accompanied by stress, teenagers will need academic tenacity in this stage of transition. Therefore, the current research seeks to answer the question of whether stress reduction training based on mindfulness is effective on the level of academic persistence of girls.MethodThe current research was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population of the research included all female students of the 2nd high school of the 11th year of Marodasht city in the academic year of 2019-2020. From this population, a sample of 30 people (15people for each group) was randomly selected in two experimental and control groups. The method of selecting the statistical sample was as follows: first, the academic persistence questionnaire was administered in the above statistical community, and 30 people were selected based on the lowest score in the academic persistence scale (score below65) and then they were randomly replaced in two experimental and control groups.ResultsThe findings of the research showed that the use of mindfulness-based stress reduction training led to an increase in the average scores of experimental group participants in academic tenacity and its components including personal commitment, challengingness, and emotion control compared to the control group. Therefore, it can be suggested that stress reduction training based on mindfulness is effective on the level of academic persistence and its components, including personal commitment, challenge, and emotion control in female students. Students who receive a mindfulness-based stress reduction training intervention typically feel more in control of their lives, feel more connected to what they are doing, and are more receptive to new ideas and changes.DiscussionIn sum, it is concluded that mindfulness educational intervention (MBSR) is a suitable method to increase students' academic persistence. By using this method, students will be able to have the necessary tenacity in the matter of education when problems arise, and most importantly, they will have sufficient awareness and alertness when facing some common issues in daily life, they will be able to have awareness and calmness. To protect themselves while accepting and bearing problems and finally, to be able to be successful not only in education, but in all aspects of life. Considering that the results of the current research emphasize the direct effect of mindfulness on academic persistence, from a practical point of view, it is suggested to launch workshops and to measure the positive states of mindfulness in various educational and educational fields for students and families, and to measure their effectiveness experimentally.

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