Document Type : Research Article

Abstract

Internet addiction is a serious public health problem around the world. The number of global internet users has reaching more than 2.3 billion in 2011. Any addictive behavior may be the result of psychiatric symptoms. Researchers have shown that interpersonal difficulty found in people with borderline personality traits is associated with internet addiction. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explain the structural model of the relationship between borderline personality traits, interpersonal problems and addiction to the internet. The study was correlational and the statistical population of the study included all residents of the Karaj city in the fall of 1394, of which 262 persons were selected by multistage cluster sampling method. The instruments of the study included Borderline Symptom List by Bohus and colleagues (2007), Interpersonal Difficulties-47 by Pilkonis and colleagues (1996) and Internet Addiction by Young (1998). Data analysis with Structural Equation Modeling showed that the model fits well to the data and 43% of the variance of internet addiction is due to the changes in the numbers of borderline personality traits and interpersonal problems. Also, interpersonal difficulties mediated the relationship between borderline personality traits and internet addiction. It can be concluded that internet can be a social tool for meeting the needs of the individuals with borderline personality traits.

Keywords

انجمن روان­پزشکی آمریکا (2013).  راهنمای تشخیصی و آماری اختلال­های روانی (ویراست پنجم). ترجمه یحیی سیدمحمدی (1393). تهران: روان.
آفتاب، رویا (1393). نقش واسطه­ای راهبردهای تنظیم هیجانی ناسازگارانه در رابطه بین

صفات شخصیت مرزی و خشونت زناشویی. پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد، رشته روان­شناختی شخصیت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرج.
بشارت، محمدعلی (1388). رابطه بین سخت­کوشی و مشکلات بین­شخصی. مطالعات روان­شناختی، 5(4)، 106-85.
رنجبر، زهرا، درویزه، زهرا، و نراقی‌زاده، افسانه (1390). مقایسه میزان و نوع استفاده از اینترنت در رابطه با سلامت روان و عملکرد تحصیلی دانش‌آموزان شهر تهران. مطالعات روانشناختی، 7 (2)، 35-11.
علوی، سیدسلمان، اسلامی، مهدی، مراثی، محمدرضا، نجفی، مصطفی، جنتی فرد، فرشته و رضاپور، حسین (1389). ویژگی­های روان­سنجی آزمون اعتیاد به اینترنت یانگ. مجله علوم رفتاری، 4(3)، 189-183.
قاسم‌زاده، لیلی، شهرآرای، مهرناز، و مرادی، علی­رضا (1386). بررسی نرخ شیوع اعتیاد به اینترنت در دختران دبیرستانی شهر تهران و مقایسه دختران معتاد و غیرمعتاد به اینترنت در متغیرهای تنهایی، عزت نفس و مهارت­های اجتماعی. فصل­نامه مطالعات فرهنگی- دفاعی زنان، 3(1)، 28-7.
محمدزاده، علی (1389). بررسی برخی از همبسته­های جمعیت­شناختی الگوهای شخصیت مرزی در نمونه­های غیربالینی. مطالعات روان­شناختی، 6(4)، 161-147.
 
لاتین
Adiele, I., & Olatokun, W. (2014). Prevalence and determinants of Internet addiction among adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 100-110.
Andreassen, C. S., & Pallesen, S. (2014). Social network site addiction - an overview. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 20 (25), 4053-61.
Bernardi, S., & Pallanti, S. (2009). Internet addiction: A descriptive clinical study focusing on comorbidities and dissociative symptoms. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 50 (6), 510-516.
Bohus, M., Limberger, M. F., Frank, U., Chapman, A. L., Kühler, T., & Stieglitz, R. D. (2007). Psychometric properties of the borderline symptom list. Psychopathology, 40 (2), 126-132.
Bozoglan, B., Demirer, V., & Sahin, I. (2013). Loneliness, self-esteem, and life satisfaction as predictors of Internet addiction: A cross-sectional study among Turkish university students. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 54, 313-319.
Burnay, J., Billieux, J., Blairy, S., & Laroi, F. (2015). Which psychological factors influence Internet addiction? Evidence through an integrative model. Computers in Human Behavior, 43, 28-34.
Chen, L., & Nath, R. (2016). Understanding the underlying factors of Internet addiction across cultures: A comparison study. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 17, 38-48.
Chen, Q., Quan, X., Lu, H., Fei, P., & Li, M. (2015). Comparison of the personality and other psychological factors of students with internet addiction who do and do not have associated social dysfunction. Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry, 27 (1), 36-41.
Chen, Y. L., Chen, S. H., & Gau, S. S. (2015). ADHD and autistic traits, family function, parenting style, and social adjustment for Internet addiction among children and adolescents in Taiwan: a longitudinal study. Research in developmental disabilities, 39, 20-31.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edition. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Dalbudak, E., Evren, C., Aldemir, S., & Evren, B. (2014). The severity of Internet addiction risk and its relationship with the severity of borderline personality features, childhood traumas, dissociative experiences, depression and anxiety symptoms among Turkish university students. Psychiatry research, 219 (3), 577-82.
Dixon-Gordon, K. L., Yiu, A., & Chapman, A. L. (2013). Borderline personality features and emotional reactivity: The mediating role of interpersonal vulnerabilities. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 44, 271-278.
Floros, G., & Siomos, K. (2014). Excessive Internet Use and Personality Traits. Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports, 1 (1), 19-26.
Floros, G., Siomos, K., Stogiannidou, A., Giouzepas, I., & Garyfallos, G. (2014). Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders with Internet addiction in a clinical sample: The effect of personality, defense style and psychopathology. Addictive Behaviors, 39, 1839-1845.
Gratz, K. L., Dixon-Gordon, K. L., Breetz, A., & Tull, M. (2013). A laboratory-based examination of responses to social rejection in borderline personality disorder: the mediating role of emotion dysregulation. Journal of Personality Disorders, 27 (2), 157-171.
Heo, J., Oh, J., Subramanian, S. V., Kim, Y., & Kawachi, I. (2014). Addictive internet use among Korean adolescents: A national survey. PLoS One, 9 (2), e87819.
Herr, N. R., Rosenthal, M. Z., Geiger, P. J., & Erikson, K. (2013). Difficulties with emotion regulation mediate the relationship between borderline personality disorder symptom severity and interpersonal problems. Personality and Mental Health, 7 (3), 191-202.
Hooley, J. M., & Masland, S. R. (2016). Borderline Personality Disorder. Encyclopedia of Mental Health, (Second Edition), 204-209.
Hsu, W. Y., Lin, S. S. J., Chang, S. M., Tseng, Y. H., & Chiu, N. Y. (2015). Examining the diagnostic criteria for Internet addiction: Expert validation. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 114, 504-508.
Ivanova, I. V., Tasca, G. A., Hammond, N., Balfour, L., Ritchie, K., Koszycki, D., & Bissada, H. (2015). Negative affect mediates the relationship between interpersonal problems and binge-eating disorder symptoms and psychopathology in a clinical sample: A test of the interpersonal model. European Eating Disorders Review, 23 (2), 133-8.
Jie, T., Yizhen, Y., Yukai, D., Ying, M., Dongying, Z., & Jiaji, W. (2014). Prevalence of internet addiction and its association with stressful life events and psychological symptoms among adolescent internet users. Addictive behaviors, 39 (3), 744-747.
Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, 2nd edition. New York & London: Guilford press.
Ko, C. H., Yen, J. Y., Yen, C. F., Chen, C. S., & Chen, C. C. (2012). The association between Internet addiction and psychiatric disorder: A review of the literature. European Psychiatry, 27 (1), 1-8.
Koc, M. (2011). Internet addiction and psychopathology. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 10 (1), 143-148.
Koo, H. J., & Kwon, J. H. (2014). Risk and protective factors of internet addiction: a meta-analysis of empirical studies in Korea. Yonsei Medical Journal, 55 (6), 1691-711.
Laconi, S., Rodgers, R. F., & Chabrol, H. (2014). The measurement of Internet addiction: A critical review of existing scales and their psychometric properties. Computers in Human Behavior, 41, 190-202.
Lai, C. M., Mak, K. K., Watanabe, H., Jeong, J., Kim, D., Bahar, N., Ramos, M., Chen, S. H., & Cheng, C. (2015). The mediating role of Internet addiction in depression, social anxiety, and psychosocial well-being among adolescents in six Asian countries: A structural equation modelling approach. Public health, 129 (9), 1224-36.
Lazarus, S. A., Cheavens, J. S., Festa, F., & Zachary Rosenthal, M. (2014). Interpersonal functioning in borderline personality disorder: a systematic review of behavioral and laboratory-based assessments. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(3), 193-205.
Li, W., O'Brien, J. E., Snyder, S, M., & Howard, M. O. (2015). Characteristics of internet addiction/pathological internet use in U.S. university students: A qualitative-method investigation. PLoS One, 10 (2), e0117372.
Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G., & Guarino, A. J. (2006). Applied multivariate research, design and interpretation. London: Sage publication.
Milani, L., Osualdella, D., & Di Blasio, P. (2009). Quality of interpersonal relationships and problematic Internet use in adolescence. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 12 (6), 681-684.
Moreau, A., Laconi, S., Delfour, M., & Chabrol, H. (2015). Psychopathological profiles of adolescent and young adult problematic Facebook users. Computers in Human Behavior, 44, 64-69.
Muller, K. W., Dreier, M., Beutel, M. E., Duven, E., Giralt, S., & W€olfling, K. (2016). A hidden type of internet addiction? Intense and addictive use of social networking sites in adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 172-177.
Nakayama, H., & Higuchi, S. (2015). Internet addiction. Nihon rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine, 73 (9), 1559-66.
Pilkonis, P. A., Kim, Y., Proietti, J. M., & Barkham, M. (1996). Scales for personality disorders developed from the inventory of interpersonal problems. Journal of Personality Disorders, 10 (4), 355-369.
Saliceti, F. (2015). Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD). Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 191, 1372-1376.
Senormancı, Ö., Saraçlı, Ö., Atasoy, N., Şenormancı, G., Koktürk, F., & Atik, L. (2014). Relationship of Internet addiction with cognitive style, personality, and depression in university students. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55 (6), 1385-1390.
Stepp, S. D., Pilkonis, P. A., Yaggi, K. E., Morse, J. Q.,  & Feske, U. (2009). Interpersonal and emotional experiences of social interactions in borderline personality disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 97 (7), 484-91.
Whang, L. S. M., Lee, S., & Chang, G. (2003). Internet over-users’ psychological profiles: A behavior sampling analysis on Internet addiction. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 6 (2), 143-150.
Widyanto, L., & Mcmurran, M. (2004). The psychometric properties of the internet addiction test. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 7 (4), 443-450.
Wolfling, K. J., Muller, K.W., Beutel, M. E. (2013). Clinical characteristics and disorder-specific cognitions in treatment-seeking patients with internet addiction and borderline personality organization. Abstracts of the 21th European Congress of Psychiatry, 28 (1), 1.
Wolfling, K., Beutel, M. E., Koch, A., Dickenhorst, U., & Müller, K. W. (2013). Comorbid internet addiction in male clients of inpatient addiction rehabilitation centers: Psychiatric symptoms and mental comorbidity. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201(11), 934-40.
Zamani, B. E., Abedini, Y., & Kheradmand, A. (2011). Internet Addiction Based on Personality Characteristics of High School Students in Kerman, Iran. Addiction & Health, 3 (3-4), 85-91.
Zhu, Y., Zhang, H., & Tian, M. (2015). Molecular and Functional Imaging of Internet Addiction. BioMed Research International, 2015, 378675.