Document Type : Research Article
Authors
1 Graduated from Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
2 Faculty member, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
Abstract
This study was aimed at comparing the effectiveness of cognitivebehavioral therapy (CBT) and progressive muscular relaxation technique (PMRT) in the symptom improvement of nurses diagnosed, as suffering from Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). All female nurses working in Tehran Medical Sciences University Hospitals were considered as the population under study, 1088 of whom were selected through a stratified random sampling method for CFS screening. From those diagnosed with CFS, 72 subjects were randomly assigned to three experimental groups (24 subjects in each group), and then 24 “healthy nurses” (i.e., CFS nonsufferers) working in the same hospitals were also randbmly selected and assigned to the control group. Therefore, four groups were formed: CBT group, PMRT group, CFS control group, and a “normal group”. The recovery indices (i.e. dependent variables) employed were subjects fatigue, emotional distress, and dysfunctions, which were measured twice (i.e., before and after interventions) by Chalder’s Fatigue Scale. Results indicate that CBT was more effective than PMRT in the reduction of fatigue and dysfunctions, while PMRT was more effective than CBT in the improvement of subjects’ emotional distress. Both CBT and PMRT were found to be more effective than no treatment condition regarding all three dependent measures.
Keywords
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental PAsychiat!y, Washington, DC, a. p. a.
Barsky, A. J. (1986). Hypochondriasis: An evaluation of the DSM-IlI criteria in medical outpatients. Arch. Ge,i. Psychiatiy, 493-500.
Berrios. G. E. (1990). Feeling of fatigue and psychotherapy: A conceptual history. compr. Psychiatiy, 31: 140-151.
Buchwald, D. (1995). Cronic latigue and the chronic fatigue syndrome:
Butler. S., Chalder, T., Ron, M. & Wessely, S. (1991). Cognitive behavior therapy in the chronic fatigue syndrome. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatiy,
54: 153-158.
Chalder, T. Tong, J., & Deary, V. (2002). Cognitive behavior therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome. A uncontrolled study. Archives qf Disease in childhood, 86: 95-7.
Chalder, T, Butler, S. & Wessely, S. (1996). In- patient treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome. &ha!’ioral and cognitive P.cychctherapy, 24: 351-365.
Chalder, T., Berelowitz. 0., Hirsch, S. et al. (2993). Development of a fatigue scale. J. Psvchosom. Res. 31: 147-153.
Deale, A., Husain, K.. Chakier, T. & wessely, S. (2001). Long-term outcome of cognitive behavior therapy versus relaxation therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome: A 5-year follow-up study. Am. J. of Psychiaüy, 158: 2038-2042.
Deale. A., Chalder, T., Marks, 1. M. & Wessely, S. (1997). Cognitive behavior therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. Am.
J. Psychiatry, 154: 408-414.
Freidherg, F., & Krupp, L. B. (1994). A comparison of chronic fatigue syndrome and primary depression. din. I,fect. Dis., 18 (1): S 105-S 110.
Greenberg, D. (1990). Neurasthenia in the 1980S: chronic mononucleosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, and anxiety and depressive disorders. Psvchosomatics, 31: 129-137.
(Junn. W., et al. (1993). Epidemiology of chronic fatigue syndrome: The centers for disease control study. ciba. Found. Symp., & 3: 93-101.
ason. L. A., Wagner, L., Rosenthal, S. et al. (1998). Estimating the prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome among nurses. Am. J. Med. 105
(3S): 91S-93S.
loyce, J., Hotopf, m. & Wessely, S. (1997). The prognosis of chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome: A sysstematic review. QJM, 90-223-33.
rup. L. B.. La Rocca. N. G., Muir-nash, J.. & Steinher. A. D. (1989). The
fatigue severity scale. Arch. Neurol., 46: 1121-1123.
Lioyd. A., Hickie, I. et al. (1993). Immunologic and psychologic therapy for patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: A double blind’ placebo controlled trial. Am. J. Mes.,95: 197-203.
Lioyd, A. .(1990). Prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome in and Australian. Med. J. Aust. 153 (9): 522-528.
Morriss, R, J. (1991). Fear reduction methods, In Helping People change, A text book of methods. (eds. F. H. Kanfer & A. P. Goldstein). PP: 161-201. New York: pergamon press.
Oakley, J. (2002). chronic fatigue syndrome. Emerge. September.
Puwlikowska, T., Chalder, T., & Hirsch, S, R. et al. (1994). Population based study of fatigue and psychological distress. BMJ, 308: 163-770.
Pilowsky, 1. (1967). Dimensions of pypochondriasis. Br. J. Psychiatry, 113:
39-43.
Prins, J., Bazelmans, E. et a!. (2002). Cognitive behavior therapy for fatigue syndrome: predictors of treatment outcome. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64:
90-95.
Reber, S. (1988). Dictionary of psychology. Tehran. Roshd Pub.
Ridsale, L., Godferv, E., Chalder, T. et a!. (2001). chronic fatigue in general practice: Is counseling as good as cognitive behavior therapy? An UK randomized trial. Br. J. of Gen. Pract., 51: 19-24.
Sharpe, M. (1998). Cognitive behavior therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome:
Efficacy and implications. The Am. J of Med. 105 (3A): 104S-109S.
Sharpe, M. (1997). Chronic fatigue syndrome. In Science and Practice qf cognitive Behavior Therapy. (eds. D. M. clark & C. G. Fariburn). PP:
380-414.
Oxford University press.
Sharpe, M. (1997). Cognitive behavior therapy for functional somatic complaints, the example of chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychosornatics., 38
(4): 350-359
Sharpe, M., Hawton, K. E, Simking, S. et al. (1996a). Cognitive behavior
BMJ., 312: 22-26.
Sharpe, M. (1996). chronic fatigue syndrome. C’ansultaiion Liaison Pychiatiy, 35: 549-567.
Stewart, A. L., Hays, R. D. & Ware, J. E. (1988). The MOS short-Form general health survey: .Reliability and validity in a practice population, Medical Care, 26(7): 724-735.
Surawy, C. Hackman, A., Hawton, K. & Sharpe, M. (1995). chronic fatigue syndrome: A cognitive approach. Behuv. Res. Ther., 33: 334-344.
Tyler, P. A. Cailoli, D. & Cuuniiigharn, S. E. (1991.). Stress and well-being in nurses: A comparison of the . public and private sectors. Inter. J. Nurses. Study, 28: 156-161.
)