Psychological Achievements

Abstract This study was conducted to answer a few research questions about the conservation of number, mass, length and volume among four groups of 7.5 and 10.5 year old girl and boy primary school pupils in Zahedan.
The sample cosisted of 120 second and fifth grade pupils of Zahedan who were selected randomly and equally from 7.5 and 10.5 year old populations. The project clinical method was usedto measure conservation.
Data analysis showed that: a) 10.5 -year- old girl and boy pupils performed better than younger pupils in all four types of conservation and their components: prediction, judgernent and explanation; b) there were no differences between girls and boys regarding the four types of conservation investigated; and c) children achieved conservation of number, mass, length and volume successively.

Abstract This article aims to compare the developing countries according to their scientific publications indexed in Science Citation Index(SCI) during 1985-1989, using country-by-COUfltIY citation analysis technique. The top countries in scientific fields were identified, and compared to their populations and Gross National Products (GNP). This study found that, 4 Latin American countries: Brazil, Mexico. Argentina and Chile ranked from 1 to 4 in the most scientific fields, although, none of them had the largest population or the highest GNP during the period producing the studied documents.  

Abstract Teachers have long been concerned with the contributions of’ different types of evaluation to their students achievement. Many believe that the use of multiple- choice items provide greater students achievement and promotes more positive attitudes toward learning. On the other hand, psychometricians like Ebe] and Frisbie, believe that there is no significant difference between multiple-choice and true-false test items. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the use of true-false test is as effective as multple-ehoice test in mesauring students’ achievement- A total of 304 university students enrolled in the course, were randomly divided into two groups. One group participitated in a multiple-choice test whereas the other group received true-false items. Instructional strategies including objectives of the course, tests contents, and testing procedures were the same for both groups. Then, in order to find out whether the two groups were similar or different in term of their achievements, the correct response in the two tests were compared. The results showed no significant difference between the final scores of the two groups. This finding indicates that teachers should give attention to the contribution of both multiple- choice and true- false test items in measuring their students achievement.
 

Abstract In this study, to explore the relationship between bilinguality and academic achievement among the first grade pupils of Ahvaz Education OftIce, District One, 20() pupils, the mother tongue of one half of whom was Arabic and that of the other half Persian were randomly selected. A questionnaire involving the relevant variables was used.
Multiple regression analysis showed that, hilingnality aside, from among other variables, only four, i.e. parent literacy, socio-economic status, and teacher level of education and experience proved to have a meaningful relationship with achievement. The remainder of student academic achievement showed a very low correlation with bilinguality. Thus, after controlling certain personal, familial, social and school variables, hilinguality accounted for only .006 of the variable of school achievement which is not significant even at cx=.O5. The analysis of covariance yielded the same results.

Abstract Although many psychologists have expressed an interest in the phenomenon of creativity, psychological research on this topic did not rapidly expand until Wafter J. P. Guilford claimed, in his 1950 APA presidential address, that this topic deserved far more attention than it was then receiving. This article reviews the progress psychologists have made in understanding creativity since Guilford’s call to arms. Research progress has taken place on 4 fronts: the cognitive processes involved in the creative act, the distinctive characteristics of the creative person, the development and manifestation of creativity across the individual life span, and the social environments most strongly associated with creative activity. Although some important questions remain unanswered, psychologists now know more than ever before about how individuals achieve this special and significant form of optimal human functioning.  

Abstract The ‘English for the Students of Library and Information Science” was published in 1999. This two-volume series is intended to serve the needs of students in this field as the major source of special English. This article attempts to measure the readability of the set based on Flesch’s Yardstick while emphasising the need for compiling such a source. The article higlights the strengths as well as the weaknesses of these books. Then, suggestions are made for amendments in the next edition.