Psychological Achievements

Abstract Background: Moral characteristics are virtues that can affect the quality of different dimensions of people's lives. Conscientiousness is one of the most critical ethical virtues. Therefore, a tool with appropriate psychometric properties must measure this ethical background with other variables. The current research aims to determine the factor structure and psychometric properties (validity and reliability) of the conscientiousness ethics scale.
Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the conscientiousness ethics scale in a group of Shiraz University undergraduate students.
Methods: The undergraduate students in the present study were from Shiraz University; 440 (221 women and 219 men) were selected by the multistage random clustering method and responded to the conscientiousness ethics scale. After entering data into the software SPSS-16, The data were randomly divided into two equal parts; Thus, to perform exploratory factor analysis, Data from the first 220 samples and confirmatory factor analysis were collected from 220 other samples.
Results: The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that conscientiousness ethics is composed of two factors, conscientiousness and trustworthiness. The confirmatory factor analysis also confirmed the two-factor structure of conscientiousness ethics. The values of Cronbach's alpha coefficients also confirmed the instrument's reliability.
Conclusion: In general, the results of this research show the efficiency of the conscientiousness ethics scale; And researchers in the field of moral psychology can use it

Abstract Aim: Body compassion is defined as a person's physical attention to appearance, competence and health along with mindfulness, kindness and awareness of common humanity. The present study was conducted to confirm the fit, validity and reliability of Body Compassion Scale by Altman et al. (2017) in Iranian students.
Methods: This study is of correlation and validation type. The statistical population included 175 female students studying at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 2019.
Results: Cronbach's alpha coefficient of this questionnaire was equal to 0.81 and the results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and goodness of fit indices indicated the appropriate fit of the three-factor structure of Body Compassion Scale. The results showed that the items of this scale have convergent validity and suitable fit of the scale.
Conclusion: Therefore, social self-efficiency (SSE) scale had suitable validity and reliability, and this scale can be used in many clinical and research situations

Abstract Aim: This study aimed to determine how cognitive emotion regulation mediates the association between the severity of depression and childhood trauma.
Methods: This study was categorized as fundamental in nature and used a cross-sectional and correlational design. In 2025, it investigated the connections among depression, cognitive emotion regulation, and childhood trauma in adolescents between the ages of 12 and 18. A multi-stage cluster random sampling technique was used to gather data from 384 secondary school students in Semnan Province.The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire–Short Form (CERQ-Short), and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) were among the research tools. SEM (structural equation modeling) was used to analyze the data using SPSS 26 and AMOS 24.
Results: The results of SEM showed that emotion regulation played a significant mediating role in the association between childhood trauma and adolescent depression. Childhood trauma was negatively correlated with adaptive strategies (β = -0.381), and positively correlated with increased use of maladaptive strategies (β = 0.428). Furthermore, adaptive strategies had a negative effect on depression (β = -0.664), whereas maladaptive strategies had a positive effect (β = 0.310). The association between childhood trauma and depression was found to have significant indirect effects via maladaptive (β = 0.132), and adaptive (β = 0.252) strategies, according to bootstrap analysis.
Conclusion: Emotion regulation is a big part of the link between childhood trauma and depression in teens. Improving emotional regulation skills may help keep people in this group from getting depressed or help them get better.

Abstract Aim: Childhood trauma has lasting effects on emotional development and affective styles in adulthood. The potential mediating role of cognitive mechanisms—particularly cognitive abilities—in this relationship has not been thoroughly examined. This study investigated whether cognitive abilities mediate the link between childhood trauma and affective styles.
 
Methods: This study used a cross-sectional correlational design, with data analyzed through path analysis using SPSS 27 and AMOS. Participants were 331 adults (242 women, 89 men; mean age = 25.93, SD = 7.70). Measures included the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the Affective Style Questionnaire (ASQ), and the Cognitive Abilities Questionnaire (CAQ).
 
Results: Childhood trauma was negatively associated with the Adjustment style directly (β = -.12, p < .05) and indirectly through cognitive abilities (β_indirect = -0.14, p < .05), indicating mediation. Its effects on concealing and tolerating styles were fully mediated by cognitive abilities (β_indirect = -.04 and -.05, respectively, p < .05), with no significant direct paths. Cognitive abilities were positively associated with all three affective styles (β = .44–.17, p < .01–.05), highlighting their key mediating role. The path analysis model showed good fit indices (NFI = .96, CFI = .97, GFI = .99, RMSEA = .069).
 
Conclusion: These findings suggest that cognitive abilities play a meaningful role in the association between childhood trauma and enduring affective styles. Furthermore, interventions targeting cognitive–affective processes could potentially contribute to reducing the long-term effects of childhood trauma

Abstract Aim: This study aimed to study the effect of Cool Kids Therapy Program on Maternal Parenting Stress and Anxiety Symptoms of Children with Anxiety Disorders.
Methods: The research method was a semi-experimental design with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all female students with anxiety disorders in the third, fourth and fifth grades of primary school in Bushehr in the academic year 1400-1401. Using the convenience sampling method, 30 female students with anxiety disorders were selected from the statistical population and randomly assigned to two control and experimental groups along with their mothers. The Child and Parent Anxiety Questionnaire (Spence) and the short form of the Parenting Stress Questionnaire (Abidin) were used to collect data. The experimental group received 8 therapy sessions, one session per week, and the control group participated in the study without receiving any intervention. Finally, the data obtained were analyzed using the statistical method of analysis of covariance and spss_24 software.
Results: Data analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the scores of maternal parenting stress and children's anxiety in both child and parent forms in the experimental and control groups in the post-test by controlling for the pre-test score. The cool kids therapy program had a significant effect on maternal parenting stress and children's anxiety in the child and parent forms by 26%, 30%, and 36%, respectively.
Conclusion: The results showed that the Cool Kids therapy program was effective on maternal parenting stress and anxiety symptoms in children with anxiety disorders. Overall, this program can be used as an effective protocol for treating children's anxiety and improving maternal parenting stress, independently or in addition to other methods in treatment centers.

Abstract Aim: In women with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) the combination of high levels of self-criticism and intolerance of uncertainty are factors that impede treatment effectiveness. Both Compassion Focused Therapy and Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy have been established as effective methods for treating anxiety disorders and yet limited evidence comparing their relative effects on these two main components- particularly in women with GAD- exist.Most existing studies have assessed only one construct, despite their combined role to maintain anxiety. Therefore, this study aims to compare the effectiveness of Compassion‑Focused Therapy and Mindfulness‑Based Cognitive Therapy in reducing self‑criticism and intolerance of uncertainty among women with Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Ahvaz.
 
Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest–posttest design with a control group. The statistical population comprised all women with GAD who sought services at Ahvaz psychological clinics  in 2025. Forty-five women were selected by the purposive sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (15 participants per group). The research instruments included the Levels of Self-Criticism Scale (Thompson & Zuroff, 2004), and the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (Freeston et al., 1994). The experimental groups underwent 10 ninety-minute sessions following the protocols of compassion-focused therapy (Gilbert, 2009) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (Segal et al., 2018), while the control group received no intervention.
 
Results: Repeated measures ANOVA results indicated that mean scores of self-criticism components and intolerance of uncertainty in the compassion therapy group and the mindfulness-based cognitive therapy group decreased significantly at posttest and follow-up. Bonferroni follow-up tests also indicated that the effects of the therapies persisted through the follow-up stage (P<.05). For the intolerance of ambiguity, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy was more effective than compassion therapy at posttest and follow-up (P<.05), but no significant difference between the two therapies was observed for self-criticism (P>.05).
 
Conclusion: The results revealed that both treatments yielded persistent improvements in both self-criticism and intolerance of uncertainty; mindfulness based cognitive therapy proved to be more successful at increasing tolerance of uncertainty.Therefore, MBCT may be considered a more efficient approach to reduce the chronic worry and enhancing tolerance of ambiguity in women with GAD.

Abstract Aim: This study aimed to examine the structural relationships between the Dark Triad personality traits (Psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and Narcissism), moral disengagement, impulsivity, and academic dishonesty among university students.
Methods: The current study was a descriptive-correlational study that employed a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. The research society was Urmia University students. The cluster sampling method was used in this study (N = 385, 55.30% female and 44.70% male, Meanage = 19.60, SDage = 1.65). Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) with SPSS-24 and AMOS-26 software. To collect data, the Moral Disengagement Scale, Short Scale of Dark Personality, Traits- The Dirty Dozen, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and Academic Dishonesty Questionnaire were used.
Results: The analysis confirmed that all three structural models demonstrated excellent fit indices (e.g., for Narcissism: CMIN/DF=2.00CMIN/DF = 2.00CMIN/DF=2.00, CFI=0.93CFI = 0.93CFI=0.93, GFI=0.93GFI = 0.93GFI=0.93, RMSEA=0.05RMSEA = 0.05RMSEA=0.05). Findings revealed that while Psychopathy had a direct effect on academic dishonesty, the influence of all three Dark Triad traits was significantly mediated by moral disengagement and impulsivity. Specifically, the pathways of influence varied across traits: Machiavellianism and Psychopathy were strongly linked to dishonesty through both mediators, whereas Narcissism’s impact was primarily driven by impulsivity and its indirect link through moral disengagement.
Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggest that the psychological mechanisms underlying academic dishonesty differ across the Dark Triad traits. The present findings extend the application of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) by demonstrating that background personality characteristics may influence academic dishonesty through different psychological pathways. Moral disengagement emerged as a primary mechanism for psychopathy and Machiavellianism, whereas impulsivity preceded moral disengagement only in the narcissism model. These findings suggest that incorporating moral-cognitive mechanisms into TPB may provide a more comprehensive explanation of unethical academic behavior These findings suggest that educational interventions should focus on enhancing both moral reasoning and emotional self-regulation to effectively mitigate academic misconduct.

Abstract Aim: Cyberloafing is defined as the use of the internet for non-work-related purposes along working hours. The current study examined the mediating role of loneliness in the relationship between insecure attachment, perfectionism, and cyberloafing.

Methods: Participants consisted of 561 individuals +18 years old who had access to the internet (males = 46.8%, mean age = 27.60 ± 7.86 years and females = 53.1%, mean age = 25.37 ± 9.16 years). They voluntarily completed a questionnaire package which included the Russell's Loneliness Questionnaire (UCLA), Hill Perfectionism Inventory (HPI), cyberloafing scale of Akbulut et al, (2016), and the experiences in close relationships revise scale (ECR-R). Data were analyzed by implementing Pearson correlation and testing a mediation via the Structural Equation Model approach.

Results: The findings revealed that the structural model of attachment style, perfectionism and cyberloafing with the mediating role of loneliness had a good fit (GFI = 0.94; NFI = 0.94; CFI = 0.96; RMSEA= 0.057). Further, all paths in the proposed model were statistically significant, explaining 39% of the variance in cyberloafing.

Conclusion: These findings suggest that loneliness could demonstrate a full mediating role in the correlation between perfectionism and cyberloafing. Also, according to the findings, loneliness could demonstrate a partially mediating role in the correlation between perfectionism and cyberloafing

Abstract Background: Obesity is a significant health concern associated with psychological difficulties, including body dissatisfaction. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) may contribute to weight management and improved body image by modifying maladaptive cognitive and behavioral patterns.
Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of an eight-session CBT intervention in reducing body mass index (BMI) and improving body image satisfaction among individuals with obesity.
Methods: This experimental study included 30 individuals with obesity who were randomly assigned to either a CBT intervention group or a control group using a random number table and sealed envelopes. The intervention consisted of eight CBT sessions focusing on psychoeducation, emotional eating management, modification of negative body-related thoughts, development of coping strategies, and goal setting for weight management. Data were collected using BMI measurements and the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) and analyzed using SPSS version 23.
Results: The findings indicated statistically significant differences between the intervention and control groups in weight reduction and body image satisfaction. The mean BMI was 32.47 in the intervention group compared with 34.81 in the control group (p < .001). Participants receiving CBT also demonstrated significantly greater improvements in body image satisfaction than those in the control group.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that an eight-session CBT intervention may be effective in reducing BMI and improving body image satisfaction among individuals with obesity. These results highlight the potential value of incorporating psychological interventions into comprehensive obesity management programs.

Abstract Background: Typically, after marriage, couples prepare for a series of changes that occur due to the birth of a new child in their lives. Sometimes the child they are expecting has a disability and these changes are much more extensive than usual and it is very difficult for the parents to face and accept this issue.

Objectives This study aimed to explore the effect of the Kozloff educational program on the of emotional burnout and rumination in mothers of children with autism.

Methods: This research was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test control group design. The statistical population consisted of mothers who had a child with autism and lived in Urmia City in 2023. The number of these mothers was 100. From among these people, a number of 30 people were selected through convenience sampling and were assigned in two experimental and control groups via simple random assignment (15 people in each group). Maslach Burnout Inventory (1981) and Nolen Hoeksema and Morrow's rumination response Scale (1991) were employed to collect information. The people of the experimental group were also trained in the Kozloff parenting program during 12 sessions of 90 minutes.. The data obtained from this research were analyzed using SPSS-26 software and multivariate covariance analysis.

Results: The findings indicated a statistically significant difference between the experimental and control groups following the intervention. In other words, the results of the analysis of covariance revealed that the Kozlov parent training program mitigated emotional burnout (P<0.005) and rumination of mothers with children with autism, (P<0.005) were significantly effective.

Conclusion:. This program reduces the psychological burden associated with caregiving by increasing mothers' knowledge about autism, improving parent-child interaction skills, and providing practical behavioral and educational strategies. Thus, training of the Kozloff parents' program can be applied to reduce emotional burnout and rumination of mothers with autistic children

Abstract I
Background: This study investigated the impact of explicitness in gift exchange on perceived appreciation, with a particular focus on the mediating role of relationship depth.
Objectives: Recognizing gift exchange as a crucial interpersonal process influenced by communicative clarity and relational context, this research sought to clarify the emotional dynamics underlying close relationships.
Methods: Using a descriptive-correlational design, the study employed Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to analyze data collected from a sample of 629 married individuals in Iran, aged 20–60 years. Participants evaluated their level of appreciation across four scenarios that varied according to the explicitness of the gift (explicit vs. non-explicit) and their role (gift giver vs. gift recipient). The Quality of Relationships Inventory (QRI) was used to assess relationship depth, and the data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS version 24.
Results: The findings revealed that both explicit and non-explicit gift-giving conditions significantly predicted levels of appreciation. However, relationship depth did not mediate the association between explicitness and appreciation, regardless of whether participants evaluated the scenarios as gift givers or gift recipients. Further analyses indicated that participants reported higher levels of appreciation in close-friend relationships than in romantic-partner relationships. In addition, within both relationship types, participants reported significantly greater appreciation in relationships with higher levels of depth than in those with lower levels of depth. These findings suggest that although communicative explicitness is a significant predictor of appreciation, relationship depth does not function as a mediator in this relationship. Nevertheless, the findings highlight the importance of the relational context, indicating that both relationship type and relationship depth are associated with variations in perceived appreciation.
Conclusion: These results contribute to a better understanding of the social and emotional mechanisms underlying gift exchange and suggest that future studies should further investigate the moderating role of relational characteristics.

Abstract Specific learning disorders are one of the most common learning problems of students in elementary school, which psychologically have an adverse effect on these children. Specific learning disorders are a type of chronic problem with a neurological and developmental basis that generally starts in the early stages of development, i.e. before school age, and continues until adulthood if not properly addressed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the development of a parenting training package for children with specific learning disorders based on the lived experience of parents and to compare its effect with Barclay's parenting training on the psychological well-being of parents, psychological resilience, social adjustment, and academic performance of students.

Method
The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with two experimental groups and a control group. The statistical population of the present study included two groups, in the qualitative part including all parents of children with special learning disorders and in the quantitative part including all mothers of students with special learning disorders in Abadeh city. For the qualitative part of the research, the interviews were continued until the theoretical saturation of information, and the interviews with 10 parents were at saturation level. Purposive sampling method was used to select people for interview. In the implementation of the research, sampling was done as available. Based on this, 45 mothers with special learning disorder students were selected, and 15 were randomly assigned to the experimental group (parenting training package), 15 to the experimental group (Barclay's parenting training), and 15 to the control group. The parenting training package created by the researcher was implemented for the parents of the first experimental group (in8 sessions of 90 minutes) and Barclay's parenting training (in 8 sessions of 90 minutes). The measurement tools included Riff's psychological well-being questionnaire (2002), Connor-Davidson psychological resilience questionnaire (2003), Bell's social adjustment questionnaire (1961), Pham and Taylor's academic performance questionnaire (1999). To inferential analysis of the data, the statistical methods of multivariate analysis of variance and analysis of variance with repeated measurements were used.

Results
The results showed that there was a significant difference between the impact of the two parenting training methods developed by the researcher and Barclay's parenting training on social adjustment and academic performance among mothers with children with specific learning disorders, while there was a significant difference between the impact of the two mentioned methods on mental well-being and there was no significant difference in mental resilience.

Discussion
Parenting training package and Barkley parenting training had a significant effect on improving psychological well-being, psychological resilience, social adjustment, and academic performance among mothers with children with specific learning disabilities. The discussion about comparing the effectiveness of parenting training package and Barclay parenting training on mental resilience, social adaptation, and academic performance among mothers with children with special learning disorders showed that there is a significant difference between the effectiveness of the two parenting training package methods. Barclay's parenting training influenced social adaptation and academic performance among mothers with children with specific learning disabilities, while there is no significant difference between the two mentioned methods on psychological resilience. Based on the results of the follow-up test, the parenting training package developed by the researcher had a greater impact on improving social adaptation and academic performance.

Abstract Studies have named adolescence as the period of onset of anxiety disorders (Chavani et al., 2023). One of the problems that adolescents experience and is body dissatisfaction. Among adolescence aged 13 to 19, the rate of body dissatisfaction was 75% (Cavalho et al., 2020). Considering that adolescence is associated with body dissatisfaction, anxiety and co-rumination, it is necessary to pay attention to psychological therapies. Among the new therapies that have attracted the attention of researchers in recent years is time perspective therapy. In time perspective therapy, techniques such as checking the dimensions of the past, present and future time perspective are taught, and then people change their negative time perspective towards the past, present and future to positive perspectives (Seward et al., 2014). Research has confirmed the effectiveness of this therapy in reducing anxiety (Mirzania et al., 2021) and co-rumination (Esmaili et al., 2022a). However, among adolescents with body dissatisfaction, the effectiveness of time perspective therapy has not been investigated; Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of time perspective therapy on body dissatisfaction, anxiety and common rumination of adolescent girls with body dissatisfaction.
The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population of this research was made up of girls’ adolescents with body dissatisfaction in the age range of 15 to 18 years in Rasht city. Among them, 28 adolescents agreed to participate in the research and were randomly replaced in two experimental (14 adolescents) and control (14 adolescents) groups.
The Body shape (Cooper et al., 1987; cited in Rezaei et al., 2014), Beck's Anxiety (Beck et al.,1988; cited in Khesht-Masjedi et al., 2015)), and Co-rumination (Rose, 2002; cited in Ariapooran, 2021) were used to collect the data. For the experimental group, the intervention based on time perspective (Seward et al., 2014) therapy was implemented in 8 sessions (two 1.5h sessions per week). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) test.
Before performing the multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), the assumption of homogeneity of the regression slope was confirmed for body dissatisfaction (p<0.38; F=0.81), anxiety (p<0.32; F=1.03), and co-rumination (p<0.61; F=0.27) F). In addition, Levene's test confirmed the equality of variances between groups in the post-test of body dissatisfaction (p<0.23; F=1.48), anxiety (p<0.48; F = 0.49) and co-rumination (P>0.19; F=1.80). The results of the box test also showed the homogeneity condition of the variance-covariance matrices (p<0.70; F=0.63).
According to MANCOVA, the effectiveness of time perspective therapy on reducing body dissatisfaction (p<0.001; Wilks's lambda f=22.08), anxiety (p<0.001; Wilks's lambda f=80.58), and co-rumination (p>0.001; Wilks's lambda f=67.34) was significant with pre-test control. It can be said that body dissatisfaction, anxiety, and co-rumination have decreased after therapy, and the effect size of time perspective therapy on reducing body dissatisfaction, anxiety, and joint rumination is 0.63, 0.69, and 67, respectively.
The results showed that time perspective therapy had a significant effect on reducing body dissatisfaction, anxiety and co-rumination of adolescent girls. In previous studies, the effectiveness of time perspective therapy on body dissatisfaction has not been investigated, but it can be said that this result is consistent with the previous finding that the effectiveness of this treatment on anxiety (Mirzania et al., 2021) and common rumination of adolescents (Ismaili et al. colleagues, 2022a) have confirmed. Time perspective therapy, people become aware of their positive and negative perspectives regarding the past, present, and future, and change the negative aspects of their time perspective to positive aspects and states (Seward et al., 2014), so this therapy teaches adolescents to receive the positive aspects of their lives and gain a positive self-awareness towards the time, which will most likely reduce body dissatisfaction, anxiety, and common rumination. In general, based on the results, therapists and counselors are suggested to use this treatment to reduce the psychological problems of adolescent’s girls, including body dissatisfaction, anxiety, and co-rumination. In addition, it is suggested that time perspective therapy be held through educational workshops for counselors and psychologists who work with adolescents so that they can use this therapy to reduce psychological problems of adolescents.

Abstract The family is the main institution of a society and the relations of its members, especially couples, are of special importance. A good relationship between couples will bring more satisfaction fewer conflicts and a higher quality of married life (Hoseini Beheshtian & Attar, 2020). Various factors, including the lack of internal cohesion, affect the spouses' relationship and cause much damage to the family (Akbari et al. 2022). The sense of coherence helps manage marital conflicts and improves the marital relationship (Oei et al. 2021). Another factor that can affect couples' relationships is self-control. There is evidence that high levels of self-control are associated with constructive interpersonal behaviors that improve relationship quality and reduce conflict (Cheung et al. 2022).
One treatment approach is Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), which has been evaluated in more than 900 randomized trials (Hayes, 2022). In Iran, few studies conducted on the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on the sense of coherence (Derakhshanjan et al. 2023; Rostami et al. 2023), and self-control (Babakhani, 2020). Also, Solution-Oriented Therapy is another psychological therapy that emphasizes the capabilities and abilities of people to create solutions (Ayar & Sabancioğullari, 2022) Few studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of solution therapy conducted in terms of the sense of coherence (Pourdel et al. 2021; Ismakhani Akbarinejad & Ebrahimi Sadr, 2022), and self-control (Mir Hashemi & Najafi, 2014).
Also, it should be noted that there has been no research on the effectiveness and comparison of acceptance and commitment-based therapy and solution-oriented therapy, specifically on self-control and internal cohesion in the subject of women with marital conflict. Considering the negative consequences of conflicts on the individual lives of couples and their children, the necessity of dealing with treatments that target marital conflicts is felt. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment and solution-oriented therapy on the self-control and internal cohesion of women with marital conflicts.
Method:
The present study was a semi-experimental method and a pre-test-post-test-one-month follow-up design was used with the control group. The statistical population of this research included women with marital conflict referring to Ravan Plus Clinic in Mashhad in 2023. Among them, 45 women were selected purposefully and voluntarily and then randomly assigned into two experimental groups and one control group (15 subjects per group). To collect the data, the Internal Coherence Questionnaire (ICQ), Self-Control Tangney Questionnaire (SCQ), and Marital Conflict Questionnaire (MCQ). After explanations were given to the participants about the conditions of the research and the objectives of the study, the first group received the solution-focused therapy the second group received acceptance and commitment-based therapy (ACT), and the third group as a control group received no treatment during this time. Each group meeting was held once a week for 90 minutes in two months. Questionnaires were completed in three phases: pre-test, post-test, and one-month follow-up by three groups. To analyze the data, repeated measures analysis was used.
Results:
Findings showed that Acceptance and commitment therapy and Solution-focused (brief) therapy were effective as compared with the control group in terms of self-control and internal cohesion (P<0.001). The results also showed that there was no significant difference between the two experimental groups in terms of self-control and internal cohesion (P>0.05).
Discussion:
In sum, Acceptance and commitment therapy and Solution-focused (brief) therapy were effective in increasing the internal coherence and self-control of women with marital conflicts. It is suggested that future researches be conducted on couples to investigate the effectiveness of treatment on men as well. To increase the generalizability of the results, it is suggested that this research be carried out in different populations (divorced women, etc.).

Abstract Introduction
Compassion has been valued as a virtue in most religious and spiritual traditions for centuries. It has also been considered in the social psychology literature, along with related constructs such as empathy, altruism, and prosocial behavior. However, the existing research literature suggests that compassion benefits psychological, physiological, and behavioral health, reduces negative emotions, and improves interpersonal and social skills.
Existing research literature has confirmed attachment as an important antecedent of fear of compassion; however, not much attention has been paid to the variables that act as mediators between these two structures. Because attachment provides a platform for the formation of cognitive structures such as basic beliefs about self, others, and the world, and on the other hand, the cognitive perspective can become the underlying factor of fear of compassion, Therefore, the current study seeks to answer the question of whether the cognitive triad can mediate the relationship between parental attachment and fear of compassion.
Method
The current research can be considered a correlational study in terms of the research method. The statistical population of the research included all the students of Salman Farsi University of Kazeroon who were studying in the academic year 2022-2023 and the data was collected online based on available sampling. Research tools included the Fear of Compassion Scale (FCS), Parental Attachment Recognition Scale (PARS), and Cognitive Triad Inventory (CTI). In this model, the general parental attachment recognition variable is considered as an exogenous variable, the latent variable of fear of compassion is considered as an endogenous variable, and the latent variable of the cognitive triad (negative) is considered as a mediating variable of the model. Research data were analyzed using the structural equation modeling method and SPSS-22 and AMOS-24 software.
Results
The assumed model was fitting in the research community. The results of the analysis showed that the mediating role of the cognitive triad in the relationship between parental attachment recognition and fear of compassion is significant and the proposed model explains 50% of the variance of fear of compassion. Also, the direct effects of parental attachment with cognitive triad, parental attachment with fear of compassion, and cognitive triad with fear of compassion were significant.
Discussion
This finding will lead to a better understanding of the process that leads to fear of compassion among Iranian students. Because it shows that there is a major mechanism for the effect of parental attachment recognition on the fear of compassion, which is a person's negative outlook towards self, the world, and the future. It can be said that the impact of the attachment created during childhood with parents on the feeling of fear of compassion through the negative cognitive triad returns to the lack of confidence, a hesitant and critical view that a person has internalized due to the experience of an environment without warmth and safety and it has led to a negative evaluation of self, the surrounding world or the future. It seems that the positive outlook of securely attached individuals is due to a stable mental representation that stems from their secure base and their optimistic outlook. One could say that a secure base is an internal resource that promotes optimistic and constructive attitudes and a lower tendency to engage in cognitive distortions about themselves, the world, and the future. Internalized negative evaluation leads to less self-acceptance, lower self-confidence, and self-criticism, lack of trust in others, the world, and herself and it provides a basis for the emergence and expansion of the fear of self-compassion, compassion for others, and receiving compassion from others. In other words, a person who has a negative view of themselves does not see themselves as worthy of compassion from others and therefore responds with fear and apprehension to expressions of compassion from others, or even shows a fear of compassion towards themselves through pathological self-criticism and self-judgment.

Abstract Introduction
Self-injury refers to intentional acts of self-harm, regardless of suicidal or non-suicidal intent. Aggression is behavior that is done with the intention of harming others. The simultaneous occurrence of self-harm and aggression during a person's life is known as duale-harm. Despite the severe consequences of duale-harm, its dimensions and causes are not yet fully understood. Prevalence reports of dual-harm vary considerably with respect to the definitions used for the two overlapping behaviors of self-injury and aggression, and it is unclear exactly which harmful behaviors should be subsumed under these broad terms. Studies tend to measure dual-harm by cross-tabulating responses to separate self-injury and aggression questionnaires. This method has led to problems in comparisons in the literature by creating inconsistencies in the measurements and conceptualizations of dual-harm. Therefore, in the present study, a model-based strategy (latent class analysis) was used to identify people involved in dual-harm. Then, the results of the latent class analysis were used in subsequent analyzes to determine how much dual-harm is influenced by adverse childhood experiences and emotion dysregulation compared to self-injury and aggression alone.
Method
In the present research, latent class analysis was first used, which belongs to mixed designs. In the following, the scores extracted from this method were used in regression analysis, which belongs to correlation designs. The research population was adults living in the community. According to the considerations related to determining the sample size in regression analysis and latent class analysis, as well as practical limitations, 288 people participated in the research. The sampling method was voluntary and the online link of the questionnaires in social networks was provided only to those who wanted to fill them and there was no compulsion to fill the questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed using latent class analysis and then regression analysis using Mplus software version 8 and SPSS software version 26, respectively.
Results
Latent class analysis was used to classify people based on answers to nine questions related to engaging in self-harm and and harm to others behaviors. Based on the fit indices, a model with 4 classes was selected as the best model. The first class consisted of people who were high in self-harm behaviors compared to harming others. The second class consisted of people who were high in harming others than self-harm behaviors. The third class consisted of individuals who had high scores in both self-harm behaviors and harm to others behaviors (dual-harm class). Finally, the fourth class consisted of people who scored low in both self-harm behaviors and harm to others behaviors. The results of regression analysis showed that emotional abuse (β=0.34, P<0.01), sexual abuse (β=0.24, P<0.01) and emotional neglect ((β=-0.23, P<0.01) have a significant role in predicting the probability of belonging to the dual-harm class. Twenty-eight percent of the total variance of the probability of belonging to the dual-harm class was explained by these variables.
Discussion
The results showed that the causal path to self-harm and aggression behaviors is not the same. In the same way, despite the similarity to self-harm and aggression behaviors, dual-harm can be a unique disorder with different causal factors. In fact, on the one hand, the results showed that, unlike self-harm, emotion regulation problems do not had a significant role in predicting dual-harm, and dual-harm is a different disorder from self-harm. On the other hand, compared to aggression, a different pattern of adverse childhood experiences influenced dual-harm. While the combination of high emotional neglect and low sexual abuse leads to aggression. Dual-harm is caused by the combination of low emotional neglect and high sexual abuse alongside with high emotional abuse. Therefore, it can be said that dual-harm is a unique problem and due to the serious consequences it can have compared to self-harm and aggression alone, it requires more accuracy in identification and intervention.

Abstract Introduction
In today’s era, due to the change in lifestyle and its complexity, people’s lives have transformed and are linked with stress, depression, and anxiety. During their employment, the employees of medical centers deal with numerous patients who have different personality traits. As a result, the possibility of having anxiety during working hours to provide better services and obtain the satisfaction of patients, their companions, and the managers of the treatment department is distinctly visible in them. With the repetition of these conditions, burnout is found in them in abundance.

Method
The research method is of non-experimental type and the design is correlational due to the investigation of relationships between variables. The statistical population includes all mental health workers, psychologists, and social employees working in medical centers and welfare organization of East Azerbaijan province in 1401. In the current research, due to including four variables, by estimating a maximum of ten parameters for each variable and for each parameter, 20 respondents have been considered. As a result, 200 employees of the study community were selected and investigated by random cluster method.
To conduct the study, the participants filled the informed consent form of the research and declared their readiness. Then the researcher gathered the data in person and by completing the questionnaire. It should be mentioned that this research has received the Code of Ethics ID from Shahid Beheshti University Ethics Committee. In this study, the researcher implemented four instruments to measure the variables. One was the Beck Anxiety Questionnaire (Beck, 1990), which is a self-report questionnaire to measure the intensity of anxiety in adolescents and adults. The other was the Mindfulness Questionnaire (Bauer et al., 2006), a 39-item self-assessment scale developed by combining items from several questionnaires utilizing the factor analysis approach. Moreover, the researcher used Maslach and Jackson's (1981) Burnout Questionnaire to measure employee burnout. To measure suppression, the researcher used the emotion regulation questionnaire of Gross and John (2003).

Results
The research results showed the mediating role of mindfulness in the relationship between anxiety and emotion regulation was confirmed: with a t-statistic value of 2.050 and a significance level of 0.040 at the 95% confidence level. In addition, the mediating role of mindfulness in the relationship between anxiety and burnout was verified: with a t-statistic value of 4.42 and a significance level of 0.000 at a 99% confidence level. However, the mediating role of emotion regulation in relation to anxiety and job burnout was not supported: with a t value equal to 0.521 and a significance level of 0.603. Furthermore, the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between mindfulness and job burnout with a t statistic value was equal to 0.499. And the significance level of 0.618 was not confirmed either.

Discussion
Based on the structural equation modeling test, the effect of anxiety on job burnout was confirmed with a path coefficient of 0.31 with a t-value equal to 3.92. Also a significance level of 0.000 at the 99% confidence level, and from the anxiety symptoms of employees 26% of their burnout can be predicted. The results of Pejman Thani et al.'s research (2019) demonstrated a significant relationship between anxiety, depression, and stress with employee burnout. Based on the present study findings, employee mindfulness was reported at a moderate level, indicating a need to improve their mindfulness status. Additionally, burnout was also reported at a moderate level, which raises a red flag for healthcare centers regarding the quality of work life for staff. It can be explained that what has a greater impact on reducing burnout among healthcare personnel is the effort to reduce staff anxiety.

Abstract Aim: Instagram usage has grown substantially in recent years; thus, the psychological well-being of individuals who use this platform has been affected. The present study aimed to explore the effect of the abandonment/instability schema on the search for meaning in life, with the mediating role of borderline personality organization among active Instagram users.
Methods: This study applied a descriptive-correlational design using structural equation modeling. The target population consisted of active Instagram users, from whom a convenience sample of 208 participants was selected. The tools included the Short Form of the Personality Organization Questionnaire (Yamada et al., 2022), the Abandonment/Instability Schema Scale (Young, 1990), and the Meaning in Life Quest Scale (Steger, 2006). Data were analyzed using SPSS-26 and Mplus-7.
Results: The results indicated that only the effect of the abandonment/instability schema on borderline personality organization was significant (β=0.91, p<0.0001). Nevertheless, the effects of the abandonment/instability schema on the search for meaning in life (β=-0.37, p=0.33) and borderline personality organization on the search for meaning in life (β=0.58, p=0.14) were not significant.
Conclusion: The findings highlighted the potential utility of schema therapy in alleviating the development of borderline personality traits or related issues. However, lack of significant effects on the search for meaning in life emphasized the need for future research to explore other potential variables associated with meaning in life.

Abstract The present study aimed to develop and clinically evaluate a depression psychotherapy protocol based on an explanatory model of depression in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). An experimental pretest–posttest design with a follow-up phase was employed. The study population comprised patients aged 20–50 years with MS and a diagnosis of depression in Hamadan, Iran, during the Iranian calendar year 1400 (2021–2022). Forty patients were recruited through convenience and voluntary sampling and randomly assigned in equal numbers to experimental and control groups across two phases: a pilot study (n = 10) and a clinical trial (n = 30). Depression was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory–Second Edition (BDI-II). The psychotherapy protocol was developed based on an explanatory model addressing neuropsychopathological, emotional, and behavioral factors contributing to depression in patients with MS. It comprised six sequential components: psychoeducation, neuropsychological interventions, emotion regulation, coping-based behavioral interventions, behavioral interventions targeting physical symptoms, and a final review. The protocol was delivered over eight weekly sessions, comprising an initial clinical interview and pretest, six individual psychotherapy sessions, and a posttest session. Following evaluation in the pilot phase, the same intervention was administered to the experimental group in the clinical trial, whereas the control groups received no intervention in either phase. Participants were reassessed one month after treatment. Clinical trial data were analyzed using separate univariate analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) for posttest and follow-up scores, controlling for baseline depression scores. The pilot phase also revealed significant between-group differences at posttest and follow-up (both p = 0.009), supporting progression to the subsequent clinical trial phase. The results indicated significant differences between the experimental and control groups at both posttest (F(1, 27) = 743.92, p < 0.0001) and the one-month follow-up (F(1, 27) = 887.41, p < 0.0001), indicating that the protocol significantly reduced depressive symptoms and that its effects persisted during follow-up. These findings suggest that a psychotherapy protocol based on an explanatory model of depression in patients with MS can be developed and may effectively reduce depressive symptoms. Further investigation of this multicomponent approach is warranted, particularly in larger samples and with longer follow-up periods.