Zemestani, M., Davoudi, I., Mehrabizadeh Honarmand, M., & Zargar, Y. (2013). The effectiveness of behavioral activation and metacognitive therapy on symptoms of depression, anxiety, and cognitive emotion regulation strategies.
Psychological Achievements,
20(1), 183–212.
https://psychac.scu.ac.ir/article_11763.html [Persian]
Ebrahimi, H., Dezhkam, M., & Seghatoleslam, T. (2013). Childhood traumas and suicide attempts in adulthood.
Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology,
19(4), 275-282.
http://ijpcp.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2090-fa.html [Persian]
JafaAriapouran, S., Rastgoo, E., & Abdollahzadeh Rafi, M. (2024). The effectiveness of emotion regulation training on depression symptoms in mothers caring for children with intellectual disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Psychological Achievements,
31(1), 1–22.
https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.40009.2788
rpoor Mamghani, S., Morbaghi Eskouei, M., & Hashemi, T. (2017). Factor structure of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire.
Contemporary Psychology Biannual, 12, 467-471.
https://www.sid.ir/paper/896842/fa [Persian]
Hassani, J. (2010). Psychometric properties of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire.
Clinical Psychology Journal,
2(3), 73-83.
https://www.sid.ir/paper/152721/fa [Persian]
Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation. (n.d.).
Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx).
https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/ (Accessed March 4, 2023).
Woody, C. A., Ferrari, A. J., Siskind, D. J., Whiteford, H. A., & Harris, M. G. (2017). A systematic review and meta-regression of the prevalence and incidence of perinatal depression.
Journal of Affective Disorders, 219, 86–92.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.06.042
Hua, Z., Wang, S., & Yuan, X. (2024). Trends in age-standardized incidence rates of depression in adolescents aged 10–24 in 204 countries and regions from 1990 to 2019.
Journal of Affective Disorders,
350, 831-837
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.009
Evans-Lacko, S., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Al-Hamzawi, A., et al. (2018). Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys.
Psychological Medicine, 48(9), 1560-1571.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717003494
Rezaii, M., Shariat Bagheri, M. M., Mokhber Dezfouli, A. (2023). The mediating role of intrapersonal-interpersonal maladaptive schemas and avoidance between childhood trauma perception and depression symptoms.
Applied Psychology Quarterly,
17(3), 221-243.
https://doi.org/10.48308/apsy.2023.232082.1504 [Persian]
Peng, M., Zhang, L., Wu, Q., Liu, H., Zhou, X., Cheng, N., ... & Huang, X. (2024). The effects of childhood trauma on nonsuicidal self-injury and depressive severity among adolescents with major depressive disorder: the different mediating roles of positive and negative coping styles.
Journal of Affective Disorders,
361, 508-514.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.037
Lei, H., Yang, Y., Zhu, T., Zhang, X., & Dang, J. (2024). Network analysis of the relationship between non-suicidal self-injury, depression, and childhood trauma in adolescents.
BMC Psychology,
12(1), 234.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01729-2
World Health Organization. (2025, March 25).
Suicide. WHO.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/suicide
World Health Organization. (2025).
Child maltreatment. Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/child-maltreatment
Watters, E. R., Aloe, A. M., & Wojciak, A. S. (2023). Examining the associations between childhood trauma, resilience, and depression: A multivariate meta-analysis.
Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(1), 231-244.
https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380221111393
Gladstone, T. R. G., Schwartz, J. A. J., Pössel, P., et al. (2022). Depressive symptoms among adolescents: Testing vulnerability-stress and protective models in the context of COVID-19.
Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 53, 1372–1382.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-021-01216-4
Mandelli, L., Petrelli, C., & Serretti, A. (2015). The role of specific early trauma in adult depression: A meta-analysis of published literature.
European Psychiatry, 30(6), 665-680.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.01.001
Huang, W., Fang, Y., Tan, X., & Zhao, J. (2024). Childhood trauma, stressful life events, and depression: Exploring the mediating effect of cognitive flexibility.
Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 16(Suppl 1), S45–S52.
https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001337
Yin, W., Pan, Y., Zhou, L., Wei, Q., Zhang, S., Hu, H.,... & Wu, J. (2022). The relationship between childhood trauma and depressive symptoms among Zhuang adolescents: Mediating and moderating effects of cognitive emotion regulation strategies.
Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 994065.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.994065
Remes, O., Mendes, J. F., & Templeton, P. (2021). Biological, psychological, and social determinants of depression: A review of recent literature.
Brain Sciences, 11(12), 1633.
https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11121633
Beck, A. T. (2008). The evolution of the cognitive model of depression and its neurobiological correlates.
American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(8), 969–977.
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08050721
Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2018). Specificity of relations between adolescents’ cognitive emotion regulation strategies and symptoms of depression and anxiety.
Cognition and Emotion, 32(7), 1401–1408.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2016.1232698
Kökönyei, G., Kovács, L. N., Szabó, J., & Urbán, R. (2024). Emotion regulation predicts depressive symptoms in adolescents: A prospective study.
Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 53(1), 142-158.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-024-01688-7
Melero, S., Orgilés, M., Espada, J. P., & Morales, A. (2021). How does depression facilitate psychological difficulties in children? The mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies.
Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 28(2), 384-393.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2471
Arntz, A., Rijkeboer, M., Chan, E., et al. (2021). Towards a Reformulated Theory Underlying Schema Therapy: Position Paper of an International Workgroup.
Cognitive Therapy and Research, 45, 1007–1020.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-021-10209-5
Burns, E. E., Jackson, J. L., & Harding, H. G. (2010). Child maltreatment, emotion regulation, and posttraumatic stress: The impact of emotional abuse.
Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 19(8), 801–819.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2010.522947
Chen, Y., & Baram, T. Z. (2016). Toward understanding how early-life stress reprograms cognitive and emotional brain networks.
Neuropsychopharmacology, 41(1), 197–206.
https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.181
Reitsema, A. M., Jeronimus, B. F., van Dijk, M., & de Jonge, P. (2022). Emotion dynamics in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic and descriptive review.
Emotion, 22(2), 374–396.
https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000970
Larson, R. W., Moneta, G., Richards, M. H., & Wilson, S. (2002). Continuity, stability, and change in daily emotional experience across adolescence.
Child Development, 73(4), 1151–1165.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00464
Alonso-Stuyck, P., Zacares, J. J., & Ferreres, A. (2018). Emotional separation, autonomy in decision-making, and psychosocial adjustment in adolescence: A proposed typology.
Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(5), 1373–1383.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0980-5
Collins, W. A., Welsh, D. R., & Furman, W. (2009). Adolescent romantic relationships.
Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 631–652.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163459
Somerville, L. H. (2013). Special issue on the teenage brain: Sensitivity to social evaluation.
Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(2), 121–127.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721413476512
Smucker, M. R., Craighead, W. E., Craighead, L. W., & Green, B. J. (1986). Normative and reliability data for the Children's Depression Inventory.
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 14(1), 25–39.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00917219
Logan, D. E., Claar, R. L., Guite, J. W., Zuck, S. K., Jordan, L. A., Palermo, M. T., Wilson, C. A., & Zhou, C. (2013). Factor structure of the Children's Depression Inventory in a multisite sample of children and adolescents with chronic pain.
The Journal of Pain, 14(7), 689–698.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2013.01.777
Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., & Zule, W. (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire.
Child Abuse and Neglect, 27(2), 169–190.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00541-0
Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., & Spinhoven, P. (2001). Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation, and emotional problems.
Personality and Individual Differences, 30(8), 1311–1327.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00113-6
Heim, C., Newport, D. J., Mletzko, T., Miller, A. H., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2008). The link between childhood trauma and depression: Insights from HPA axis studies in humans.
Psychoneuroendocrinology, 33(6), 693–710.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.03.008
Hopfinger, L., Berking, M., Bockting, C. L., & Ebert, D. D. (2016). Emotion regulation mediates the effect of childhood trauma on depression.
Journal of Affective Disorders, 198, 189–197.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.045
Huh, H. J., Kim, K. H., Lee, H. K., & Chae, J. H. (2017). The relationship between childhood trauma and the severity of adulthood depression and anxiety symptoms in a clinical sample: The mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies.
Journal of Affective Disorders, 213, 44–50.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.02.009
Wang, J., He, X., Chen, Y., & Lin, C. (2020). Association between childhood trauma and depression: A moderated mediation analysis among normative Chinese college students.
Journal of Affective Disorders, 276, 519–524.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.067
Watters, E. R., Aloe, A. M., & Wojciak, A. S. (2023). Examining the associations between childhood trauma, resilience, and depression: A multivariate meta-analysis.
Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(1), 231–244.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838021991310
Yu, M., Linn, K. A., Shinohara, R. T., Oathes, D. J., Cook, P. A., Duprat, R., ... & Sheline, Y. I. (2019). Childhood trauma history is linked to abnormal brain connectivity in major depression.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(17), 8582–8590.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900801116
Guo, X., Tang, G., Lin, F., Fang, H., Chen, J., & Zou, T. (2024). Biological links between psychological factors and adolescent depression: Childhood trauma, rumination, and resilience.
BMC Psychiatry, 24(1), 907.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05766-4
Struck, N., Krug, A., Feldmann, M., Yuksel, D., Stein, F., Schmitt, S., ... & Brakemeier, E. L. (2020). Attachment and social support mediate the association between childhood maltreatment and depressive symptoms.
Journal of Affective Disorders, 273, 310–317.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.04.027
Van Assche, L., Van de Ven, L., Vandenbulcke, M., & Luyten, P. (2020). Ghosts from the past? The association between childhood interpersonal trauma, attachment, and anxiety and depression in late life.
Aging & Mental Health, 24(6), 898–905.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2019.1571017
Williams, B., Ospina, J. P., Jalilianhasanpour, R., Fricchione, G. L., & Perez, D. L. (2019). Fearful attachment linked to childhood abuse, alexithymia, and depression in motor functional neurological disorders.
The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 31(1), 65–69.
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.18040095
Zhao, Y., Han, L., Teopiz, K. M., McIntyre, R. S., Ma, R., & Cao, B. (2022). The psychological factors mediating/moderating the association between childhood adversity and depression: A systematic review.
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 137, 104663.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104663
Duru, E., & Balkıs, M. (2022). Childhood trauma, depressive symptoms and rational/irrational beliefs: A moderated mediation model.
Current Psychology, 41(10), 7258–7270.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01175-4
Marusak, H. A., Martin, K. R., Etkin, A., & Thomason, M. E. (2015). Childhood trauma exposure disrupts the automatic regulation of emotional processing.
Neuropsychopharmacology, 40(5), 1250–1258.
https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2014.311
Feifer, S. G. (2024). Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder and Trauma: A Neuropsychological Perspective. In Clinician Guide to Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder in Children and Adolescents (pp. 259-279). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Oshri, A., Sutton, T. E., Clay-Warner, J., & Miller, J. D. (2015). Child maltreatment types and risk behaviors: Associations with attachment style and emotion regulation dimensions.
Personality and Individual Differences, 73, 127–133.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.09.015
Ramzan, N., & Amjad, N. (2017). Cross cultural variation in emotion regulation: A systematic review.
Annals of King Edward Medical University,
23(1), 77–89.
https://doi.org/10.21649/akemu.v23i1.1512
Peng, W., Liu, Z., Liu, Q., Chu, J., Zheng, K., Wang, J., ... & Yi, J. (2021). Insecure attachment and maladaptive emotion regulation mediating the relationship between childhood trauma and borderline personality features.
Depression and Anxiety,
38(1), 28-39.
https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23082
Kraft, L., Ebner, C., Leo, K., & Lindenberg, K. (2023). Emotion regulation strategies and symptoms of depression, anxiety, aggression, and addiction in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis and systematic review.
Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 30(4), 485–502.
https://doi.org/10.1037/cps0000156
Wang, Q. Q., Fang, Y. Y., Huang, H. L., Lv, W. J., Wang, X. X., Yang, T. T., ... & Zhang, Y. H. (2021). Anxiety, depression and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in Chinese nurses during the COVID‐19 outbreak.
Journal of Nursing Management, 29(5), 1263–1274.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13259
Chahar Mahali, S., Beshai, S., Feeney, J. R., & Dobson, K. S. (2020). Associations of negative cognitions, emotional regulation, and depression symptoms across four continents: International support for the cognitive model of depression.
BMC Psychiatry, 20, Article 18.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2423-x
Garrusi, B., & Nakhaee, N. (2009). Validity and reliability of a Persian version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Psychological reports, 104(2), 509-516. https://journals.
sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/PR0.104.2.509-516
Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2006). Cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire – Development of a short 18-item version. Personality and Individual Differences, 41(6), 1045–1053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.010
Jafarpoor Mamagani, S., Marbaghi Oskouei, M., & Hashemi, T. (2017). Factor structure of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Contemporary Psychology, 12, 467–471.
Hasani, J. (2010). Psychometric properties of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Clinical Psychology Journal, 2(3), 73–83.
Helsel, W. J., & Matson, J. L. (1984). The assessment of depression in children: The internal structure of the Child Depression Inventory (CDI).
Behaviour Research and Therapy, 22(3), 289–298.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(84)90117-9
Kovacs, M. (1985). The Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI). Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21(4), 995–998.
Kovacs, M., & Beck, A. T. (1977). An empirical-clinical approach toward a definition of childhood depression. In J. G. Schulterbrandt & A. Raskin (Eds.), Depression in childhood: Diagnosis, treatment, and conceptual models (pp. 1–25). New York, NY: Raven Press.
Logan, D. E., Claar, R. L., Guite, J. W., Zuck, S. K., Jordan, L. A., Palermo, M. T., Wilson, C. A., & Zhou, C. (2013). Factor structure of the Children’s Depression Inventory in a multisite sample of children and adolescents with chronic pain.
The Journal of Pain, 14(7), 689–698.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2013.03.006
Smucker, M. R., Craighead, W. E., Craighead, L. W., & Green, B. J. (1986). Normative and reliability data for the Children’s Depression Inventory.
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 14(1), 25–39.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00916547
Rajabi, G. (2007). Examining the reliability and validity of the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) in adolescents aged 13 to 15 years. [Master’s thesis, University Name].
https://www.sid.ir/paper/55662/fa
Dehshiri, G., Najafi, M., Sheikhi, M., & Habibi-Asgarabad, M. (2009). Preliminary investigation of the psychometric properties of the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI). Family Studies, 5(2), .
https://jfr.sbu.ac.ir/article_95448.html [Persian]
