Psychological Achievements

The Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Training on Depression Symptoms in Caregiver's Mothers of Children with Intellectual Disabilities in the COVID-19 Outbreak

Saeed Ariapooran; Elham Rastgoo; Mahdi Abdolahzadeh Rafi

Volume 31, Issue 1 , May 2024, Pages 1-22

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.40009.2788

Abstract

Introduction Mothers who are caregivers of children with severe and profound intellectual disabilities may experience psychological problems during the COVID-19 outbreak. These mothers report more stress and psychological problems than mothers of normal children. One of the major problems ... Read More Introduction Mothers who are caregivers of children with severe and profound intellectual disabilities may experience psychological problems during the COVID-19 outbreak. These mothers report more stress and psychological problems than mothers of normal children. One of the major problems these caregivers face is depression. Emotional training is an effective way to help mothers of children with intellectual disabilities deal with depression. However, no research has been done on the effectiveness of emotion regulation training on depression in caregiver mothers of children with intellectual disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of emotion regulation training on depression symptoms in caregiver mothers of children with intellectual disabilities during the COVID-19 outbreak. Method The study used a quasi-experimental method with experimental and control groups. The study population consisted of all caregiver mothers of children with severe and profound intellectual disabilities in Razan City, Iran. The study randomly selected 22 mothers with severe depression symptoms for the experimental and control groups. The experimental group received emotional regulation training in 8 weekly sessions (90 hours), while the control group did not receive any training during the sessions. The data was collected using a short form of the depression inventory, and analysis of covariance with repeated measures was used to analyze the data. Results The results showed that 42.86% of mothers had symptoms of severe depression. The study found that emotional regulation training was effective in reducing depression in caregiver mothers of children with severe and profound mental disabilities (p <0.05). Discussion Based on the study, it is recommended that parents of children with ADHD be educated about the negative consequences of screen time (SB). Parents should be encouraged to engage in physical activities with their children, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Strengthening home sports activities can be beneficial for both parents and children with ADHD. Workshops on managing screen time can be held online or face-to-face for mothers. Psychological strategies to reduce caregiver distress can also be effective in managing the screen time of children with ADHD. Mothers who are caregivers of children with severe and profound intellectual disabilities may experience psychological problems during the COVID-19 outbreak. These mothers report more stress and psychological problems than mothers of normal children. One of the major problems these caregivers face is depression. Emotional training is an effective way to help mothers of children with intellectual disabilities deal with depression. However, no research has been done on the effectiveness of emotion regulation training on depression in caregiver mothers of children with intellectual disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of emotion regulation training on depression symptoms in caregiver mothers of children with intellectual disabilities during the COVID-19 outbreak.

Testing the Model of the Relationship between Social Anxiety and Parental Psychological Control and Social Support with the Mediation of Cognitive Distortions in Students

mozhgan fatemi; saeid bakhtiarpour; Reza Pasha; fariba hafezi

Volume 31, Issue 1 , May 2024, Pages 23-48

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.40149.2802

Abstract

IntroductionAdolescence is referred to as a dynamic and active period of each person's life, and the major part of a person's personality is formed in this period. Undoubtedly, the importance of the adolescent developmental period cannot be denied. Thus, during adolescence, a person may encounter problems ... Read More IntroductionAdolescence is referred to as a dynamic and active period of each person's life, and the major part of a person's personality is formed in this period. Undoubtedly, the importance of the adolescent developmental period cannot be denied. Thus, during adolescence, a person may encounter problems in various areas of individual, family, psychological, emotional, social, and health. Although the prevailing view among researchers is that most people go through the developmental stage of adolescence and the unstable psychological and emotional states of that stage in good health, recent research suggests that the number of adolescents with symptoms of behavioral disorders or who express emotion is increasing. According to this, the present study was conducted to test the model of the relationship between social anxiety and parental psychological control and social support with the mediation of cognitive distortions in students. MethodThe research method was descriptive-correlational and Structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the present study included all first and second high school male and female students who were studying in the academic year 2019-20. The statistical sample included 400 adolescents who were selected through a clustered random sampling method. After collecting the questionnaires and removing the distorted and incomplete questionnaires, 373 students remained in the research (198 female students and 175 male students). The applied questionnaires included Social Anxiety Scale (CAS) (LaGreca, 1998), Parental Psychological Control Questionnaire (PPCQ) (Soenens, Vansteenkiste, Luyten, 2010), Cognitive Distortions Questionnaire (CDQ) (Hamamci, Büyüköztürk, 2004), and Peer Social Support Questionnaire (PSSQ) (Procidano, Heller, 1983). The data analysis was conducted through way analysis. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS and Amos 23 software. ResultsThe results showed that parental psychological control, peer social support, and cognitive distortions have a significant relationship with social anxiety (p<0.01). Moreover, parental psychological control and peer social support have a direct significant effect on cognitive distortions and social anxiety (p<0.01). Furthermore, the results of the Bootstrap and Sobel test showed that cognitive distortions have a significant mediation role in the relationship of parental psychological control and peer social support with social anxiety in male and female students (p<0.01). Finally, the model had an appropriate goodness of fit. ConclusionTaking the significant mediation role of cognitive distortions into account, clinical therapists must decrease the student's cognitive distortions by applying cognitive techniques. Reducing cognitive distortions allows adolescents to have more efficient cognitive processing. This process also reduces the incidence of cognitive errors.

The Discriminant Analysis of Personality Characteristics in the Determination of the Styles of Anger Experience and Expression

maryam emami; maryam moghadasin; maryam ilka

Volume 31, Issue 1 , May 2024, Pages 49-76

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.40521.2836

Abstract

IntroductionAnger is one of the most basic emotions in human beings. Psychologists regard anger as a normal and typically healthy emotion with evolutionary functions that is occasionally experienced by human beings. The way anger is experienced or expressed is important because uncontrolled anger will ... Read More IntroductionAnger is one of the most basic emotions in human beings. Psychologists regard anger as a normal and typically healthy emotion with evolutionary functions that is occasionally experienced by human beings. The way anger is experienced or expressed is important because uncontrolled anger will negatively impact not only people's social or personal well-being but also their relationships with others. Several factors can influence the way anger is expressed or experienced. Anger experience and its expression are distinct concepts. Anger experience refers to the emotional state that one feels. On the other hand, anger expression refers to the behavioral dimension, which is one’s way of dealing with the feeling of anger The aim of this study is discriminant analysis of personality characteristics (the Big Five personality traits) in determining the styles of the experience and expression of anger (State anger, Trait anger, Anger expression-out (AX-O), Anger expression-in (AX-I), Anger control-out (AC-O), and anger control-in (AC-I)). MethodPopulation in the study included people over 18 years old. 241 participants (women = 149, men = 92) were selected using the convenience sampling method. To collect data, the Short Form NEO personality inventory & State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory 2 (STAXI-2) questionnaires were used. Date were analyzed using discriminant analysis and Variance Analysis.ResultsResults revealed that, among the Big 5 Personality Traits, four traits—neuroticism (λ=.666), conscientiousness (λ=.715), extroversion (λ=.758), and agreeableness (.795), respectively were able to discriminate individuals significantly on the basis of their anger experience and expression styles. However, Openness to Experience (λ=.928) was not significantly related to the dependent variable. DiscussionBased on the results, one can conclude that individual differences in personality characteristics influence the way people experience and express anger. Personality traits are among the factors influencing the way anger is expressed and experienced. As the development of personality traits begins early in childhood and such traits are supposed to remain constant all through the individual's life, it's important for parents and educators to take into account the role personality traits (the Five Big personality factors) can play in the wide negative ramifications brought about by the unhealthy manifestations of anger. Parents and educators are thus recommended to make use of the theoretical knowledge and empirical findings to help develop adaptive personality traits in children and reduce the negative impacts caused by inappropriate ways of experiencing and expressing anger. These findings can help clinical psychologists develop intervention programs based on the Five Big Personality Factors to help prevent the harms created by the unhealthy ways of the manifestation of anger.

Development of Psychological Capital Training Package and Evaluating Its Effectiveness on the Alexitimia of the Students Engaged in Divorce with Externalized Behavior Disorder

mahshid shabani; shohreh ghorban shiroudi; javad khalatbari

Volume 31, Issue 1 , May 2024, Pages 77-98

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.40680.2840

Abstract

IntroductionThe family, as the most fundamental cultural and social institution, has the most stable effect on its members, so that people's attitudes, behaviors, beliefs and emotions are deeply influenced by the family context. The bricks of a family are based on the emotional ties and personal trust ... Read More IntroductionThe family, as the most fundamental cultural and social institution, has the most stable effect on its members, so that people's attitudes, behaviors, beliefs and emotions are deeply influenced by the family context. The bricks of a family are based on the emotional ties and personal trust of each couple, which is not only comfort for the individual, but also for the whole family. The absence of each parent in the family environment due to divorce disturbs its balance, weakens the functions of the family, and reduces social supervision and control. As a result, addiction and delinquency, physical problems, psychological and social disturbances, and disorders of behavior increase in children. Children of divorce face intellectual, emotional, identity and social challenges in groups of friends due to receiving social stigma, which forms the basis for behavioral disorders in them. Therefore, The present study was conducted to develop a psychological capital training package and evaluate its Effectiveness on the alexitimia of the Students Engaged in Divorce with Externalized Behavior Disorder. MethodThe research method of the present study was thematic analysis through comparative method in the qualitative part and quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest, control group design and two-month follow-up period in the quantitative part. The statistical population of the present study included the students engaged in divorce with externalized behavior disorder who were studying in the first high school in the academic year 2020–21 in the city of Isfahan. 40 students engaged in divorce with externalized behavior disorder were selected through the purposive sampling method and randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups (each group of 20 students). The experimental group received ten 75-minute sessions of psychological capital training over two and a half months. 3 people from the experimental group and three from the control group quit participating in the study. The applied questionnaires in this study included alexitimia questionnaire (AQ) and children and adolescents behavioral inventory (CABI). The data from the study were analyzed through a mixed ANOVA via SPSS 23 statistical software. ResultsThe results showed that the psychological empowerment package enjoys suitable content validity from the experts’ viewpoint. Furthermore, this package has had an effect on the alexitimia (f = 17.02, eta = 0.35, p≤0.001) of the students engaged in divorce with externalized behavior disorder. In addition, the results showed that the effect of the psychological empowerment package was stable on the alexitimia of the students engaged in divorce and the externalized behavior disorder of the patients with follow-up stages. After carefully examining the descriptive findings, it was found that the psychological empowerment package reduced the alexitimia of the students engaged in divorce with externalized behavior disorder in the pre-test and post-test stages. ConclusionAccording to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that psychological capital training can be used as an efficient method to decrease alexitimia in the students engaged in divorce with externalized behavior disorder through employing the fundamentals of resilience, optimism, hope and self-efficacy. In addition, it should be said that psychological capital is introduced as a structure beyond social and internal capital and includes your identity in the direction of "what you are" and "what you can be". This process can cause changes in people's emotional processing and reduce their alexitimia.

Efficacy of Play Therapy Based on Cognitive-Behavioral Approach on the Executive Functions and Social Competence in Female Students with Signs of Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder

maliheh aminian; moslem asli azad

Volume 31, Issue 1 , May 2024, Pages 99-120

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.40864.2851

Abstract

IntroductionOne of the most common childhood neurodevelopmental disorders is attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, which affects many aspects of development, including the development of social, emotional and cognitive functions in the home and school environment. Attention deficit/hyperactivity ... Read More IntroductionOne of the most common childhood neurodevelopmental disorders is attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, which affects many aspects of development, including the development of social, emotional and cognitive functions in the home and school environment. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by unpleasant developmental disorders and impairment in gross motor activities, attention and impulsivity and affects 3–5% of children worldwide. These children are prone to many complications, including poor academic performance, behavioral disorders, communication disorders, social withdrawal and adjustment problems. Children with this disorder do not have the ability to pay close attention to details or make careless mistakes in schoolwork, work or other activities. They are often disorganized when performing activities and perform tasks carelessly and without sufficient thought. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of play therapy based on a cognitive-behavioral approach on executive functions and social competence in female students with signs of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. MethodThe research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest, post-test, control group and two-month follow-up period design. The statistical population included female fourth- and fifth-grade students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Zone 2 in the city of Shiraz in the academic year 2019-20. 27 students were selected through the purposive sampling method from the statistical population and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Then, the children in the experimental group received play therapy based on a cognitive-behavioral approach in 10 sessions of 50 minutes over the course of one month. The applied questionnaires included the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Questionnaire (ADHDQ) (Brock, Clinton, 2007), the Social Competence Scale (SCS) (Cohen and Rosman, 1972), and the Executive Functions Questionnaire (EFQ) (Gerard et al., 2000). Mixed ANOVA and Bonferroni follow-up test levels were used to analyze the data. ResultThe results showed that the play therapy method based on a cognitive-behavioral approach has been effective on the executive functions and social competence of the students with signs of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (P<0.005). These results were stable in the follow-up period. Therefore, it is concluded that play therapy based on the cognitive-behavioral approach has had a significant effect on the executive functions and social competence of students with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder by 59 and 60 percent. Statistical power also indicates high statistical accuracy and a sufficient sample size. ConclusionAccording to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that play therapy based on a cognitive-behavioral approach can be used as an efficient method to improve executive functions and social competence in students with signs of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Through increasing interpersonal and group communication skills, self-consciousness, and negative emotion coping skills, and problem-solving and decision-making skills.

Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on Cognitive Fusion and Alexithymia in Students with Signs of Psychosomatic Disorders

Maryam Aghaei; Amrollah Ebrahimi; Mojtaba Ansari Shahidi

Volume 31, Issue 1 , May 2024, Pages 121-146

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.41106.2870

Abstract

IntroductionIn the past decades, a group of diseases have been classified under the title of psychosomatic complaints and it has been reported that the diagnostic problems and their differentiation from other diseases have caused an increase in paraclinical and diagnostic costs in the patients of this ... Read More IntroductionIn the past decades, a group of diseases have been classified under the title of psychosomatic complaints and it has been reported that the diagnostic problems and their differentiation from other diseases have caused an increase in paraclinical and diagnostic costs in the patients of this group of patients. Psychosomatic diseases are a class of diseases in which a person suffers from physical and physical signs and symptoms that are caused by psychological factors or may be intensified under the influence of psychological characteristics and stressors. It seems that in addition to biological mechanisms, psychological and emotional factors are involved in the occurrence of these diseases. In this way, different levels of feelings of hostility, depression, and anxiety can be seen as the predominant basic factors of psychosomatic complaints. According to this, the present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on cognitive fusion and alexithymia in students with psychosomatic disorders. MethodThe research method was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest, control group, and two-month follow-up period design. The statistical population included secondary high school students with psychosomatic disorder in Khomeini Shahr in the academic year 2020-21. 37 students with signs of psychosomatic disorder were selected through the purposive sampling method and randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups (18 in the experimental and 19 in the control group). The experimental group received eight seventy-five-minute sessions of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy intervention during two months. The applied questionnaires in this study included a psychosomatic complaints scale (Takata & Sakara, 2004), a Cognitive fusion questionnaire (Gillanders et al., 2014), and an alexithymia (Takata & Sakara, 2004) questionnaire (Bagby et al., 1994). The data from the study were analyzed through mixed ANOVA via SPSS23 software. ResultsThe results showed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy has a significant effect on cognitive fusion and alexithymia in students with psychosomatic disorder (p<0.001). Also, the results showed that this effectiveness remained stable in the two-month follow-up period. Descriptive findings also indicated that cognitive therapy based on mindfulness was able to reduce the average scores of cognitive fusion and alexithymia of students with psychosomatic complaints. ConclusionAccording to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy can be used as an efficient therapy to decrease cognitive fusion and alexithymia in students with psychosomatic disorder through mindful activities and attitudes and addressing feelings and problem-making emotions. In addition, cognitive therapy based on mindfulness by applying practical mechanisms (such as body awareness and cognitive and emotional re-evaluation), can reduce the cognitive and emotional avoidance of students with psychosomatic complaints. On the other hand, by accepting signs and symptoms, students reduce overthinking about symptoms and learn that these are part of the body's defense mechanisms against stress that they have to deal with. This process improves the skill of regulating, managing, and expressing emotions and reduces alexithymia and cognitive fusion.

Psychometric Properties of the Farsi Version of the Complicated Spiritual Grief

davod fathi; ahmadreza kiani; esmail sadri; ali sheikholslamy

Volume 31, Issue 1 , May 2024, Pages 147-166

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.41326.2881

Abstract

IntroductionThe death of a loved one, especially when it happens tragically or prematurely, could rock the foundations of our hypothetical world and our relationship with God and the world (Neimeyer, 2019) and cause deep challenges (Neimeyer, Prigerson& Davies, 2002). Complicated spiritual grief ... Read More IntroductionThe death of a loved one, especially when it happens tragically or prematurely, could rock the foundations of our hypothetical world and our relationship with God and the world (Neimeyer, 2019) and cause deep challenges (Neimeyer, Prigerson& Davies, 2002). Complicated spiritual grief is a crisis during bereavement that endangers the bereaved person’s sense of relationship with God or the religious community as they struggle to re-establish spiritual balance after the loss of a loved one (Holland, Burke, Neimeyer et al., 2014). As for complicated spiritual grief in Iran, there has been no scale to determine the psychometric properties thereof, nor has such a scale become normative in the country. The Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief (ICSG) is a 5-point scale that is used to measure post-grief meaning. The ICSG has been used and validated by Neimeyer et al. (2014) and Holland Burke. However, the scale has not been investigated or psychometrically tested in Iranian society. The present research aims to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the ICSG in relation to the Iranian sample.MethodThe research sample included 215 bereaved women in the Iranian city of Ardabil who were selected on an available basis. Then, they responded to the research tool. In the study, the ICSG (Holland, Burke and Neimeyer et al., 2014) and the Grief Experience Questionnaire (Barrett and Scott, 1989) were used. The statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 25 and AMOS version 24 software tools. The SPSS software was used for descriptive analysis, and the AMOS software was used for combined reliability (CR) and factor analysis. ResultsThe face, content and structure validity of the research showed that the ICSG has appropriate validity and reliability. The scale’s convergent validity was confirmed to be (AVE>0/50). The internal consistency reliability of the ICSG was assessed using composite reliability and Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and an alpha coefficient of 0.73-0.81 confirmed the reliability of the dimensions of the scale. In addition, the correlation results pertaining to the variables of the research showed that the ICSG has a significant correlation with the grief experience scale (p<0.01). ConclusionOverall, the findings of the research indicated that the 18-item Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief has strong internal consistency and convergent and incremental validity, and that the scale supports a two-factor model for measuring doubt in God and impairment of the person’s religious faith. Thus, the results of the present research showed that the ICSG has good validity and reliability for the Iranian sample.

The Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Severity of Symptoms and Quality of Life in Patients with Panic Disorder: A Case Study

Banafsheh Zarei; Yadollah Zargar; Iran Davoudi

Volume 31, Issue 1 , May 2024, Pages 167-186

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.41381.2885

Abstract

IntroductionPanic disorder (PD) is a severe anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent panic attacks, anticipation and worry about further panic attacks and their potential consequences, as well as dysfunctional reassurance and avoidance behaviors aimed at preventing them. Panic disorder disrupts a ... Read More IntroductionPanic disorder (PD) is a severe anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent panic attacks, anticipation and worry about further panic attacks and their potential consequences, as well as dysfunctional reassurance and avoidance behaviors aimed at preventing them. Panic disorder disrupts a person's performance in important areas of life and negatively effects on quality of life. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the purpose of evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on symptoms and quality of life (QoL) among people with panic disorder in Ahvaz city. MethodThe research method was experimental single subject with non' concurrent multiple baseline design trials. The statistical population of the study consisted of all individuals with panic disorder referring to counseling centers in Ahvaz from February 2020 to August 2020. Three of them were selected using available sampling, and randomly between 3 and 5 baseline sessions were considered for them. The treatment program was carried out for 10 weekly sessions derived from the cognitive-behavioral therapy protocol, with a follow-up period of 6 weeks after treatment termination. Data were collected from the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders (SCID-5-CV), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL). Clinically Significant Improvement (CSI), Visual Analysis, and Reliable Change Index (RCI) were used to analyze the data.ResultsResults showed that panic symptom severity decreased with CBT. Participants achieved a 52/69 percentage of recovery in BAI, and 55/03 percentage of recovery in QOLQ. These results indicate the effective effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on reducing the symptoms of panic disorder and increasing the quality of life in the participants. Also, the results of the reliable change index in Beck anxiety scores after the intervention sessions were (2.25 for the first participant), (2.57 for the second participant), and (2.90 for the third participant). After 6 weeks' follow-up, the reliable change index was in the first participant (2.45), the second participant (2.78), and the third participant (2.81). Considering that the score of each participant reached above Z = 1.96, it is possible to attribute the change or improvement obtained to the effect of the intervention with a 95% confidence level (P < 0.05). The result of the reliable change index in quality of life scores after follow-up indicates that in some subscales, the improvement was caused by the intervention and treatment. The rate of reliable change index was calculated for the first participant in the quality of life subscales, respectively, physical (6.37), psychological (4.28), social (1.99), and environmental (2.47). In the second participant, physical (6/37), psychological (4/28), social (2/63) and environmental (1/23), and in the third participant, physical (5/14). Psychological (3.25), social (0.63), and environmental (1.44) were obtained. In other words, cognitive behavioral therapy was effective in decreasing panic symptoms and increasing quality of life. ConclusionAccording to the results of this study, panic disorder is common and can lead to significant disruption in daily functioning and reduce quality of life. Using both cognitive and behavioral techniques is effective in improving a person's performance and improving panic symptoms, as well as improving the quality of life. Accordingly, cognitive behavioral therapy CBT for treating panic disorders and improving quality of life may be useful in Iranian clinical settings. In other words, results from the present study indicate that a CBT protocol of acceptability in patients with PD can be successfully delivered in this population.

Developing the Causal Model of Students' Academic Engagement in Cyberspace Based on Parent's Meta-Emotions, Family Communication Patterns and Academic Emotions

haleh badamian; Mohamad agha delavar pour; Nemat sotodeh Asl

Volume 31, Issue 1 , May 2024, Pages 187-206

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.41383.2886

Abstract

IntroductionE-learning, as an alternative to classical education in class, enables students to access information without time limitation and geographical limitations (Al-Samarai, 2016). Although e-learning makes interaction and active learning possible, one of the challenges e-learning confronts ... Read More IntroductionE-learning, as an alternative to classical education in class, enables students to access information without time limitation and geographical limitations (Al-Samarai, 2016). Although e-learning makes interaction and active learning possible, one of the challenges e-learning confronts with them is the real level of learners' engagement in academic tasks and their real learning and academic achievement. of course, from the start of e-learning formation, this issue has been a concern and also a constant contemplative question. But, in a recent year, with the prevalence of coronavirus and thereby the pervasiveness of e-learning, learners' academic engagement issues in the online space have been questioned by custodians, parents, teachers, and all individuals involved in education. So, the purpose of the present research is to develop a causal model of students' academic engagement in cyberspace based on parents' meta-emotions, Family Communication Patterns and academic emotions. MethodTherefore, the type of research is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of this study includes all secondary school students in Tehran.The sample size is equal to 400 high school students, who were selected from the statistical population by available sampling. The instruments used were the Family Pattern Communication Questionnaire (RFCP), Rio & Tsang (AES), Swayne Bourne's Parents' Farahijani Perspective (SMEPS), Packran, Goetz, and Perry (2005). The obtained data were analyzed by the structural equation method and PLS3 software. ResultsThe results showed that 38% of the changes in the variables of positive emotions and 23% of negative emotions are explained by the variables of communicative communication pattern, conformity communication pattern, Farahijani perspective of leadership, Farahijani perspective of consciousness. Also, 47% of the changes in the academic engagement variable are explained by the variables of conversational communication pattern, conformity communication model, Farahjani perspective of leadership, Farahjani view of consciousness, positive emotions and negative emotions. The value of Q2 related to the structure of positive emotions, negative emotions and academic engagement is 0.32, 0.13 and 0.27, respectively, which indicates the proper fit of the structural model and confirms the proper fit of the structural model of the research. DiscussionFrom the results of the present study, it is concluded that the academic performance of students in the context of e-learning depends on a set of internal and external factors, and to address the challenges of e-learning, a set of these factors should be considered.

The Effectiveness of Unified Transdiagnostic Treatment on Emotion Regulation and Improving Symptoms of Children with a Disruptive Mood Disorder

Shirin Pouladi; Mohammad Mehdi Hasanshahi; Mohammad Rabiei; Naser Baghery

Volume 31, Issue 1 , May 2024, Pages 207-230

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.41569.2896

Abstract

IntroductionDisruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder is a childhood condition characterized by extreme irritability, anger, and intense temper outbursts. This disorder significantly impacts a child's quality of life, school performance, and relationships with family and peers. Psychopathologists now recognize ... Read More IntroductionDisruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder is a childhood condition characterized by extreme irritability, anger, and intense temper outbursts. This disorder significantly impacts a child's quality of life, school performance, and relationships with family and peers. Psychopathologists now recognize that emotion dysregulation plays a crucial role in DMDD. Scientific findings suggest that individuals with DMDD experience difficulties processing emotions. Despite increased research attention, treatment options for DMDD remain limited. Consequently, integrated approaches that consider etiology and transdiagnostic treatment represent promising avenues for further investigation. The central question of our current research is whether unified Transdiagnostic treatment effectively reduces irritability and improves emotional regulation in children with DMDD. MethodThis study employed a single-case experimental design using the multiple baseline design type with different subjects and continuous measurement. The statistical population consisted of children aged 8–10 years who sought therapeutic interventions from psychiatrists and psychologists in Shahrekord. Among them, three children met the criteria for a definitive diagnosis of DMDD based on multidimensional evaluations, structured diagnostic interviews, and emotional irritability scales. These three participants were purposefully selected and entered the treatment phase. We evaluated the subjects at various time points: baseline, during treatment, post-treatment, and two follow-up periods (2 months each). We used the Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC) and the emotional irritability scale for assessment. ResultsSpecifically, the percentage of recovery after the intervention in the emotion regulation subscale for the three subjects was as follows: Subject 1: 81.6%; Subject 2: 72.5%; and Subject 3: 58.2%. In the instability-negativity subscale: Subject 1: 53.8%, Subject 2: 52%, Subject 3: 54.7%. The recovery percentages after follow-up were as follows: Emotion regulation subscale: Subject 1: 77.7%, Subject 2: 65%, and Subject 3: 60.9%. Instability-negativity subscale: Subject 1: 54.8%, Subject 2: 50%, Subject 3: 51.1%. DiscussionOur findings indicate that unified Transdiagnostic treatment effectively enhances emotion regulation, reduces emotional instability and negativity, and ameliorates the symptoms of disruptive mood disorder during the intervention phase. Furthermore, these positive effects persist over time, extending from the treatment period to the first (2 months) and second (4 months) follow-up assessments.

The Effect of Toxic Leadership of Managers on the Creation of Organizational Trauma: The Mediating Role of Organizational Cynicism in First and Second Secondary Schools’ Teachers in Khuzestan Province

Esmail Rahmani; Siroos ghanbari

Volume 31, Issue 1 , May 2024, Pages 231-252

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.42048.2912

Abstract

IntroductionToxic leadership is a style of leadership in which leaders, due to their negative behavior and detrimental personal characteristics, inflict long-lasting and serious harm directly on their followers and indirectly on their organizations. The interpersonal style of the leader, thus, has implications ... Read More IntroductionToxic leadership is a style of leadership in which leaders, due to their negative behavior and detrimental personal characteristics, inflict long-lasting and serious harm directly on their followers and indirectly on their organizations. The interpersonal style of the leader, thus, has implications for formulating the organizational culture, both when it is positive and when it is negative (Mehta & Maheshwari, 2014). Trauma after a life-threatening event can lead to exhaustion and serious damage to an individual's ability to interact positively with others in the organizational community. Toxic leader behaviors and toxic interactions can lead to physical, mental, and emotional exhaustion. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of toxic leadership by managers on the creation of organizational trauma with regard to the mediating role of organizational pessimism. MethodThis correlational study was applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of implementation. The study population was all first and second secondary schools teachers in Khuzestan province in 2020 (N = 16750). Cochran's formula was used to determine the sample size (alpha= 0.048; error value= 0.05 and P & O ratio = 0.5). Therefore, the sample size was 407. The questionnaires were used to collect data Schmidt Toxic Leadership Questionnaire (2008), Dean et al. Organizational Cynicism Questionnaire (1998), and Vivian and Hormann Organizational Trauma Questionnaire (2015). ResultsToxic leadership by managers had a positive and significant effect (0.81) on organizational cynicism at the level of P <0.05. Toxic leadership by Principals had a positive and significant effect (0.16) on school organizational trauma at the level of P <0.05. Organizational Cynicism had a positive and significant effect (0.79) on school organizational trauma at the level of P <0.05. Toxic leadership by Principals due to Organizational Cynicism had an indirect, positive and significant effect (0.63) on school organizational trauma at the level of P <0.05. DiscussionToxic leaders exhibit highly destructive behaviors and some dysfunctional personal characteristics. Through poisoning, these behaviors and personality traits cause serious and lasting damage to their followers and organizations. And with selfish behaviors, harming others and reinforcing and pursuing personal goals, willingly or unwillingly, will also have negative effects. Considering that Toxic leadership has a direct and positive effect on the creation of organizational trauma in schools, in the meantime, teachers' cynicism and mistrust will intensify this relationship and create a school where everyone is hopeless and mistrustful of each other, and trauma and Lack of organizational health will prevail in the whole school. It is very important for school administrators to adopt a fair management approach so that teachers do not show attitudes and behaviors in the framework of organizational pessimism. Also, correcting the non-functional behaviors of managers as behavioral patterns in schools can prevent the occurrence of destructive behaviors that endanger the mental health of employees.

The Effectiveness of Parenting Skills Training on Emotional Reactivity and Coping Self-efficacy of Adolescent Male Students

seyedeh fateme Bahramian; mahbobe Fooladchang

Volume 31, Issue 1 , May 2024, Pages 253-272

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.42057.2920

Abstract

Introduction Adolescence (12–18 years old), which is characterized by puberty, is an important developmental period that is associated with the process of identity formation. An important part of this developmental process is emotional reactivity. In dealing with the problems and crises of adolescence, ... Read More Introduction Adolescence (12–18 years old), which is characterized by puberty, is an important developmental period that is associated with the process of identity formation. An important part of this developmental process is emotional reactivity. In dealing with the problems and crises of adolescence, many teenagers engage in behaviors that threaten their current and future health. Drug use, violence, extreme excitement, unsafe sexual behavior and self-harm are the causes of many deaths in adolescence and early adulthood. Bergman & Scott stated that most risky behaviors begin before the age of 18. These behaviors, which are increasing, are a reflection of psychological and emotional problems. Research that has been carried out in the field of emotional and behavioral disorders has mostly concluded that these disorders are more the result of the way the parents communicate with the child than genetic and biological factors Many researchers have concluded that there is a relationship between parental misbehavior and children's emotional and behavioral inconsistencies; This relationship is very important and shows that the family factor and especially the parents' behavior plays an important role in the occurrence of behavioral and emotional disorders in childhood and adulthood. Also, it seems that parenting style has a role in adolescents' coping self-efficacy beliefs. The atmosphere in the family and the behavior of the parents can affect how a person feels about himself and his abilities. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effectiveness of parenting skills training on emotional reactivity and coping self-efficacy of adolescent male students.MethodThe current research was semi-experimental type (pre-test and post-test design with a control group). The statistical population of this research included all the mothers and male students in the sixth grade of Dehdasht schools (academic year 2021–2022). The samples examined in this research were done by simple random sampling method. To collect data in the two stages of pre-test and post-test, the Coping Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (CSE) by Chesney et al. (2007) and the Emotional Responsiveness Scale (ERS) by Nock et al. (2008) have been used. The experimental group was trained in safe parenting skills during 8 sessions (90 minutes). While the control group did not receive such an intervention, the collected data were analyzed using a univariate analysis of covariance. ResultsThe results showed that with the pre-test control, there is a significant difference between the mean post-test scores of emotional reactivity and coping self-efficacy in the experimental and control groups. So in the experimental group, emotional reactivity decreased and self-efficacy increased. DiscussionThe present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of the mother's parenting skills training program on students' emotional reactivity and coping self-efficacy. The results of the analysis of the research findings showed that the parenting skills training program leads to a decrease in the total score of emotional reactivity and an increase in the self-efficacy of students. Therefore, it can be said that teaching parenting skills is effective in reducing emotional reactivity and coping self-efficacy in adolescent male students.

Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on the Self-Efficacy Perceived and Self-Care Behaviors of People with Coronary Heart Disease

maryam setayesh; mohammad hatami; hassan ahmadi

Volume 31, Issue 1 , May 2024, Pages 273-296

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.42169.2923

Abstract

IntroductionOne of the diseases that can cause many physiological and psychological complications is coronary heart disease. According to the predictions of scientific societies, these diseases will be the main cause of death in different countries by 2030. According to the scientific findings published ... Read More IntroductionOne of the diseases that can cause many physiological and psychological complications is coronary heart disease. According to the predictions of scientific societies, these diseases will be the main cause of death in different countries by 2030. According to the scientific findings published by the World Health Organization, it is predicted that 8.44% of deaths in Iran will be related to coronary heart disease by 2030. Coronary heart disease is a serious and rapidly growing disease. Coronary heart disease is one of the diseases that lead to increased mortality, lack of self-reliance, increased depression and anxiety in affected people. Several factors such as anxiety and depression, social stress, conflict and hostile behavior can lead to abnormal coronary contraction, increased coronary artery blockage, malignant heart rhythm irregularities and as a result, heart failure. The occurrence of psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety in patients with coronary heart disease causes them to experience less self-efficacy and self-care behaviors. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on the self-efficacy perceived and self-care behaviors of people with coronary heart disease. MethodThe present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest, post-test, control group and two-month follow-up period design. The statistical population of this study included patients with coronary heart disease referred to the heart center of Madain Hospital in Tehran in the second half of 2020. The statistical population included patients with coronary heart disease referred to the heart center of Madayen Hospital in Tehran in the second half of 2020. 34 Patient with coronary heart disease were selected through a voluntary and purposive sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (18 patients in the experimental group and 16 patients in the control group). The experimental group received ten seventy-five-minute sessions of acceptance and commitment therapy during One and a half months. The applied questionnaires in this study included the self-efficacy questionnaire (Sherer et al., 1982) and Self-Care Questionnaire (Galiana et al., 2015). The data from the study were analyzed through repeated Mixed ANOVA via SPSS23 statistical software. ResultsThe results showed that acceptance and commitment therapy have a significant effect on the self-efficacy and self-care behaviors of the cardiac people with coronary heart disease. In addition, the results showed that the effect of acceptance and commitment therapy was stable on the self-efficacy and self-care behaviors of the cardiac patients with coronary heart disease with a follow-up stage. After carefully examining the descriptive findings, it was found that acceptance and commitment therapy increase the self-efficacy and self-care behaviors of the cardiac people with coronary heart disease in the post-test and follow-up stages. ConclusionAccording to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that acceptance and commitment therapy can be used as an efficient intervention to improve the self-efficacy and self-care behaviors of the people with coronary heart disease through employing techniques such as six main processes, including psychological acceptance, context self, communication with the present time, values and committed action.

Development and Effectiveness of Emotion-based Therapy on the Components of Psychological Adaptation to Cancer in the Elderly

leila orang; Hayede Saberi; afsane taheri

Volume 31, Issue 1 , May 2024, Pages 297-316

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.42345.2932

Abstract

IntroductionElderly is a process that is genetically visible during the life of living things and decreases in the organism over time, which reduces the activities of the organs of the body. Although it is not an aging disease and most of the elderly can be seen in other age groups, the elderly process ... Read More IntroductionElderly is a process that is genetically visible during the life of living things and decreases in the organism over time, which reduces the activities of the organs of the body. Although it is not an aging disease and most of the elderly can be seen in other age groups, the elderly process is facilitating physical diseases, including cancer. The formation of tumors becomes. These cells grow very rapidly and usually cause severe pain by pressing on healthy tissues and nerve fibers, blocking fluid flow in the body, and disrupting the activity of the organs. MethodThe present semi-experimental research design was used with a pre-test-then-test with the control group. The research community is all the 60 to 75-year-olds residing in Tehran in 2021 who have been diagnosed with Stage 1 and Stage 2 cancer, of which 30 elderly women were referred to medical centers for treatment. The semi-trial design was used to determine the effectiveness of the emotion therapy. The pre-test was first implemented and then accidentally performed in one of the two experimental groups of excitement treatment, and the control group received no training and was implemented at the end of the post-test training. Research Criteria: Over 60 years old, getting a cancer diagnosis, mental consciousness, lack of participation in another therapeutic program, wanting to cooperate, elderly with cancer, tendency to attend intervention, and exit criterion unwilling to participate in intervention. The selected sample was accessible through random selection into two groups of tests and certificates. The emotion-based treatment package was developed and presented in the format of 10 sessions, each 90 minutes long, and content validity was used to validate it. The research tool was the questionnaire on psychological adaptation to cancer by Watson et al. (1988). Coronbach's alpha was used for data analysis using conventional descriptive statistics (average and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (repeated measurement variance analysis). ResultsThe results of the study showed that the emotional intervention package was able to significantly increase mental compatibility with cancer. In addition, the excitement intervention package was followed up after the post-test execution, and the results showed that there was no tangible post-test change after two months (p < 0.001). DiscussionTherefore, excitement-based treatment with recovery experiences and changing the meaningful meanings of any experience has a corrective training for stabilized emotional strategies that enhance the use of efficient and positive strategies and better adaptation to the disease by breaking the inefficient strategy and better adaptation to the disease. Since this study was conducted on older women with cancer in Tehran, it is recommended that other cultural and gender groups be aware of the generalization of the results.

Mediating Role of Self-Acceptance in the Relationship between Self-Actualization, Self-Transcendence, and Distress Tolerance in Diabetic Patients

Nadere Afkhami Ardakani; Yasser Rezapour Mirsaleh; Hossein Ghafuri Charkhabi; Azra Mohammadpanah Ardakan

Volume 31, Issue 1 , May 2024, Pages 317-340

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.42498.2937

Abstract

IntroductionDiabetes is a chronic and costly disease that has a high prevalence throughout the world, Iran, and specifically in Yazd province. Considering the heavy psychological and economic costs of diabetes and its complications, it is important to pay attention to all the factors that can increase ... Read More IntroductionDiabetes is a chronic and costly disease that has a high prevalence throughout the world, Iran, and specifically in Yazd province. Considering the heavy psychological and economic costs of diabetes and its complications, it is important to pay attention to all the factors that can increase diabetes self-management. Since self-management is the main key to controlling diabetes and postponing the occurrence of diabetes complications, it is valuable to pay attention to distress tolerance and its affecting factors as one of the significant factors in diabetes self-management. Self-acceptance, self-actualization, and self-transcendence are proposed as three psychological factors that seem to improve people's distress tolerance. But evidence shows that self-acceptance can play a mediating role in the relationship between self-actualization, self-transcendence and distress tolerance in type 2 diabetic patients; however, few studies have investigated the relationship between these variables in diabetic people, which shows the necessity of conducting more studies. MethodThis is a descriptive-correlational study, performed using path analysis. A total of 207 questionnaires were administered by the available sampling method to type 2 diabetic patients living in Yazd province. The data was gathered using the Distress Tolerance Scale (Simmons & Gaher, 2005) and the Existential Fulfillment Scale (Loonstra, 2007). The Existential Fulfillment Scale is composed of three subscales: self-acceptance, self-actualization, and self-transcendence. The correlation and structural equation analysis were conducted to analyze the data using SPSS-23 and AMOS-24 software, respectively. ResultsThe results showed that self-acceptance, self-actualization, and self-transcendence have a significant positive relationship with distress tolerance in diabetic patients. In other words, self-actualization has a positive and direct effect on distress tolerance (r =.22, p<.01), self-transcendence has a direct and significant effect on distress tolerance (r =.23, p<.05), and the direct effect of self-acceptance on distress tolerance is statistically positive and significant (r =.24, p<.001). The data also revealed that self-actualization has a direct and positive effect on self-acceptance (β=.29, p<.001), and the direct effect of self-transcendence on self-acceptance is statistically positive and significant (β=.21, p< 0.01). Also, self-acceptance plays a mediating role in the relationship between self-actualization and distress tolerance (Sobel test = 2.72, p<.01), and self-acceptance has a mediating role in the relationship of self-transcendence with distress tolerance (Sobel test = 2.45, p<.05) in diabetics. The distress tolerance of diabetic patients can be predicted up to 22% by the sum of self-actualization, self-transcendence, and self-acceptance (p<.01). ConclusionThe results showed that individuals with type 2 diabetes who have higher self-acceptance, self-actualization, and self-transcendence show higher distress tolerance. Considering the mediating role of self-acceptance in the proposed model, it is suggested that by trying to promote the self-actualization and self-transcendence of diabetic patients, their self-acceptance of diabetics is improved. Higher self-acceptance, in turn, leads to greater distress tolerance and ultimately better diabetes self-management.

Compare the Effectiveness of Mindfulness and Schema Therapy on Anger Management, Marital Conflict and Quality of Life

Hossein Mahdiyan; Elham Mahdiyanfar; Ali Jahangiri

Volume 31, Issue 1 , May 2024, Pages 341-372

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.42636.2945

Abstract

IntroductionHumans go through sensitive phases in their lives, and one of the critical and decisive phases is the issue of marriage and the formation of a common life, and more importantly, the efforts of each couple to maintain this common life so that they can reach their desired goals. Today, it is ... Read More IntroductionHumans go through sensitive phases in their lives, and one of the critical and decisive phases is the issue of marriage and the formation of a common life, and more importantly, the efforts of each couple to maintain this common life so that they can reach their desired goals. Today, it is very important to expand the horizon of psychological treatments, especially to find more effective treatments. Also, comparing different treatments can be a priority among researchers to choose the most effective treatment that can be more cost-effective. Therefore, the current research seeks to investigate whether mindfulness and schema therapy have an effect on marital conflict, anger management, and quality of life. And which one has more influence on the components of marital conflict, anger management and quality of life? The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of mindfulness and schema therapy on anger management, marital conflict and quality of life. MethodThe method used in this study was quasi-experimental, in which the effect of two independent variables, namely schema therapy and mindfulness, on the dependent variables, namely marital conflict, anger management and quality of life, was examined. The pre-test-post-test design with the control group was used. The statistical population of this study consisted of all men and women who referred to counseling centers. To measure independent variables such as mindfulness in this study, the mindfulness package based on the package written by Bowen, Chaula and Marlat (2011) was used to measure anger management using the Spielberger anger control questionnaire, to measure quality of life from 36-item quality of life questionnaire (SF-36) and to measure conflict from Zakir and Barati questionnaire (2008) to analyze information from software. ResultsThe results showed that both therapeutic schemas and mindfulness training increased anger management, reduced marital conflicts and increased the quality of life of the experimental group compared to the control group. In addition, the results indicated that there is no difference in the mean total score of marital conflict, anger management and quality of life between the two groups of schema therapy and mindfulness, but between the control group and the two groups of schema therapy and mindfulness in all three conflict variables. There is a significant difference between marital, anger management and quality of life (P<0.001). Therefore, both types of treatment had the same effect on marital conflict, anger management and quality of life in couples with conflict. DiscussionIn comparing the effectiveness of schema therapy and mindfulness on anger management, marital conflict and quality of life in this study, it was observed that the training of both schema therapy and mindfulness groups increased anger management, reduced marital conflicts and increased quality of life in the experimental group compared to the control group was. Therefore, the training of both therapy groups is effective in increasing anger management and reducing marital conflicts, as well as increasing the quality of martial life. In addition, both types of treatment showed the same effect on marital conflict, anger management and quality of life in couples with conflict.

Emotional Intelligence of Bus Drivers: The Effectiveness of Psychosocial Interventions

Mohsen Shokoohi-Yekta; Elham-Sadat Naji

Volume 31, Issue 1 , May 2024, Pages 373-390

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.42692.2948

Abstract

IntroductionDriving behavior is a behavior that a driver chooses as a pattern for his driving, and it depends on three factors: the driver, the vehicle, and factors related to the driving route. The driver's psychological and personality characteristics are the most important factors in his driving behavior ... Read More IntroductionDriving behavior is a behavior that a driver chooses as a pattern for his driving, and it depends on three factors: the driver, the vehicle, and factors related to the driving route. The driver's psychological and personality characteristics are the most important factors in his driving behavior and the driver behavior is related to his emotional and behavioral characteristics. Many studies have shown the role of emotional intelligence as one of the most important determinants of driver behavior. Emotional intelligence is the ability to understand and manage our own and others' emotions which play a key role in all kinds of personal, social and professional situations. Some research have shown that high emotional intelligence is associated with greater ability to manage emotions, and low emotional intelligence is often associated with greater involvement in risky behaviors. Emotional intelligence can improve through training and have a positive effect on people's performance. Adults can learn to manage their behaviors and emotional reactions. Considering the importance of emotional intelligence in reducing inappropriate driving behaviors, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the mental health training program of drivers on their emotional intelligence. MethodIn the present study, in order to enhance the emotional intelligence abilities of bus drivers through psychosocial training, a quasi-experimental with a pre- and post-test design was used. The driver training project of Tehran Bus Company has been started since 2011 and is implemented in different phases on drivers who are applying for employment in the Company. In one of the phases, 88 bus drivers from Tehran Bus Company who received 9 training sessions on anger management, retaliatory driving, stress management and effective communication participated in the study. Bar-On (1977) emotional intelligence test was used to collect data in two stages of pre-test and post-test. This questionnaire is a self-assessment tool that can be used for people over 18 years old. In the present study, a shortened form of the questionnaire was used, in which there are 54 items related to 9 scales of problem solving, stress tolerance, emotional self-awareness, interpersonal relationships, optimism, impulse control, flexibility, empathy, and self-expression. ResultsThe research findings of multivariate analysis of variance with repeated measures and univariate analysis of variance showed a significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores of four subscales. This difference is significant for the subscales of problem solving, emotional self-awareness and optimism at the 0.01 level and for the subscale of interpersonal relationships at the 0.05 level. In other words, participating in the training program has led to an increase in the ability of the participants in these subscales. Also, the value of F in these 4 subscales of emotional intelligence is equal to 7.70, 16.48, 11.52, and 5.29, respectively. DiscussionThe findings show the effectiveness of the program on some components of emotional intelligence. In other words, the training course on socio-emotional interventions can be considered effective in promoting drivers' emotional intelligence.

The Effectiveness of Education Based on Logotherapy Approach on the Feeling of Agency, Perfectionism and Positive Affect in Emerging Adulthood

Reyhaneh Tabesh; Fariborz Sedighi arfaee

Volume 31, Issue 1 , May 2024, Pages 391-410

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43087.2965

Abstract

IntroductionAt the same time as the rapid growth of technology and the ever-increasing human progress, and considering that the roles and responsibilities of adulthood have expanded and become more complex and teenagers need advanced abilities and skills to enter adulthood, emerging adulthood theory ... Read More IntroductionAt the same time as the rapid growth of technology and the ever-increasing human progress, and considering that the roles and responsibilities of adulthood have expanded and become more complex and teenagers need advanced abilities and skills to enter adulthood, emerging adulthood theory has been proposed to explain these social and economic developments of the late 20th century. One of the main features of this developmental period is the nature of discovery, experimentation and gaining experience. It is a period in which people focus on personal growth and develop the qualities necessary for self-sufficiency, accept new roles and responsibilities, and learn the social skills necessary to assume those roles. Due to the difficulties of this developmental period, qualities such as agency should be considered an important psychological resource. Also, perfectionism, as a tendency to set very high standards in performance along with extreme self-evaluation critically, can be harmful in the path of self-sufficiency and achieving goals, especially in this developmental period. On the other hand, since emerging adulthood is associated with exploration, stress, ambiguity, and the lack of a specific role, one's emotions also fluctuate during this period. In this regard, and considering the features of the emerging adulthood period and the importance of the structures mentioned in this period, increasing the capabilities of people and helping them to successfully transition to adulthood is of particular importance. In the meantime, education based on the logotherapy approach is one of the types of education that can affect a wide range of lives. Therefore, the main goal of the research is to investigate the effectiveness of education based on the logotherapy approach on the sense of agency, positive affect, and perfectionism in emerging adults. MethodIt was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest, post-test, control group, and two-month follow-up period design. The statistical population included all undergraduate students of Isfahan University in the academic year 2020-2021, of which 30 people were selected by the available sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) groups. The data collection tools included the human agency scale (consisting of three components of purposefulness, futurism, and general self-efficacy), Hewitt and Flett's perfectionism questionnaire (1991) and Watson et al.'s positive affect scale (1988). The people in the experimental group were trained based on the logotherapy approach (Hutzel, 2002) during 10- to 60-minute sessions. Data analysis was also performed using the method of analysis of variance with repeated measurements. ResultsThe obtained results showed that the average scores of the feeling of agency and positive affect in the experimental group compared to the control group increased significantly in the post-test stage, and the average scores of perfectionism decreased significantly (P≤0.01). Also, the results indicated the permanence of the training effect for the constructs of a sense of agency and perfectionism over time. DiscussionThe results of this research showed that education about discovering meaning in life can affect different aspects of life, including the sense of agency, perfectionism, and positive emotions. Using the results of this research, effective measures can be taken regarding the development of different skills in teenagers and especially emerging adults.

Structural Modeling of Marital Boredom and Gender Stereotypes through the Mediation of Marital Forgiveness

Zahra Nazeran; Seyed Abbas Haghayegh; Zohre Raeisi; Akram Dehghani

Volume 31, Issue 1 , May 2024, Pages 411-432

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43302.2988

Abstract

IntroductionThe family can be considered as an emotional unit and a network of intertwined relationships that is built from the marital bond of a man and a woman, and a person's satisfaction with married life is considered as his satisfaction with the family. One of the threats to growth and development ... Read More IntroductionThe family can be considered as an emotional unit and a network of intertwined relationships that is built from the marital bond of a man and a woman, and a person's satisfaction with married life is considered as his satisfaction with the family. One of the threats to growth and development in married life of couples is incompatibility and (marital burnout) in married life. Nowadays, the prevalence of marital burnout among couples is increasing and many couples do not want to stay in failed marriages. 50% of couples face marital burnout. The relationships of many couples lack the intimacy that characterizes a good marriage, and one of the most important reasons is marital burnout. Divorce may be rooted in marital burnout; marital burnout is a state of physical exhaustion and emotional and mental exhaustion that is the result of long-term mental and emotional conflicts. The onset of boredom rarely happens suddenly and usually its process is gradual. In fact, the intimacy and love gradually fade and along with it comes the feeling of general fatigue. MethodThe research method was descriptive correlation. The statistical population of the study included all married people (men and women) with marital problems who referred to family counseling centers in Tehran in 2019. Among them, 300 people (150 women and 150 men) were selected as the research sample using available sampling method. Pines' (1996) marital dissatisfaction questionnaires, Bam's (1974) gender stereotypes, and Pollard et al.'s (1998) marital forgiveness questionnaires were used to collect data. Pearson correlation tests and structural equation analysis were used to analyze the data. ResultsThe results of the research showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between gender stereotypes and marital discord, and there was a negative and significant relationship between marital forgiveness and marital discord and gender stereotypes and marital forgiveness (p<0.01). Also, gender stereotypes through marital forgiveness, it had an indirect effect on marital burnout. Results showed that there is a relationship between marital forgiveness and marital burnout; this means that with the increase of marital forgiveness, marital burnout decreases. DiscussionIn general, the assumed model of the research had a good fit; therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the role of variables of gender stereotypes and marital forgiveness in the construction of educational and counseling packages to reduce the marital forgiveness of couples. In general, according to the findings of this research, it can be concluded that the final model has a good fit. And marital forgiveness played a mediating role in the relationship between marital forgiveness and gender stereotypes. Therefore, the findings of the model provide researchers with more information to manipulate the dependent variable and help researchers design an experimental study to reduce marital burnout in couples with marital conflicts. Also, according to the religious and spiritual context of Iranian society, activating spiritual capitals such as forgiveness has significant effects in reducing marital burnout and increasing marital forgiveness.

The effectiveness of the native package based on the ancient Persian literature of forgiveness on self-differentiation and emotional safety in teenagers attempting suicide.

Reza Homaei; Alireza Maredpour; Armin Mahmudi

Volume 31, Issue 1 , May 2024, Pages 433-456

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43807.3037

Abstract

IntroductionThe aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of the indigenous package based on ancient Persian literature on forgiveness on the differentiation and emotional safety of adolescents attempting suicide. One of the social problems of today's societies is suicide, which worries ... Read More IntroductionThe aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of the indigenous package based on ancient Persian literature on forgiveness on the differentiation and emotional safety of adolescents attempting suicide. One of the social problems of today's societies is suicide, which worries the family, society, and statesmen. Based on this, much research has been conducted by researchers in the fields of psychology, social sciences, and mental health because the statistics published by the World Health Organization and the health organizations of the countries are very worrying and show an increase in suicide among young people. MethodThe research method was quasi-experimental, with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up with the control group. The statistical population included all adolescents in the age group of 16 to 18 years who attempted suicide in Isfahan, and the sample size included 30 people, 15 of whom were randomly selected in the experimental group and 15 in the control group and selected by the available sampling method. An indigenous package based on ancient Persian literature of forgiveness (based on poems by Ferdowsi, Nezami, Khayyam, Molavi, Saadi and Roudaki) was implemented for adolescents who attempted suicide in the experimental group (in 8 sessions). Measurement tools included the 13-item Emotional Safety Questionnaire of Casey Family Service Center (2007) and the 46-item Differentiation Questionnaire of Skowron (2000). For data analysis, a covariance analysis test with repeated measures was used.ResultsThe results showed that there was a significant difference between the mean scores of differentiation post-test and emotional safety of adolescents attempting suicide in the experimental and control groups. In explaining the findings of the research, it can be said that in the poem there are emotions and emotions such as sadness, happiness, anxiety, hope, despair, nostalgia, and surprise, which arise from the mental and mental states of the poet, and the poet tries to convey them to the audience as they are and based on the theory of the emotional-emotional life of the Eastern man, which defines the emotional-emotional states of each person as a result of his emotional-emotional education and considers it necessary to know his own emotions and emotions. In the noble Persian poetry and ancient literature, these emotional-emotional aspects are well taken into consideration and easily affect the emotional-emotional characteristics of the audience. The attention of poets of ancient Persian literature, such as Ferdowsi, Nizami, Khayyam, Molavi, Saadi and Rudaki, to the emotional-emotional components of human beings has caused them to choose a specific model for the emotional aesthetics of their poems. DiscussionIn the therapeutic atmosphere of a non-threatening atmosphere, along with unconditional positive attention to express the feelings of anger and resentment of others, the researcher has provided an opportunity for the teenager to complete the incomplete gestalts. Unhealed emotions were released, and the adolescent's psychological defenses were broken. Therefore, the adolescents of the experimental group were able to find out that revenge and malice are useless, and this was the beginning of their cognitive processing of the incident. During this cognitive processing, they were able to review their role in the loss of this relationship, to be guided from only paying attention to the mistakes and weaknesses of others, and to face the essence of their existence. Become the main ones who make mistakes and, at the same time, are valuable with a feeling of shame and guilt, thus they can live more calmly, and by maintaining their mental health, they have a greater sense of emotional safety.

The effectiveness of dialectical behavioral therapy on self-harmful and distress tolerance in adolescents with a history of self-harmful behaviors

Majid Azizi; Iqbal Zarei

Volume 30, Issue 1 , January 2023, , Pages 145-162

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.38177.2726

Abstract

IntroductionSuicidal behaviors and self-harmful are one of the phenomena that has created a major challenge for mental health. Self-assessment in adolescents usually expresses high psychological distress. The prevalence of this problem indicates adolescents’ discontent, that has lots of effects ... Read More IntroductionSuicidal behaviors and self-harmful are one of the phenomena that has created a major challenge for mental health. Self-assessment in adolescents usually expresses high psychological distress. The prevalence of this problem indicates adolescents’ discontent, that has lots of effects on the other family members and friends. Self-assessment without suicide intention is actually self-employed or any kind of action that harms a person, but in this person, there is no intention to die, and ultimately, suicide behavior is without the intention of suicide, which causes suicide without having a person to finish his life. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of dialectical behavioral therapy on self-harmful behaviors and distress tolerance in adolescents to answer the questions of if the dialectical treatment affects the beatings and tolerance of distress. MethodThe present study was a quasi-experiment with pretest post-test with control group and one-month follow-up period. The statistical population of this study was all adolescents referring to Bandar Abbas counseling clinics with a history of self-harmful behaviors. In this study, 30 patients were selected by voluntary and targeted non-targeted sampling and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (15 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group) experimental group of dialectics treatment in 12 sessions of 2 hours received. The questionnaires used in this study included self-harmful behaviors questionnaire (Klonsky & Glenn, 2009) and distress tolerance questionnaire (Simmons and Gahr, 2005). Data from the research was analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA. ResultsThe results showed that Dialectical behavior therapy based on Dimeff and Linehan (2008) therapy package on the experimental group has been effective in beating and tolerating distress in adolescents, since this treatment has been successful in improving self-harmful behaviors and tolerance of distress. Also, the results showed that dialectical behavioral therapy remained fixed on self-harmful behaviors and distress tolerance in adolescents in follow-up stageDiscussionAccording to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that dialectical behavioral therapy can be used as an effective therapeutic treatment for improving the behavior of self-esteem and tolerance in adolescents with a history of self-regulation by educating the skills of excitement, tolerance of distress, conscious mind are being used. Dialectical behavior training can be effective in reducing self-control behaviors. The results of this study with the findings of Chesli et al (2020), Abooutorabi Kashani et al (2020), Saffarinia et al (2015), zamani (2014), ghorbani (2018), Tabatabayi (2021), alavi (2012), Peymannia et al (2019) is a coherent research. Explaining the findings, it can be said that dialectical behavior therapy emphasizes learning resilience against pain in a skillful way, and it can be concluded that disturbed behaviors that are targeted in teaching dialectical behavior therapy skills to endure and survive in crises. And accepting life as it is in the present moment, and these strategies in the form of turning attention (when engaging in self-harming behavior), calming down (in time of distress), improving the moment, and thinking about the benefits and harms of self-injurious behavior.

The effectiveness of self-regulation training with body mass index interaction on weight control, executive functioning, and emotion regulation of overweight and obese adolescent

mohammad vatankhah; seyed musa kafi; Abbas Abolqasemi; Iraj Shakerinia

Volume 27, Issue 2 , November 2020, , Pages 89-110

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2020.32231.2480

Abstract

Abstract Due to the difficulty in emotion regulation and executive functions of obese adolescents, psychological interventions have a great importance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of self-regulation training on weight control, executive functions and emotion regulation ... Read More

The validation of King’s Spiritual Intelligence Scale (SISRI-24) among students at University of Isfahan

M. Raghib; A. Siadat; B. Hakiminya; J. Ahmadi

Volume 17, Issue 1 , June 2010, , Pages 141-164

Abstract

The purpose of this research was the validation of King’s Spiritual Intelligence Scale (SISRI-24) among students at university of Isfahan. Statistical population of the study was all students in academic year of 2008-2009, out of which 250 students were selected randomly. The research method was ... Read More

The Effectiveness of Group Cognitive Therapy Based on Mindfulness in Reducing Anxiety and Depression in High School Students

M. Bayrami; Y. Movahedi; R. Mohammadzadigan; M. Movahedi; S. Vakili

Volume 20, Issue 2 , December 2013, , Pages 1-18

Abstract

Mindfulness in psychotherapy research has been conceptualized as an enhanced state of self-awareness thought to promote well-being. In this research, the effectiveness of group cognitive therapy based on mindfulness in reducing anxiety and depression in high school students was studied.This research ... Read More

Considering the Mediating Role of Work-family Conflict in Relationship between Stress and Social Support, and Job Satisfaction and Family Satisfaction

F. Shenavar; K. Beshlideh; S.E. Hashemi; A. Naami

Volume 22, Issue 1 , June 2015, , Pages 111-132

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2015.11190

Abstract

The present study was conducted intending to take into account the mediating work-family conflict role in relation with stress and social support with job and family satisfaction. Study samples included 203 industrial factory personnel selected through convenience sampling in Ahvaz over 2014. In this ... Read More The present study was conducted intending to take into account the mediating work-family conflict role in relation with stress and social support with job and family satisfaction. Study samples included 203 industrial factory personnel selected through convenience sampling in Ahvaz over 2014. In this study, which is a descriptive endeavor of a correlational nature , participants filled in the job stress scale (Parkers & Decotis, 1983), the perceived organizational support survey (Eisenberger, et al., 1997), the job in general scale (Ironson, et al., 1989), the family stress questionnaire (Hennessy, 2005), the perceived social support-family scale (Procidano & Heller, 1983), the family satisfaction scale (Aryee, et al., 1999), and the work-family conflict scale (Carlson, et al., 2000). Structural equation modeling was used to assess the suggested pattern and the bootstrapping method was used to test the mediating effect and it was performed via AMOS. Structural equation modeling indices confirmed general study patterns. Among the relations, only the direct relation of job stress and perceived organizational support were deleted from pattern 1 (work-family conflict mediation). The fitting indices obtained showed that the corrected pattern was of good fitness. Results from the bootstrapping method and the confidence distance from it showed that the work-family conflict completely mediates between job stress and perceived organizational support with family satisfaction and family-work conflict is a partial mediator between family stress and perceived family support with job satisfaction. Thus, job stress and perceived organizational support affect family satisfaction only through work-family conflict, while in the family, family stress and perceived family support directly affect job satisfaction through family-work conflict. Therefore, organizations are not only able to manage conflicts generated between work and the family, but can satisfy personnel with the job itself and the family can apply suitable approaches to reduce their own personnel stress and increase their support.

The effect of self-hypnosis on attention and the pattern of electroencephalography in candidates for university entrance examination

Ehsan Shahsavari Shirazi; Manijeh Shehniyailagh; Alireza Hajiyakhchali

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 April 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.40788.2848

Abstract

IntroductionSelf-hypnosis is simply a focused state of mindfulness that allows one to make the most of their mental capacities and abilities. In a final analysis, self - hypnosis is practically a tool that can be used to make better use of skills or techniques of self - control. All forms of hypnosis ... Read More IntroductionSelf-hypnosis is simply a focused state of mindfulness that allows one to make the most of their mental capacities and abilities. In a final analysis, self - hypnosis is practically a tool that can be used to make better use of skills or techniques of self - control. All forms of hypnosis are actually self-hypnosis. Even in so-called hypnotic situations, it is the client who hypnotizes himself, another person, usually called a hypnotherapist, provides the right conditions and guides the client to the hypnotic trance. Self- hypnosis is a way in which people can focus on their mental content and use their imagination, mental imagery and thoughts to evoke certain emotions so that they can finally make changes in their behaviors and attitudes. In other words, in a state of hypnotic ecstasy, the person can change their inner world. Feelings, perceptions, and behaviors also change when a person is able to change their thoughts and their visual imagery that they normally engage with. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of self-hypnosis on attention and the pattern of electroencephalography in candidates for university entrance examination.MethodThe statistical population was all the clients who referred to the Mr. Karami counseling center in Shiraz, in 2019. The statistical sample consisted of 24 male students between 18 to 20 years old, who were selected from the counseling center using targeted sampling method. Then they were assigned into two groups of control (12 persons) and experimental group (12 persons) randomly. Research tools were Demographic Characteristics Questionnaire, Stroop Effect Test and Electroencephalography recorder. 10 self-hypnosis sessions for each subject in experimental group were done, over two weeks. During the interventions of experimental group, the control group was under the passage of time. In post-test, both groups were compared in terms of attention and Electroencephalographic patterns. The statistical data analysis was performed using the analysis of covariance at p < 0.05. SPSS software was used for data analysis.ResultsThe results of pre-test and post-test comparison showed that the effects of intervention on experimental group were significant. Therefore, it seems that self-hypnosis affects attention and the pattern of electroencephalography in candidates for university entrance examination. DiscussionDue to the effectiveness of self-hypnosis on attention and the pattern of electroencephalography in candidates for university entrance examination, self-hypnosis can be used in entrance exam preparation centers to improve the attention of candidates

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Educational Psychology

Examining the mediating role of academic resilience in the relationship between academic self-confidence and attitude towards the future career with academic engagement among the students of Ahvaz Azad University

sara Dibazar; Zeynab Sabouri; leila mirzaei; Raziye Saffarifard; zahra naghsh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.42056.2915

Abstract

Introduction Various factors are effective in the all-round growth and development of students, however, one of the factors that can play a very effective role in improving their academic performance is academic engagement in educational activities (Thomas and Allen, 2021; Jack, 2016) Bugby, Beck, Ferrier ... Read More Introduction Various factors are effective in the all-round growth and development of students, however, one of the factors that can play a very effective role in improving their academic performance is academic engagement in educational activities (Thomas and Allen, 2021; Jack, 2016) Bugby, Beck, Ferrier and Aria (2019). Various factors are effective in the occurrence of academic engagement in students, among which academic self-confidence can be mentioned. It can be said that the existence of self-confidence in students is related to their greater academic engagement (Geoffrey, Borella and Mamarella, 2017). In this regard, the existence of academic self-confidence can affect the attitude towards the future career and academic engagement in students. An important factor that Academic resilience affects both the academic self-confidence and the attitude towards the future career in students and leads to an increase in academic engagement in them. Considering the importance and basic role of students in the development of society and considering the various problems and issues that students face in the educational environment, it is felt necessary to plan to eliminate their lack of motivation and lack of self-confidence. In this way, the aim of the present study was to examine the fit of the mediator role model of academic resilience in the relationship between academic self-confidence and attitude towards the future career with academic engagement in the students of Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz.MethodThe method of the current research was a description of structural equation modeling; in which the relationship between the variables was investigated in the form of path analysis.The statistical population consisted of all the students of Ahvaz Islamic Azad University in the academic year 2018-2019. 202 students were selected as samples. Then, the research questionnaires were given to the subjects to answer. In this research, the following tools were used. Rio academic occupation questionnaires; Nouri, Jafari and Saadatmand's academic self-confidence; The attitude towards the career future of Hassanlou, Hassannejad and Khazaei Pool and Samuels' academic resilience were distributed among them. The evaluation of the proposed model was done using the path analysis method. Bootstrap test was used to measure indirect relationships.ResultsThe results of Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between all research variables at the level of p>0.01. In the path of academic self-confidence to academic engagement (β=0.066), which was not statistically significant at the level of p>0.05. The relationship was excluded, so this hypothesis was not confirmed. The path of attitude towards future career to academic engagement (β=0.185) which was statistically significant at p<0.01 level and this hypothesis was confirmed. In the path of academic self-confidence to academic resilience (β=0.301), which was statistically significant at the p<0.01 level, and this hypothesis was confirmed. In the path of attitude towards future career to academic resilience (β=0.492), which was statistically significant at the level of p<0.01, and this hypothesis was confirmed. In the path of academic resilience to academic engagement (β=0.350), which was statistically significant at the p<0.01 level, and this hypothesis was also confirmed.Discussion and conclusionThe results showed that all the direct paths except the path of academic self-confidence were significant with academic engagement. Indirect paths were also significant through academic resilience and academic engagement. Based on the results of this research, the proposed model has a good fit and is considered an important step in the direction of knowing the effective factors in students' academic engagement and motivation, considering that the presented conceptual model had a good fit, it can be considered as an innovation. and considered a new scientific finding that can be effective in the prevention and treatment of academic failure.

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Structural Equation Modeling of mindfulness with job burnout and well-being Mediated by job stress

Hesam Soleimani; Nasrin Arshadi; Kioumars Beshlideh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43128.2972

Abstract

IntroductionOne of the most valuable resources of an organization for achieving goals and getting progressed is human power; Therefore, it can be said that the mental health of the employees of an organization is of special importance. With increasing emphasis on the mental health of employees and improving ... Read More

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Health Psychology

Predict of Social Adjustment in the Elderly based on Distress Tolerance, Emotion Regulation and Perceived Social Support

Abdolbaset Mahmoudpour; Fatemeh Alkasir; soliman ahmadboukani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43200.2980

Abstract

Introduction: elderly has been a major issue for experts, policymakers, and even the general public in recent years. The aim of this study was to predict social adjustment in the elderly based on distress tolerance, emotion regulation and perceived social support.Methods: The statistical population of ... Read More Introduction: elderly has been a major issue for experts, policymakers, and even the general public in recent years. The aim of this study was to predict social adjustment in the elderly based on distress tolerance, emotion regulation and perceived social support.Methods: The statistical population of the present study was all the elderly in Ahvaz in the period of November 1400 to December 1400 in the age range of 57 to 74 years. Data were collected using the Bell Social Adjustment Questionnaire (1962), Simmons & Gahr (2005) Distress Tolerance, Gross & John Emotion Regulation (2003), and Social Support (Zimmet, 1988). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis).Results: The results showed that there is a direct relationship between anxiety tolerance, emotion regulation and perceived social support with social adjustment (p <0.05). The adjusted R square value was equal to 0.416, which showed that the variables of distress tolerance, emotion regulation, and perceived social support explained 41.6% of the variance of social adjustment. The findings of the present study indicate the importance of the variables of anxiety tolerance, emotion regulation and perceived social support in explaining social adjustment in the elderly. Discussion: Therefore, it is recommended to train for stress tolerance, emotion regulation, providing adequate support from family and important people in life, and developing the dimensions of adjustment in the elderly.Conclusion: Emotion regulation strategies, distress tolerance and perceived social support in the elderly can change their social adjustment capacity and thus affect their mental health. From a fundamental point of view, the research of the current research can be considered as a main factor in explaining social adaptation, and at the practical level, for more adaptation in the elderly, emotion regulation strategies, distress tolerance, and social support are considered.

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Educational Psychology

Systematic review of effective areas of educational-therapeutic interventions based on choice theory on individual behavior management

moslem amiri; Javad Mesrabadi; Abolfazl Farid; Siavash Sheikhalizadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43240.2981

Abstract

IntroductionBehavioral problems can be investigated in different areas of communication and each of the behavioral challenges in this of fields shows that it is necessary for psychological programs and interventions to pay attention to the optimal management of individual behavior in order to prevent ... Read More IntroductionBehavioral problems can be investigated in different areas of communication and each of the behavioral challenges in this of fields shows that it is necessary for psychological programs and interventions to pay attention to the optimal management of individual behavior in order to prevent and reduce existing harms. Therefore the aim of this study was to identify the effective domains of educational-therapeutic interventions based on choice theory on the management of individual behavior in previous studies and based on a systematic review.MethodSearch for research records was done using numerous internal electronic databases, using the keywords: choice theory, william glasser, reality therapy, group reality therapy, quality school or quality schools, glasser school or glasser schools, lead management, peaceful parenting, parenting based on choice theory and psychology of internal control. After extraction, the content of the articles was qualitatively evaluated with the PRISMA checklist and content analysis method was used to review the data. After searching and evaluating the studies, the final analysis was performed on 53 studies with 62 variables.ResultsResults showed that effective domains of educational-therapeutic interventions based on choice theory fall into 5 categories: emotional-mood disorders, destructive behavioral disorders, procrastination, interpersonal relationships and individual and social skills. Most of the primary researches conducted in this research in the field of behavior management from the perspective of selection theory, respectively, include the field of personal and social skills with 16 studies, the field of interpersonal relations with 15 studies, the field of emotional-mood disorders with 15 studies, and the field of destructive behavioral disorders. with 10 researches, and the field of meditation with 6 researches.DiscussionIn the general explanation of the findings, it can be said that the selection theory is regulated in such a way that it is useful and usable for therapists, counselors, teachers, trainers and other people involved in education and guidance people. Based on the teachings of this theory, people realize that acting on new, effective and responsible choices enables them to discover and experience a life full of healthy and harmless creativity. The results of this study can be used as a summary to clarify as much as possible the effective domains of choice theory on the management of individual behavior and a comprehensive map for conducting studies more coherently and with better quality for researchers in provide future research.In fact, the findings of the present study can be a summary of the studies done and these classes were considered as the result of re-analysis of the data with a different perspective. Therefore, the basics of choice theory can be used as educational and therapeutic interventions in the counseling centers of schools and universities, family and couple training workshops, organizational management and individual and clinical counseling in order to manage individual behavior and Used to improve interpersonal relationships.

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Exceptional Children Psychology

Comparison of the effectiveness of executive function training and play therapy on promoting the learning of mathematical concepts of students with learning disabilities

Fatemeh Khandani; Noorali Farrokhi; Abotaleb Saadati Shamir

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43271.2985

Abstract

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of executive function training and play therapy on promoting the learning of mathematical concepts of students with learning disabilities. Learning mathematics is one of the basic subjects related to learning science, which has been devoted ... Read More IntroductionThe aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of executive function training and play therapy on promoting the learning of mathematical concepts of students with learning disabilities. Learning mathematics is one of the basic subjects related to learning science, which has been devoted to many studies and theories. Students learn not only to calculate in mathematics. Rather, they learn how to reason and use it to solve their real life problems. Disruption in mathematical calculations is manifested in various ways, including difficulty in determining sizes or naming mathematical numbers, inability to count, compare, and mental and practical calculations. Children with math disorder have problems with math calculation or reasoning ability in math. Due to the difference in the definitions of learning disorder and also the difference in the attitudes and educational goals of these children, the prevalence estimate fluctuates from one to thirty. MethodThe present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical sample consisted of 45 third grade elementary students who were selected by available sampling method and were replaced in 3 groups of executive functions training, play therapy and control group. The research tool was Tabrizi Learning Disorder Checklist (2010) & the K-Matt mathematical test. Experiment participants were trained in 10 sessions of 90 minutes. The sample size examined in this research was 45 people. After implementing the questionnaire on the sample, using a pre-test-post-test experimental plan with a control group, 15 people were randomly placed in the control group, 15 people in the executive functions training method, and 15 people in the play therapy training method. In the pre-examination phase, the amount of arithmetic skill learning was measured using the mentioned questionnaires. Then the researcher used educational methods (executive functions and play therapy and common education) for the studied groups for 10 sessions. At the end of the training period (post-test), the researcher obtained the scores of the questionnaire for learning mathematical concepts and arithmetic skills from all three groups (executive functions, play therapy and control). ResultsFindings showed that there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of executive function training and play therapy on learning mathematical concepts (P <0.01). Also, there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of executive function training and play therapy on learning mathematical concepts (P <0.01).DiscussionThe results showed that both executive functions and play therapy interventions have beneficial effects on learning mathematical concepts of students with learning math. It can be concluded that there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of teaching executive functions and play therapy on learning mathematical concepts of students with mathematical learning disabilities. In other words, both group training of executive functions and play therapy are effective on learning mathematical concepts of students with mathematical learning disabilities.

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Comparing the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for rumination, psychological flexibility, resilience, and perceived stress among the women suffering from depression

Mona Isvand; Hosein Baghouli; Hojjat Allah Javidi; Majid Barzegar

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 05 September 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43311.2990

Abstract

Depression is one of the common disabling and recurring psychological disorders that causes obvious changes in the individual’s different biological, cognitive, nervous and emotional functions .The aim of the present study was to compare effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance ... Read More Depression is one of the common disabling and recurring psychological disorders that causes obvious changes in the individual’s different biological, cognitive, nervous and emotional functions .The aim of the present study was to compare effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for rumination, cognitive flexibility, resilience and perceived stress among the women suffering from depression in Andimeshk city. Depression is also considered as the second most common cognitive disorder and therefore it has attracted the attention of many researchers around the world. Among the existing physical and mental diseases, depression is considered one of the most important global issues and problems, which according to the definition of the World Health Organization is the most important mood disorders that include loss of interest, feelings of guilt and worthlessness, sleep and appetite disorders, It is accompanied by a decrease in energy, poor concentration, and a decrease in the patient's mood. Depression is also a common, costly and debilitating disease that imposes a heavy burden on global societies. MethodThe statistical population included all women referred to psychiatric clinics. 45 patients were randomly assigned into three groups (two experimental groups and one control group). Measuring research variables with the help of Nolen-Hoeksema and Morrow’s rumination questionnaire (1991), Dennis and Vanderwaal's (2010) cognitive flexibility, Connor and Davidson's (2003) resilience, and Cohen et al.'s (1983) perceived stress questionnaire were used. At first, after obtaining the necessary permits and coordination with the psychiatric clinics of the city, all women referred to the psychiatric clinics who were suspected of symptoms of depression were screened by a psychiatrist. The initial diagnosis was made by a psychiatrist, and then, to make the diagnosis more certain, the clinical interview of SKID 5 was conducted by the researcher. According to the criteria for entering the research, 30 patients who were willing to cooperate in the research were randomly assigned into two groups (an experimental group of 15 people each and a control group of 15 people). ResultsAnalysis was done using analysis of covariance, two-way variance analysis and repeated measures and Ben Ferroni’s follow up test. The results indicated that there was a significant difference between effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy compared to cognitive behavioral therapy for rumination; No difference was observed in the effectiveness of the two approaches for cognitive flexibility and perceived stress. The results of the present study indicated that there was no significant difference in the effectiveness of both treatment methods on the three variables of cognitive flexibility, resilience and perceived stress. There was a difference between the two treatments only in the variable of rumination, so that the effectiveness of the treatment based on acceptance and commitment was confirmed. Regarding cognitive behavioral therapy, no evidence was found to confirm its effectiveness.DiscussionBoth approaches can be considered as effective methods for reduction of the symptoms of depression; however it is necessary to evaluate and compare effectiveness of the two methods for depression related variables in different groups as well.

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Equivalence of performance analysis psychotherapy (FAP) and schema therapy on emotional experience towards spouse, forgiveness and gratitude of couples referring to Isfahan counseling centers

Marjan Torajizade; Mojtaba Mohammadi jalai Farahani; Davood Taghvaei

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 July 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43318.2991

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to compare performance analysis psychotherapy (FAP) and schema therapy on emotional experience towards spouse, forgiveness and gratitude of couples referring to counseling centers in Isfahan city. Family is a social institution that is formed from the marriage bond of ... Read More The aim of the present study was to compare performance analysis psychotherapy (FAP) and schema therapy on emotional experience towards spouse, forgiveness and gratitude of couples referring to counseling centers in Isfahan city. Family is a social institution that is formed from the marriage bond of a man and a woman. The health of married life implies the emotional and mental health of its people, which is also dependent on the continuity of the relationship between husband and wife. Marital relationship is the most intimate and special human relationship, the durability and quality of which requires having knowledge and emotional skills in it. Several studies show that the obvious and non-obvious behavioral and emotional exchanges of couples are one of the strongest predictors of marital quality and stability, and emotional experience in married life plays a prominent role in the durability or collapse of married life. MethodThe research method was semi-experimental and pre-test, post-test and follow-up with two experimental and control groups. The statistical population includes all couples in the age group of 25 to 45 years old in Isfahan city, who were selected by available sampling method, 30 couples (10 couples in the first test group, 10 couples in the second test group, and 10 couples in the control group) And for the first group, the performance analysis therapy experiment was presented during 8 sessions, and for the second group, the schema therapy experiment was also presented during 8 sessions. The data collection tools included the 6-question questionnaire of emotional experience towards the spouse of Brashaw (2009), the 15-question questionnaire of Bakhshash Ray et al. (2001) and the 6-question questionnaire of appreciation of McCullough et al. (2001). To analyze the data, the statistical method of analysis of variance with repeated measurements was used. ResultsThe results showed that there was no significant difference between the effect of the two psychotherapeutic methods of performance analysis and schema therapy on the emotional experience towards the spouse and spouse's gratitude, but there was a significant difference between the effect of the two psychotherapeutic methods of performance analysis and schema therapy on forgiveness. Therefore, the schema therapy method has been a more effective method than performance analysis psychotherapy in the use of forgiveness skills by couples in reducing marital conflicts.DiscussionIn fact, schema therapy emphasizes supporting couples from each other, opening emotions, and expressing them in a positive way, focusing on one's emotions and identifying them, expressing new experiences in married life and the emotions associated with it, forming new interactions in the relationship. Emphasis on taking care of the spouse, identifying negative interaction cycles, and eliminating them in married life helps the couple to rebuild their relationship with their spouse and in the light of a healthy and effective relationship, forgive each other and be more grateful.

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Educational Psychology

Multilevel analysis of the relationship of perception of teachers' diagnostic skills, challenging level of class, quality of teacher’s teaching and math study skills with math performance in ninth grade students

Arash Akhash; Askar Atash Afrouz; Manijeh Shehni Yailagh; Morteza Omidian

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 30 September 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43370.2995

Abstract

Most students are facing problems in learning mathematics. These problems are related to the math course itself or related to external factors affecting it. The problems that are related to the mathematics lesson itself are caused by the content, nature and abstract nature of this knowledge, and the ... Read More Most students are facing problems in learning mathematics. These problems are related to the math course itself or related to external factors affecting it. The problems that are related to the mathematics lesson itself are caused by the content, nature and abstract nature of this knowledge, and the problems that are related to external factors are either internal or external. The intrapersonal origin is related to the individual characteristics of students in mental processing, learning, motivation and attitude and the external-personal origin is related to issues that are affected by educational factors and the way teachers treat and teach. Therefore, the current research with the aim of "multilevel analysis of the relationship between the perception of the teacher's diagnostic skills, the challenging level of the class, the quality of the teacher's teaching and math study skills with math performance in ninth grade students" seems necessary.MethodThe research method was a correlational type, namely multilevel analysis. The statistical population of this research was all ninth grade male and female students of first secondary school in Kohgiluyeh city, in Iran, in the academic year of 1401-1402, among them, a sample of 1000 people (500 male and 500 female) was selected by multi-stage random sampling method. Gartner's Class Evaluation Questionnaire (2010), Gentry and Springer's Scale of Students' Perception of Classroom Activities (2002), Kyriakides et al.'s Teaching Quality Scale (2000), Hooper's Math Study Skills Scale (1993) and students' grades of the first semester of math lessons were used to measure the variables of the research. Data were analyzed using Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) method.ResultsThe results of multilevel analysis showed that variables of level 1 (math study skills) and level 2 (average math study skills of class, perception of teacher's diagnostic skills, challenging level of class and quality of teacher’s teaching) were positively and significantly predicting math performance of students. The interactions of level 2 variables (average math study skills of class, perception of teacher's diagnostic skills and the challenging level of the class) with the slope of the relationship between math study skills and math performance were significant. Also, the difference in math performance among classes and the difference between classes in terms of the slope of math study skills and math performance were significant.DiscussionBased on the multilevel analysis in this research, it can be concluded that paying attention to the improvement of students' math study skills and class variables (average class math study skills, perception of teacher's diagnostic skills, challenging level of class and quality of teacher’s teaching) will lead to the improvement of students' mathematical performance and their positive attitude towards this lesson.

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Clinical Psychology

-Modeling of Suicidal Ideation in Women Based on Perceived Stress and Self-Silencing with Mediating Role of Difficulties in Emotion Regulation

Ameneh Dashti; Yadollah Zargar

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43460.3002

Abstract

AbstractIntroduction: Suicidal ideation increases the risk of levels of suicidal behavior. Therefore, it is necessary to study this complex and multifactorial phenomenon in non-clinical samples, especially women. The aim of this study was to develop a structural model of suicidal ideation based on the ... Read More AbstractIntroduction: Suicidal ideation increases the risk of levels of suicidal behavior. Therefore, it is necessary to study this complex and multifactorial phenomenon in non-clinical samples, especially women. The aim of this study was to develop a structural model of suicidal ideation based on the components of perceived stress and self-silencing, considering the mediator role of difficulty in emotion regulation in women. Method: Based on this, using multi-stage random sampling method, 350 female students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz were selected as the sample. Participants completed the Beck Suicide Ideation Scale (BSI), the Perceived Stress Inventory (PSQ), the Self-Silencing Scale, and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (S-DERS) with full knowledge and satisfaction. Structural equation modeling (AMOS-22 software) was used to evaluate the assumed relationships in the model and analyze the collected data. Result: According to the research results, all direct and indirect paths embedded in the model were significant and had an acceptable fit (p<0.001). In this research, the χ2 (df) was estimated as 0.13, which indicates the fit of the model with the data. Also, GFI, AGFI, and CFI indices were obtained as 0.94, 0.90, and 0.95, respectively, which indicates the acceptable fit of the model. Among the fit indices of RMSEA is the basis of acceptance or rejection of a hypothesized model, which was obtained as 0.05. Also, according to the multivariable regression analysis, the R value was equal to 0.237, which means that 23% of the variance of suicidal ideation can be predicted and explained by difficulty in emotion regulation, perceived stress, and self-silencing.Conclusion: Designing a model of suicidal ideation made it possible to examine the role and influence of difficulty in emotion regulation, perceived stress and self-silencing. Based on the findings of the present study, difficulty in emotion regulation has a positive and significant relationship with suicidal ideation in women.Difficulty in emotion regulation is a type of emotional vulnerability that predicts suicidal ideation. The relationship between perceived stress and difficulty in regulating emotion was another finding that was confirmed in this study. A stressful situation is defined as a situation where the demands expected of a person are greater than his ability to adapt. In fact, when dealing with stress, a person focuses on the stressful and problematic situation and the awareness of his emotions decreases. On the other hand, limited access to effective emotion regulation strategies in conditions of intensified pressure and finally the ability of a person to manage his emotions decreases.Another assumed relationship of the proposed model in this research was the relationship between self- silencing and difficulty in emotion regulation. As expected, a direct relationship between self- silencing and difficulty in emotion regulation was confirmed. This means that the more self- silencing increases, the more difficult the emotion regulation process will be. The requirement of self- silencing is the suppression and denial of emotions, and this process is strengthened by ignoring oneself and giving priority to the desires, needs and emotions of others and getting attention and approval or maintaining relationships.These results mean that; Perceived stress, self-silencing, and difficulty in emotion regulating have a high predictive power for suicidal ideation in women. In addition, the findings suggest that predictor variables all predict a total of 23% variance of suicidal ideation.Key words: Suicidal Ideation, Perceived Stress, Self-silencing, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation, Structural Equation Modeling, Women

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Psychometrics scales

Investigating the psychometric adequacy of the Persian version of the Psychologically rich life Questionnaire in the student and general population

Mohsen Arbezi; Zahra Noorozi Ghader loo

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43440.3006

Abstract

IntroductionA psychologically rich life is other psychologically desirable life which has recently been conceptualized and introduced by experts in the field of well-being. Developing a psychologically rich life questionnaire is necessary to investigate psychologically rich life in Iranian society empirically. ... Read More IntroductionA psychologically rich life is other psychologically desirable life which has recently been conceptualized and introduced by experts in the field of well-being. Developing a psychologically rich life questionnaire is necessary to investigate psychologically rich life in Iranian society empirically. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Psychologically rich life Questionnaire (Oishi et al., 2019) in two general population groups and College students. For this purpose, two studies were conducted. The first study was conducted on the general population, and the second was on the student population.MethodIn the first study, 450 people from the general population of Shiraz were selected using the convenience sampling method; And they responded to Psychologically rich life questionnaires (Oishi et al., 2019), depression-short form (Beck et al., 1996) and meaning of life (Steger, 2010). In the second study, 220 students of Shiraz University who were studying in the academic year of 2019-2020; selected by convenience sampling method; and answered Psychologically rich life questionnaires (Oishi et al., 2019), flourishing scale (Diener et al., 2010), the scale of positive and negative feelings (Diener et al., 2010) and life satisfaction questionnaire (Diener et al., 1985). SPSS-16 and AMOS-21 statistical software analyzed data. The content, construct, convergent and divergent validity of the mentioned questionnaire were investigated using the opinions of educational and clinical psychology experts, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and correlation coefficients of Psychologically rich life components with related variables, respectively. In order to investigate the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used.ResultsExperts confirmed the representativeness of the questionnaire items to measure Psychologically rich life. In the first study, both types of exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used for construct validity. Exploratory factor analysis showed that the Persian version of the psychological rich life questionnaire consists of three factors under the headings of «new and various experiences», «unusual experiences», and «non-uniformity». Confirmatory factor analysis also confirmed the fit of the three-factor model with the data. Also, in this study, the logical relationship between the components of a psychologically rich life and related variables indicates this questionnaire's convergent and divergent validity. In the second study, confirmatory factor analysis showed that the three-factor model of a psychologically rich life is consistent with the data. In this study, the logical relationship between the components of a psychologically rich life with related variables indicates the convergent and divergent validity of the questionnaire. In both studies, Cronbach's alpha coefficient confirms the reliability of the questionnaire.ConclusionThe research findings show that the questionnaire mentioned has suitable psychometric indicators for measuring the Psychologically rich life of the general and student population; researchers can use it.

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Psychometrics scales

Validity and Reliability of Online Shopping Addiction Scale in Iranian Sample

Farzin Bagheri Sheykhangafshe; Zahra Khani; Hojjatollah Farahani; Parviz Azadfallah

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43512.3008

Abstract

IntroductionThe Internet is one of the most influential forms of mass media that created a great revolution at the global level. Today, most people spend their time on the Internet and use the Internet in various fields such as learning, playing, teaching, social communication, and shopping. In this ... Read More IntroductionThe Internet is one of the most influential forms of mass media that created a great revolution at the global level. Today, most people spend their time on the Internet and use the Internet in various fields such as learning, playing, teaching, social communication, and shopping. In this regard, the present study was conducted to investigate the psychometric properties of the online shopping addiction scale in an Iranian sample. MethodThis research was a descriptive-analytical evaluation study. The sample consisted of 500 women (404) and men (96) in Tehran in 2021 who were selected by the available sampling method and completed the online shopping addiction scale, Saving inventory questionnaire, and psychological well-being questionnaire. Psychometric properties of the online shopping addiction scale were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis, divergent validity, concurrent validity, Pearson correlation, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient in R software version 4.1 at a significance level of 0.05. Two translators fluent in English separately translated the questionnaire into Farsi. The prepared English versions were compared with the original version of the questionnaire, and with the cooperation of the group of translators, the Farsi version of the questionnaire was prepared and given to several people in different age groups. After identifying and solving the ambiguities in the questions, the final version of the questionnaire was prepared.ResultsAccording to the investigations, the average and standard deviation of the age of the research participants were 29.68 and 9.16, respectively. Based on the results obtained, the six-factor structure (Salience, Tolerance, Mood Modification, Withdrawal, Relapse, Conflict) of the online shopping addiction scale was assessed and validated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFI = 0.93, RMSEA = 0.07). To check the construct validity of the scale, we will first check its confirmatory factor analysis. The suitability of the test items for factor analysis was investigated using the correlation index of the score of each item with the corrected total score. In the study of concurrent and divergent criterion validity, the correlation of the online shopping addiction scale with the positive Saving inventory scale was significant. The relationship between online shopping addiction and psychological well-being was also negative and significant. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total score of the online shopping addiction scale was 0.93 and for its dimensions was 0.72 to 0.91.DiscussionThe results of the present study were similar to previous studies, showing the good validity of the tool. The findings of the present study showed that the Persian version of the online shopping addiction questionnaire in the Iranian sample has adequate validity and reliability. The existence of a high correlation with the storage behavior questionnaire as well as a high Cronbach's alpha for the subscales is also a confirmation that this questionnaire can be used effectively. Since less attention has been paid to the issue of online shopping addiction inside the country, by conducting extensive studies, we can see the validity of this scale as much as possible inside the country of Iran.

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Health Psychology

The effect of experiential avoidance on the symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder with the mediation of rumination and perceived vulnerability to infectious disease in the treatment staff of patients with Covid-19

afsaneh moradi; samireh karimi; elham hessami; Sara Yadollahi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43610.3021

Abstract

The effect of experiential avoidance on the symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder with the mediation of rumination and perceived vulnerability to infectious disease in the treatment staff of patients with Covid-19Abstract IntroductionThe emergence of the covid-19 disease in Wuhan, China and its ... Read More The effect of experiential avoidance on the symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder with the mediation of rumination and perceived vulnerability to infectious disease in the treatment staff of patients with Covid-19Abstract IntroductionThe emergence of the covid-19 disease in Wuhan, China and its spread throughout the world challenged the quality of life of people and especially the health care system and medical staff. Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and depression have been observed during the Covid-19 pandemic in nurses and employees of the departments related to the coronavirus, which are considered one of the most important elements of health care. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of experiential avoidance on the symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder with the mediation of mental rumination and perceived vulnerability to infectious disease in the treatment staff of patients with covid-19.MethodThe current research method is descriptive and the research design is correlational. The statistical population of the present study included the medical staff caring for patients with covid-19 working in Tehran hospitals in Khordad and Tir 1400. The sampling method was accessible. A total of 516 people completed the questionnaires and after removing the distorted answers, the sample size included 458 people. Research tools included Mississippi PTSD Citizen Scale kane et al, Perceived Vulnerability to Infectious Diseases Questionnaire Duncan et al, Nolen-Hoeksma Rumination Questionnaire and Band et al Acceptance and Act Questionnaire. The criteria for entering the research included informed consent and employment in the care work in one of the designated hospitals for Covid-19, and the criteria for exiting included the distortion of the submitted answer sheet. The online method was used to implement the questionnaires, in such a way that the link of the online questionnaire was placed in the working groups of the nurses of certain hospitals for Covid-19 so that they could answer the questions of the questionnaires if they wanted to. For the sample people, before answering the questionnaires, the objectives, the importance of conducting the research and the criteria for entering the research were explained and they were reassured about ethical points such as confidentiality of personal information, etc. Data analysis was done using Structural Equation Analysis by Amos version 24 and SPSS version 22 softwareResultsData analysis showed that experiential avoidance has an effect both directly (p<0.0001) and indirectly through mental rumination (p<0.0001) on the experience of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms. In other words, rumination plays a significant mediating role in the relationship between experiential avoidance and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms, but perceived vulnerability does not play such a role.ConclusionIn addition to practical and theoretical implications, research findings can be used as a useful model for providing psychological services to nurses to prevent Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms. Considering the direct and indirect effect of experiential avoidance on the experience of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms, by reducing experiential avoidance and rumination, the probability of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms can be reduced. It is suggested that in future researches, along with the main variables of the present study, important variables such as age, gender, socio-economic status, work experience, having a history of covid-19 disease or any other disease in the medical staff be studied as moderator variables.KeyWords: Experiential Avoidance, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Rumination, Perceived Vulnerability, Covid-19Acknowledgments: The researchers consider it necessary to appreciate all nurses and medical staff caring for patients with Covid-19 working in Tehran hospitals (such as Masih Deneshvari, Milad, Shariati, Luqman, Shohadaie Tajrish, Imam Khomeini, Imam Hossein) during the pandemic who had the utmost cooperation in this research.Financial resources: The implementation of this research did not conflict with any case, dimension, or organization of interest.Conflict of interest: This article has not been sponsored

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Health Psychology

Causal model of health-enhancing lifestyle based on core self-evaluations and spirituality in the work environment with the mediation of social intimacy, time perspective and self-control in veteran personnel of southern oil-rich regions.

Elahe Talavari; Parvin Ehteshamzadeh; Parviz Asgari; Farah Naderi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43640.3022

Abstract

The mental health of veterans is greatly influenced by their lifestyle. Lifestyle is a pattern of characteristics, behaviors, and habits specific to an individual, if defective they increase the risk of illness or accidents in veterans. The current study was to investigate the causal relationship model ... Read More The mental health of veterans is greatly influenced by their lifestyle. Lifestyle is a pattern of characteristics, behaviors, and habits specific to an individual, if defective they increase the risk of illness or accidents in veterans. The current study was to investigate the causal relationship model of lifestyle of health promotion with Core self-evaluations and spirituality in the work environment with the mediation of social intimacy, Time perspective and self-control in the personnel of Southern Oil Regions in the south. Complications and consequences of war are one of the most important psychological and psychiatry topics in the world, which have attracted the attention of relevant experts during different times. Among these, neurological and psychological complications are the most debilitating complications that have caused numerous problems for the people who were present in the war, for their families and the society. The effects of war remain in the wounded for years, and these effects leave significant damages on the individual and his family.MethodThe statistical population of this research included all the veterans of over 25% in working in the Southern Oil Regions Company in 1400, of which 182 people were selected by voluntary method. Gathering information using health-enhancing lifestyle questionnaires by Walker et al. (1987), social self-evaluations (CSES) (2003), spirituality in the workplace (Milliman et al. 2003), self-control by Tani et al. (2004), Time perspective-ZTPI (Zimbardo, 1999), social intimacy (Costa and McCrae, 1992).ResultsStructural equation analysis method was used to analyze the data. The results of data analysis showed that the causal model of the research had a good fit. All direct paths of personality self-evaluations and spirituality in the work environment with health promoting style were significant. The direct paths of mediated social intimacy, time perspective and self-control were also significant with health promotion style. There is a causal relationship between core self-evaluation and the health-promoting lifestyle of veteran employees through social intimacy: The available results indicate that there is a causal relationship between core self-evaluation and the health-promoting lifestyle of veteran employees through social intimacy. Core self-evaluation provides resources that activate beliefs such as self-efficacy and self-esteem in the individual. If veterans have such high self-evaluations, they are more directed towards close interactions with the community and extensive social support. form and participate more in group activities, this can guide them in choosing a social and healthier lifestyle.DiscussionAlso, social intimacy, time perspective and self-control cannot mediate the causal relationship between time perspective and spirituality in the work environment with health promoting style in a significantly way (p<0.001). According to the findings of the research, it can be concluded that the veterans who are in the company of oil-rich areas, despite the unpleasant incidents they experienced and suffered injuries because of it, but these potentially stressful conditions, their lifestyle and health. Has not caused serious damage. This immunity of their lifestyle depends on their evaluations and cognitive attitudes and the spirituality and relationships of the work environment and the organization in which they are active, so that on the one hand, the central self-evaluation of the veterans believes in them. It provides them with the ability and being equipped with psychological tools, and on the other hand, this belief and cognitive and psychological equipment is strengthened by the work environment.

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Social Pathology

Comparison of the effectiveness of self-determination skills training and Islamic quality of life on perceived social support and psychological well-being

Elham Tavasli; Tayebeh Sharifi; Reza Ahmadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 26 September 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43647.3024

Abstract

Background: Today, psychologists have come to the conclusion that treatment without considering spirituality will not be effective. But it should be noted that for people who have understood religion and its position, acquiring spirituality is achieved more reliably through religion. Divine religions, ... Read More Background: Today, psychologists have come to the conclusion that treatment without considering spirituality will not be effective. But it should be noted that for people who have understood religion and its position, acquiring spirituality is achieved more reliably through religion. Divine religions, especially Islam, provide practical recommendations for human connection with the infinite being in every way. Man's relationship with God is at the peak of spirituality and in this way, spiritual experiences and indescribable pleasures are obtained. The purpose of this research was to compare the effectiveness of self-determination skills training and Islamic quality of life training on perceived social support and psychological well-being of primary caregivers of chronic mental patients in Borujen city. Material & Method: This research was an applied research and in terms of method, it was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test-follow-up plan and a control group. The statistical population included all the main caregivers of chronic mental patients in Borujen city, under the supervision of welfare and rehabilitation centers of Borujen city, whose number is 550 people. In this research, 60 primary caregivers of chronic mental patients were selected using available sampling method and then randomly assigned to two experimental groups (self-determination skills training and Islamic quality of life training) and a control group. In order to carry out the research in the first stage, the necessary coordination was made with the General Welfare Department of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. The necessary permission to implement the program, i.e. the self-determination skills training program and the Islamic quality training program and the implementation of two questionnaires including perceived social support and psychological well-being, was received; Then, in the pre-test phase, questionnaires of perceived social support and psychological well-being were administered to all three groups, then in a three-month intervention for 19 90-minute sessions of an experimental group, a training package of self-determination skills (Field & Hoffman, 2012) and training Islamic quality of life (Seifi et al., 2015), and after the interventions, the participants of all three groups answered questionnaires of perceived social support and psychological well-being (post-test). Finally, after two months, the aforementioned questionnaires were collected from the research participants. mResearch tools included multidimensional scale of perceived social support and Psychological Well-Being Scales. Data analysis was done with the method of analysis of variance with repeated measurements using SPSS-22 software. Results: The results showed that the effectiveness of self-determination skills training and Islamic quality of life group training on increasing perceived social support was significant (P<0.05) and the effect size was 0.66, respectively, and the effectiveness of Islamic quality of life group training was more than training was self-determination skills. Also, the effectiveness of self-determination skills training and Islamic quality training on increasing psychological well-being was significant (P<0.05) and the effect size was 0.12, respectively, and the effectiveness of Islamic life quality training was more than self-determination skills training. Conclusion: The group method of teaching self-determination skills and the quality of Islamic life have a significant effect on the level of perceived social support and psychological well-being. Teaching self-determination skills and Islamic quality of life increased perceived social support and psychological well-being of caregivers of chronic neurological and mental patients. Also, the effectiveness of Islamic quality of life training on perceived social support and psychological well-being has been higher than the effectiveness of self-determination skills training.

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Effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy on difficulty coefficient, life expectancy and emotional processing of adolescents with self-injury background

Marziyeh Firouzeh; ساره Ehsani; Majid Barzegar; Morteza Moradi Doliskani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 July 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43712.3027

Abstract

IntroductionAdolescence is an important period of human development that is associated with neurological, hormonal, physiological and social changes. During this period, teenagers cope with many stressful factors. Self-injurious behaviors appear in different ways. He has divided self-injurious behaviors ... Read More IntroductionAdolescence is an important period of human development that is associated with neurological, hormonal, physiological and social changes. During this period, teenagers cope with many stressful factors. Self-injurious behaviors appear in different ways. He has divided self-injurious behaviors into three categories: 1- severe self-injurious behaviors that are observed in mental patients and because of which a person causes serious damage to his own body tissue, such as cutting off a limb from the body. 2- stereotyped (involuntary) self-harming behaviors that are observed in mentally retarded, autism or Tourette syndrome. In such a situation, the person involuntarily and repeatedly hits himself (such as banging his head against the wall). 3- Self-harm behaviors are the most common type and are done under the influence of fashion or other factors: such as scratching and cutting the skin, picking wounds., nail biting, cosmetic surgery, and skin carving. One of the most common problems among teenagers today is self-injurious behavior, which is found to a large extent in all cultures. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy on the coefficient of difficulty, life expectancy and emotional processing of adolescents with self-harm. MethodThe research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test design with experimental and control groups. The statistical population of the research included all female students of the second secondary level of Bushehr 2019-2020 academic year who had a history of self-injury. And the sample size includes 40 people, 20 people were randomly placed and selected in the experimental group and 20 people in the control group. The experimental group underwent dialectical behavior therapy intervention, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The research tools were self-injurious behavior questionnaire (Sanson et al., 1998), response to difficulty profile (Stoltz, 1997), Miller Hope Scale (1986) and emotional processing questionnaire (Baker et al., 2010). ResultsThe results showed that the intervention has increased the difficulty coefficient, life expectancy and reduced maladaptive emotional processing in adolescents (p<0.05). Also, the research findings indicated that dialectical behavior therapy is an effective method in emotional processing (p<0.001). It shows the results of univariate analysis of covariance to investigate the effect of the independent variable on each of the dependent variables. The F value obtained for all dependent variables is significant at the P<0.05 level; Therefore, it can be said that dialectical behavior therapy influences emotional processing variables, difficulty coefficient and life expectancy.DiscussionAccording to the results of the research, this intervention can be used to improve the difficulty factor, life expectancy and emotional processing of adolescents with self-injury, along with other therapeutic interventions. Also, the focus of dialectical behavior therapy on mindfulness, which is done to observe and describe events non-judgmentally, and awareness and alertness focused on the present moment, leads to the natural development of distress tolerance, and the person learns to deal with emotions without evaluating and trying to change or control them and without arousal. or experience distress and thereby learned the skill of coping with adverse events, which leads to an increase in the level of difficulty in facing adverse and stimulating life events.

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Educational Psychology

The effectiveness of teaching based on the brain-centered approach on the motivation to learn physics

Nasrin Taheri Asghari; Shahram vahedi; Davoud Tahmasebzadeh sheikhlar; Kiumars Taghipour; Hasan Sabourimoghaddam

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 17 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43730.3031

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to measure the effectiveness of the brain-centered teaching approach on the motivation to learn physics among second year high school students. In this semi-experimental study, a pre-test-post-test design with a control group was used. The statistical population included ... Read More The purpose of this study is to measure the effectiveness of the brain-centered teaching approach on the motivation to learn physics among second year high school students. In this semi-experimental study, a pre-test-post-test design with a control group was used. The statistical population included female students of the twelfth grade of the second year of secondary school in the city of Takestan, and 50 people were selected from among them as an available sample. The research tools included a questionnaire on learning motivation towards physics, daily writings and structured interviews of students. First, the subjects of both groups were pre-tested, then the subjects of the experimental group were tested for eight weeks with the help of the brain-based method, the subject of dynamics (Newton's laws). were trained, while the control group was subjected to common training at school. After the end of the intervention on the experimental group, the subjects of both groups were evaluated by the post-test. With the help of SPSS software, analysis Covariance and U Mann Whitney and kruskal- wallis H test were used for data analysis. The findings of this research showed that the students of the experimental group have more motivation to learn than the control group and we saw their significant superiority in the subscales of internal motivation, goal and self-efficacy, although there was a difference in the mean of the autonomy and job subscales, but this difference It was not statistically significant. Also, three motivational patterns were identified after the intervention. The first pattern of students' parallel motivation compared to before the implementation of the experimental plan, the second pattern of students' motivation becoming positive after the experimental intervention, and the third pattern of students' motivation becoming negative after the experimental intervention. Based on the findings of the present research, it can be concluded that by spending enough time, brain-based education can be used as an effective intervention to increase the motivation towards physics used by teachers and counselors.

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Developmental Psychology

Causal relationship of nature and character with internalized and externalized signs of adolescents with the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation

Sohaila Rajabi Marandian; marzieh talebzadeh; Hamdaleh Jairvand

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43950.3056

Abstract

The Causal relationship of Temperament and Character dimension with Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms via mediation of Cognitive Emotion Regulation in AdolescentsAbstractIntroduction: Emotional dysregulation and personality disorders are related to maladaptive behaviors in adolescence, which in ... Read More The Causal relationship of Temperament and Character dimension with Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms via mediation of Cognitive Emotion Regulation in AdolescentsAbstractIntroduction: Emotional dysregulation and personality disorders are related to maladaptive behaviors in adolescence, which in turn may be associated with an increased risk of psychological damage during life. Therefore, considering the importance of adolescence and the prevalence of behavioral problems in this period and the serious and obvious failure that this They create problems in the field of academic, social, communication and other important areas of a person's life in the present and future, determining the factors related to these problems is of particular importance, so the main problem of the current research is to investigate the role of mediators. It is the positive and negative strategies of cognitive regulation of emotion in relation to the nature and character of the personality and the emergence of internal and externalized symptoms of adolescent boys and girls in Andimeshk city.Method: This correlational research and the statistical population included male and female students of the second grade of high school in Andimshek city. The sample consisted of 326 people who were selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling method. To collect data, behavioral disorders questionnaire (Aschenbach et al. 2001), personality questionnaire (Cloninger et al., 1994) and cognitive emotion regulation strategies (Garnefski et al., 2001) were used.Results: The results showed that for both indirect paths, the effect of Temperament and character on Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms, was confirmed through the regulation of positive and negative emotions.Conclusion: Based on the findings of this research, it can be said that the positive and negative strategies of cognitive emotion regulation by affecting the nature and personality dimensions, cause the emergence or continuation of Internalizing and Externalizing behavioral problems in adolescents.Keywords: Temperament and character, Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms, cognitive emotion regulation , adolescent

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Educational Psychology

Expla ining moral reasoning based on person ality traits: studying the mediating role of mindfulness and individual values

amin sharifi; Masoud Fazilatpoor; Mahboobeh Fouladchang; farhad khormaei

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 28 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44020.3057

Abstract

Intro ductionOne of the important topics in the field of moral philosophy in psychological theories is the discussion of the role of reasoning in decision making. Moral development studies have emphasized the role and importance of internal and external factors on moral reasoning. This research was done ... Read More Intro ductionOne of the important topics in the field of moral philosophy in psychological theories is the discussion of the role of reasoning in decision making. Moral development studies have emphasized the role and importance of internal and external factors on moral reasoning. This research was done with the aim of presenting an explanatory model of moral reasoning based on personality traits. For this purpose, personality traits were considered as an exogenous variable, mindfulness variable as a mediator variable of the first level, value system as a mediator variable of the second level and moral reasoning variable as an endogenous variable.MethodThe method of this research was a correlational research in which personality traits were used as predictor variables and moral reasoning as a criterion (dependent) variable, and mindfulness and individual values were used as mediating variables. The research population included all students studying at Shiraz University in the academic year 1402-1401, from which 400 undergraduate, master's and doctoral students were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling. The data collection tool included the big five personality factor questionnaire, mindfulness questionnaire, personal values questionnaire and moral reasoning standard questionnaire, which was used after checking the reliability and validity. Data analysis was done using SPSS and AMOS software version 24 and PROCESS plugin version 4.2. In order to check the importance of indirect paths, the bootstrap method was used.ResultsThe findings indicated that among the big five factors of personality, the characteristics of agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness to experience have a positive and significant relationship with moral reasoning. Also, among the big five factors of personality, the characteristics of agreeableness, emotional stability and openness to experience showed a positive and significant relationship with mindfulness. In addition, the individual values of self-exaltation and self-enhancement along with mindfulness played a mediating role between the personality traits of emotional stability, openness to experience, agreeableness, and moral reasoning. DiscussionMoral reasoning can help a person to find the best solutions to deal with their duties and responsibilities. Also, openness to experience has the strongest relationship with moral reasoning. People who have a high degree of openness to experience may have a high degree moral reasoning and apply more in their behavior and consider more diverse points of view when making moral judgments and have more trust, kindness, altruism, and other general social behaviors, and they put fairness at the top of their work when judging or reasoning morally. and has a stronger argument. In addition, the more emotionally stable people are, the more they will have the power of mindfulness and become more aware of their thoughts, feelings and actions in the present moment. It has also been seen that people with a strong sense of self-superiority may prioritize their own interests over the interests of others, which can affect their moral reasoning.

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The effect of education based on positive psychology (perma model) on future orientation, time perspective and self-efficacy in female students

Seyydeh Razieh Zakarianzadeh; Qader zadeh Bagheri; Alireza Maredpour

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 July 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44034.3058

Abstract

One of the most important concerns of educational systems is improving the well-being and optimal performance of learners. Since different individual and social factors have an effect on well-being, mental health and optimal performance, effective intervention seems necessary to improve and promote them. ... Read More One of the most important concerns of educational systems is improving the well-being and optimal performance of learners. Since different individual and social factors have an effect on well-being, mental health and optimal performance, effective intervention seems necessary to improve and promote them. After entering high school, students face problems in social, family, emotional, health, academic, etc., and due to the symmetry of high school with adolescent crises, a person's ability to adapt to the surrounding environment decreases. Adolescents who have problems in adapting to the conditions and roles given to them in the educational environment as a social institution are likely to have problems in other aspects of life and education. By entering the middle school period, of course, the school and their teachers change, and the students also choose their field of study and start a new educational path, in which many problems are observed in these fields. For example, evidence suggests that high school students have difficulty controlling emotions, feeling effective, and planning for the future and its prospects.The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of education based on positive psychology (perma model) on future orientation, self-efficacy and time perspective of female students.MethodThe research method was a semi-experimental design using a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with a control group. In the present study, the experimental group was trained in perma pack, and the control group was on the waiting list. The statistical population was all female students of the second secondary school (11th grade) of Yasouj city in the academic year of 2021-2022. The sampling method was a multi-stage cluster and the tools used were Maggio et al.'s Future Orientation Questionnaire (2016), Morris Students' Self-Efficacy Scale (2001), and Zimbardo's Time Perspective Scale (1999). ResultsBased on the results of the research, the effect of the Perma model on future orientation in the Perma intervention group and the control group in the post-test is significant and positive; That is, education based on positive psychology leads to the improvement of future orientation and resilience in the post-exam. The findings also showed that the effect of Perma model training on students' self-efficacy in the post-test is significant; That is, education based on positive psychology leads to an increase in cognitive, motivational and metacognitive components of self-efficacy (P<0.05). Also, the findings showed that the effect of Perma model training on students' time perspective in the post-test and follow-up is not significant.DiscussionBased on the findings of the research, more attention should be paid to the processes of planning and implementing intervention and combining both positive and negative characteristics of human performance; Because training and practice based on positive psychology focused on awareness can be the basis for designing and implementing many interventions. Based on the results of the research, teaching the Perma model promotes future orientation and increases resilience in students; in a way that they are more hopeful and optimistic about achieving mental well-being and about the future. In addition, be positive towards achieving long-term goals and career, academic and personal success plans and develop and improve your abilities. Teaching the skills of positivity, optimism and positive emotion makes students hope for the future and strive to achieve goals instead of giving in to personal and environmental limitations.

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Social Pathology

A comparative study of emotional suppression, prosocial behavior and perceived competence in adolescents with and without childhood abuse experience.

Arezou Asghari; Haniyeh Mian Abadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 28 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44038.3059

Abstract

IntroductionChild abuse as one of the psycho-social problems is any physical, sexual, emotional and mental harm or exploitation and not taking care of the basic needs of people under the age of 18, which disrupts their performance in all aspects of life, and leads to harm such as Death, physical, sexual ... Read More IntroductionChild abuse as one of the psycho-social problems is any physical, sexual, emotional and mental harm or exploitation and not taking care of the basic needs of people under the age of 18, which disrupts their performance in all aspects of life, and leads to harm such as Death, physical, sexual injuries or emotional-psychological sufferings happen to him. The aim of this research was to compare emotional suppression, prosocial behavior and perceived competence in adolescents with and without experiencing childhood abuse.MethodsThis research was a descriptive study of causal-comparative studies. The studied population were all female students of the first and second grade of Gorgan city in the academic year 2022-2023. From the research community, 100 students (50 students with childhood abuse experience and 50 students without childhood abuse experience) were selected as a sample in a multi-stage cluster.Research toolsEmotional Suppression Questionnaire: This questionnaire has 84 items and 10 subscales, and is used to measure three different constructs including distress, self-control, and defensiveness. The reliability of the questionnaire in the present study was obtained by Cronbach's alpha method of 0.79. Prosocial Behavior Questionnaire: This questionnaire has 30 items and consists of seven subscales, which basically measure the two factors of empathy directed towards others and helping. The reliability of the questionnaire in the present study was obtained by Cronbach's alpha method of 0.93. Competency Perception Questionnaire: This questionnaire has 4 subscales and 27 questions in Likert format, which subscales are: behavioral competence, academic competence, social competence and physical competence. The reliability of the questionnaire in the present study was obtained by Cronbach's alpha method of 0.86. Child abuse self-report questionnaire: This questionnaire was prepared in 2000 and has 38 items that measure and evaluate a range of child abuse behavior. The reliability of the questionnaire in the present study was obtained by Cronbach's alpha method of 0.91.ResultsThe findings showed that the components of emotional suppression, prosocial behavior and perception of competence in adolescents with and without the experience of harassment have significant differences (p<0.05).ConclusionBased on this, it can be concluded that teenagers who have experienced harassment because they think the outside world is unsafe and have a negative view of themselves, others and the environment. In the components of emotional suppression, they obtained higher scores and in social behaviors and perception of competence, they obtained lower scores.

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Family Psychology

Modeling Emotional Divorce based on Metacognitive Beliefs in Divorce Applicants with the Mediation of Emotional Processing and Dysfunctional communication beliefs

Atefeh Zaker Esfahani; Mokhtar Arefi; Keivan Kakabaraee; Azita Chehri

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 27 September 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43970.3060

Abstract

Emotional divorce is a kind of separation, couples live together under the same roof but do not have love and tolerate each other. This research was conducted with the aim of modeling emotional divorce based on metacognitive beliefs in divorce applicants with the mediation of emotional processing and ... Read More Emotional divorce is a kind of separation, couples live together under the same roof but do not have love and tolerate each other. This research was conducted with the aim of modeling emotional divorce based on metacognitive beliefs in divorce applicants with the mediation of emotional processing and ineffective communication beliefs. The research method of this study is descriptive-correlation type; The statistical population of the research included all women and men applying for divorce who referred to clinics and family counseling centers in Isfahan city in 2021. In order to determine the sample size, based on Klein's (2010) point of view, in structural models, the sample size is at least 200 people and 226 men and women who referred were selected using available sampling method, and responded to the metacognitive beliefs questionnaires of Wells (1997) Gutman's emotional divorce (2008) Bakker et al.'s emotional processing (2010) Idelson and Epstein's dysfunctional communication beliefs(1981), and path analysis was used in the analyzed structural equations. The results showed that direct paths of metacognitive beliefs and relational beliefs to emotional divorce are 0.22 and 0.21, respectively, which is significant at the 0.01 level (P<0.01), while the direct path of processing Emotion is not significant to emotional divorce (P>0.05). Also, the direct paths of metacognitive beliefs to emotional processing and communication beliefs are equal to 0.61 and 0.53, respectively, and are significant at the 0.01 level (P<0.01). The total coefficient of the path of metacognitive beliefs to emotional divorce is equal to 0.34, of which 0.10 is the contribution of the indirect coefficient and is significant at the 0.05 level (P<0.05). The results of direct paths showed that metacognitive beliefs and relational beliefs are significant to emotional divorce (P<0.01), while the direct path of emotional processing to emotional divorce is not significant (P>0.05). Also, the indirect paths showed that marital communication beliefs and emotional processing could play a mediating role in the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and emotional divorce. The fit indices of the assumed model are at the optimal and good level, which indicates the good fit of the model. The normalized chi-square value (CMIN/DF) is equal to 3.44 and since it is less than 5, it indicates the desirability of the proposed model. In this way, the proposed model fits with the desired model and ineffective communication and emotional processing beliefs have been able to play a mediating role in the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and emotional divorce. It can be concluded that metacognitive beliefs can predict the emotional divorce of divorce applicants through marital communication beliefs and emotional processing.

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Effectiveness of Contextual Schema Therapy for Fear of Negative Evaluation and Fear of Positive Evaluation in Individuals with Social Anxiety Disorder: Single Subject Design

zahra emamzamani; Isaac Rahimian Boogar; Ali Mashhadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 01 July 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44088.3062

Abstract

IntroductionSocial anxiety disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by intense anxiety or fear of social situations in which a person may be evaluated by others. People with this disorder worry about receiving negative and positive evaluations from others and avoid situations where they may be evaluated. ... Read More IntroductionSocial anxiety disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by intense anxiety or fear of social situations in which a person may be evaluated by others. People with this disorder worry about receiving negative and positive evaluations from others and avoid situations where they may be evaluated. Social anxiety disorder is related to lower quality of life and more interpersonal, occupational, and academic problems. A high percentage of people with this disorder also report comorbid disorders such as other anxiety disorders, depression, and some personality disorders. Despite high prevalence and important consequences of social anxiety disorder, studies show that one-third of people with this disorder receive treatments. Social anxiety disorder, if not treated, can turn into a chronic disorder that leads to problems, destruction, and comorbid or subsequent disorders such as anxiety disorders and depression. Contextual schema therapy is an approach that integrates Young's schema therapy with the concepts of third-wave therapies and corrects coping, inner critic, and child modes and strengthens healthy adult mode. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of contextual schema therapy on the fear of negative evaluation and the fear of positive evaluation in people with social anxiety disorder. MethodThe present study was performed in the frame of an A-B single-subject design. The statistical population consisted of all the people with social anxiety disorder in Mashhad city, in 1400, out of which 12 people were selected by convenience sampling. The subjects received contextual schema therapy for 16 weekly sessions of 1 hour. The tools were used in the study included the Carleton et al. Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale-II and the Weeks et al. Fear of Positive Evaluation Scale. The data were analyzed using improvement percentage, reliable change index, non-overlapping effect size and visual analysis.ResultsThe reliable change index (1.96 <), the improvement percentage (25% <) and the non-overlapping data showed the significant effect of the intervention in reducing the fear of negative evaluation and the fear of positive evaluation of all subjects. The improvement percentage at the follow-up stage indicated that the treatment was effective in reducing the fear of negative evaluation and the fear of positive evaluation.DiscussionBased on the findings, contextual schema therapy by integrating the third wave approaches was effective in reducing the fear of negative evaluation and the fear of positive evaluation. Therefore, contextual schema therapy can be suggested as an effective treatment for social anxiety disorder.

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Health Psychology

Comparing the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment-based therapy and compassion-focused therapy on basic psychological needs, maladaptive magnification, and stress coping strategies in patients with lupus

mojtaba aghili; Zahra Poorbahman; Ensiyeh Babaee

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44152.3069

Abstract

IntroductionLupus is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly activates against the body's cells and causes damage to the body's tissues. The prevalence of lupus in women is about 9 times higher than in men. Usually, people between 15 and 45 years old get this disease. Symptoms of ... Read More IntroductionLupus is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly activates against the body's cells and causes damage to the body's tissues. The prevalence of lupus in women is about 9 times higher than in men. Usually, people between 15 and 45 years old get this disease. Symptoms of this disease include skin rashes, sensitivity to light, mouth ulcers, arthritis and fever. This disease, with alternating phases of recovery, exacerbation of clinical symptoms, and the involvement of almost all organs and tissues, which is sometimes irreversible, can affect various aspects of the patients' lives and mental and physical health and lead to a disruption in their quality of life.MethodsThe current research is semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and control group. The statistical population of the study was all the patients with lupus hospitalized in Ghaem and Razavi hospitals of Mashhad in 2022, using available sampling method, 45 people were selected as a sample and randomly divided into 3 groups of experiment 1 (admission-based treatment and commitment), experiment 2 (compassion-focused therapy) and the control group were included.Research toolsBasic Psychological Needs Questionnaire: This questionnaire was created by LaGuardia et al in 2000 and contains 21 questions graded on a 7-point Likert scale. The reliability coefficients obtained from the implementation of this questionnaire on the subjects' mother, father, romantic partner and friends were reported as 0.92, 0.92, 0.92 and 0.92 respectively. Incongruent Magnification Questionnaire: This questionnaire was created by Riskind et al in the year (2000) and consists of six display texts that respondents answer each item on a 5-point scale from 1 (not at all) to 5 (very much). they give. The reliability coefficient of this questionnaire in the study of Riskind et al. (2000) was obtained by Cronbach's alpha method of 0.84. Stress Coping Strategies Questionnaire: This questionnaire was created in 1990 by Endler & Parker in order to evaluate how people deal with their problems. This test has 48 statements and includes three coping styles, i.e. problem-oriented coping, emotion-oriented coping, and avoidant coping style. The reliability of the whole test is reported as 0.85 and its validity as 0.78. ResultsThe results of the research showed that therapy based on acceptance and commitment and therapy focused on compassion on basic psychological needs, maladaptive magnification and stress coping strategies are effective in patients with lupus (P<0.05). Also, compassion-focused therapy has more effectiveness on basic psychological needs, maladaptive magnification, and stress coping strategies in lupus patients.ConclusionBased on this, the results of the research indicate that treatment focused on compassion leads to the inhibition of automatic emotional reactions and the cultivation of a sense of human commonality in patients, leading to an increase in the feeling of satisfaction of basic psychological needs and a decrease in maladaptive magnification and stress coping strategies.

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Psychometrics scales

Design and validation of situational judgment test of critical social thinking of managers of Iran alloy steel company

Iman SHAKERI; Ali Mehdad; hadi farhadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44211.3072

Abstract

IntroductionGiven the changing nature of today’s workforce, it is becoming increasingly common, and at times even vital, for employees to be well-prepared for navigating complex social situations to fulfill everyday organizational demands. However, while effective interpersonal interactions are ... Read More IntroductionGiven the changing nature of today’s workforce, it is becoming increasingly common, and at times even vital, for employees to be well-prepared for navigating complex social situations to fulfill everyday organizational demands. However, while effective interpersonal interactions are clearly required in many occupations, an ongoing deficiency of critical interpersonal knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAOs) among employees has been widely recognized. The current study seeks to answer a critical call in the literature for better methods of assessing and developing employee interpersonal KSAOs, especially in terms of how to assess employee effectiveness in the application of these KSAOs to socially complex situations. Specifically, the current study develops and provides initial validity evidence for a situational judgment test (SJT) of critical social thinking, the underlying set of processes that put interpersonal KSAOs into practice.MethodThe present study was conducted within the framework of descriptive and correlation based psychometric design. The statistical population included all managers of the Iran Alloy Steel Company in the first half of 2022, of which 196 people (for exploratory factor analysis and reliability) and 210 separate people (for confirmatory factor analysis and convergent validity), who were selected by stratified sampling method. In order to design the situations and answer options of the scale, were used viewpoints of subject matter experts, and to analyze the data, reliability analysis, correlation methods, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used.ResultsIn otder to investigate the validity of situational judgment test of critical social thinking several method were used. The exploratory factor analysis with principal components method and varimax rotation, as expected, suggested a structure based on three subscales include "scanning", "appraising/assessing", "interpreting". Confirmatory factor analysis showed the researcher’s hypothesis that the structure is based on three components is confirmed. Also, convergent validity was confirmed by its correlation with the scores of critical social thinking in the assessment center. Evaluation of internal consistency of scale by Cronbach’s alpha method and correlation of each question whit total score, showed that questions of this scale have acceptable internal consistency. Discussionoverally, the study findings showed situational judgment test of critical social thinking is composed of three factors and acceptable validity and reliability. Consequently, it can be applied to measure critical social thinking of employees in complex organizational situations. This research has provided promising fields for studies that measure and develop critical social thinking in the workplace.Keywords: situational judgment test, critical social thinking, factor analysis, assessment center

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Qualitative study of the sexual problems of adolescents living in welfare boarding centers

shadi jazini; Fahimeh Namdarpour; abbas amanelahi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44239.3074

Abstract

Adolescence is one of the most critical stages of life. Homeless adolescents are not only more exposed to sexual harm than others but also miss educational opportunities using effective resources due to isolation and stressful events in their lives. Such adolescents are also more likely to experience ... Read More Adolescence is one of the most critical stages of life. Homeless adolescents are not only more exposed to sexual harm than others but also miss educational opportunities using effective resources due to isolation and stressful events in their lives. Such adolescents are also more likely to experience dysfunctional relationships with parents and other people and are also more exposed to trauma and other risk factors that increase the likelihood of unsafe sex. These behaviors include starting sexual intercourse at a young age, having more sexual partners, and insufficient use of contraceptive methods. Accordingly, the present study aimed to provide a qualitative analysis of the sexual problems of adolescents living in boarding welfare centers.MethodThe present study sought to analyze the sexual problems of adolescents living in boarding welfare centers using Colaizzi’s qualitative phenomenological approach. The participants were 15 adolescents who were selected using purposive sampling. The data from the adolescents was collected using semi-structured interviews that continued until data saturation. Each interview lasted about 45 to 60 minutes. The data were clustered into primary themes, subthemes, and main themes. The primary themes were extracted in the first stage. To this end, the themes and the statements from the first interview were extracted and labeled. The subthemes were extracted and categorized after labeling several interviews. At this stage, almost all categories were identified. The data from each interview were confirmed by the participant. After the completion of each interview, the recorded notes and statements were carefully reviewed immediately to ensure the credibility of the data. Moreover, the main codes and themes were examined in several meetings with subject-matter experts, and the validity of the findings was confirmed by the participants and the experts in the field.ResultsThe data were coded and analyzed in three stages. The results revealed 27 primary themes, 9 subthemes, and 3 main themes including sexual traumas, sexual misbehavior, and invalid sexual modeling. DiscussionThe findings showed that adolescents with sexual problems are engaged in sexual traumas, sexually wrong behaviors, and invalid sexual modeling. Thus, to improve the sexual health of adolescents, clear, specific, and practical educational intervention programs need to be formulated and implemented.

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Health Psychology

Designing a model for improving the quality of work life of Isfahan Mobarake Steel Company employees: a qualitative study

sayedhamidreza Shavaran; ahmad abedi; Bahar Rashidi; Seyed Hedayat Davarpanah

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44338.3083

Abstract

The quality of work life is a philosophy of management science, emphased on increasing the dignity of human and with the aim of psychological well-being and people's physical health in order to create opportunities for growth and development. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of work ... Read More The quality of work life is a philosophy of management science, emphased on increasing the dignity of human and with the aim of psychological well-being and people's physical health in order to create opportunities for growth and development. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of work life of steel industry employees in Iran, based on the qualitative method. In order to identify factors affecting the quality of life of steel industry employees and provide strategies and consequences. 18 employees, experts and managers of Mobarakeh Steel Company and 7 academic experts interviewed with the purposive sampling method and theoretical saturation criteria. The results showed that the causal factors affecting the quality of work life include 5 categories of personal issues, work-life balance and responsibilities, management issues, organizational justice, and the work environment. Effective strategies were presented for all categories. The results indicate that undoubtedly, paying attention to factors affecting the quality of life of workers will increase productivity and attract talented humans, reducing costs and increasing profitability. Also, identifying destructive factors leads managers to search for effective solutions.The quality of work life is a philosophy of management science, emphased on increasing the dignity of human and with the aim of psychological well-being and people's physical health in order to create opportunities for growth and development. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of work life of steel industry employees in Iran, based on the qualitative method. In order to identify factors affecting the quality of life of steel industry employees and provide strategies and consequences. 18 employees, experts and managers of Mobarakeh Steel Company and 7 academic experts interviewed with the purposive sampling method and theoretical saturation criteria. The results showed that the causal factors affecting the quality of work life include 5 categories of personal issues, work-life balance and responsibilities, management issues, organizational justice, and the work environment. Effective strategies were presented for all categories. The results indicate that undoubtedly, paying attention to factors affecting the quality of life of workers will increase productivity and attract talented humans, reducing costs and increasing profitability. Also, identifying destructive factors leads managers to search for effective solutions.

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Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Attributional Styles, Coping Strategies and Alexithymia of Divorce Applicant Couples

Mojtaba Sourian Reihanpour; Mahsa Kashefizadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44458.3088

Abstract

IntroductionDivorce reflects a flaw in different aspects of life and the dynamics of the family structure, and it is associated with higher levels of hostility in both women and men. Furthermore, divorce indicates the inability of the family which usually manifests itself in the form of unstable, dogmatic, ... Read More IntroductionDivorce reflects a flaw in different aspects of life and the dynamics of the family structure, and it is associated with higher levels of hostility in both women and men. Furthermore, divorce indicates the inability of the family which usually manifests itself in the form of unstable, dogmatic, or turbulent family patterns. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the group cognitive behavioral therapy on attributional styles, coping strategies, and alexithymia of divorced applicant couples in Eqlid city.MethodThis is a quasi-experimental study with three pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages with two experimental and control groups. From all divorced applicant couples referring to the Social Emergency Centers of Eqlid, 40 individuals were selected by the available sampling method and they were assigned to two experimental and control groups by completely random allocation. The participants of the experimental group underwent the group cognitive-behavioral therapy for 12 sessions over three months (one day a week and each session for 120 minutes). The Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ), Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WoCQ), and Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (FTAS-20) were used to collect data during pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages. Then, data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance.ResultsThe results showed that individuals in the experimental group in comparison to persons in the control group had significantly higher performance in all components of attributional styles (except seeking social support subscale), coping strategies, and alexithymia. Also, the effects of the group cognitive-behavioral therapy were stable until the four-month follow-up.DiscussionMental health professionals can apply these findings to promoting a couple's mental well-being and reducing marital conflict among couples in both clinical and non-clinical settings. Also, these results are useful for effective treatment and prevention goals by family and community psychologists who work with dysfunctional families and divorced applicant couples.

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Developmental Psychology

The Structural Model of Predicting Social Interest based on Attachment Styles with the Mediating Role of Forgiveness

Akram Esfahani; Hasan Heydari; zabih pirani; hossein davudi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 13 September 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44500.3095

Abstract

IntroductionHumans are social creatures and need to be together and cooperate with each other. According to Adler's theory of individual psychology, a person can function, participate, and cooperate properly in society only if he feels that he belongs to that society. There is an innate sense or social ... Read More IntroductionHumans are social creatures and need to be together and cooperate with each other. According to Adler's theory of individual psychology, a person can function, participate, and cooperate properly in society only if he feels that he belongs to that society. There is an innate sense or social interest in a human being that gradually appears during growth and development and helps him to live a healthy, successful life with others based on cooperation and empathy. Accordingly, social interest is a measure of health and weakness in it is a sign of psychological damage.This research was conducted with the aim of providing a structural model for predicting social interest based on attachment styles with the mediating role of forgiveness of women.MethodThe cross-sectional research method is correlational. The statistical population of the current study was made up of all the women who referred to Sarai Mahalat in Tehran in 2020-2021, and among them, 305 people were selected by single-stage cluster sampling method. In this research, the tools of social interest (Crandall, 1976), attachment styles (Hazen and Shaver, 1987), and forgiveness (Rai et al., 2001) were used, all of which had acceptable validity and reliability. To analyze the data, SPSS-V23 and Lisrel-V7.8 software were used.To respond to the research hypotheses, structural equation modeling was used. ResultsThe results showed that attachment styles have a direct effect on social interest in women. Attachment styles have an indirect effect on social interest in women with the mediating role of forgiveness. Based on the findings of the research, it can be said that forgiveness is one of the important processes that increase social interest either directly or indirectly by reducing the negative impact of factors such as insecure attachment styles.DiscussionAs a result, to increase social interest between spouses, while paying attention to their attachment style, it is necessary to strengthen forgiveness between them.Due to the fact that people with insecure avoidant attachment style are unable to share their thoughts and feelings with others, in fact, it can be said that the avoidant person's relationships with others are not stable, whereas a person with high social interest, He has certain ideas and beliefs in life, which are stable and manifested in interpersonal relationships, leading to stable relationships. Avoidant insecure attachment style has a negative relationship with low social interest. In the analysis of this relationship, it can be said that people with low social interest and avoidance both benefit from emotion-oriented coping methods.

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Educational Psychology

Examining the relationship between self-compassion and teachers' job burnout: the mediating role of resilience

Abolfazl Nejati mehr; Mohammad saeid Abdekhodaei; Abbas Firoozabadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 28 October 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44618.3105

Abstract

Introduction Teaching is a job with a high level of stress, and stress is a normal emotional response to threatening events; But when stress becomes chronic, it becomes traumatic. Finally, the stress of the teaching job leads to experiencing severe anxiety, decreasing job satisfaction, leaving the job, ... Read More Introduction Teaching is a job with a high level of stress, and stress is a normal emotional response to threatening events; But when stress becomes chronic, it becomes traumatic. Finally, the stress of the teaching job leads to experiencing severe anxiety, decreasing job satisfaction, leaving the job, and increasing burnout. Therefore, examining burnout and the factors that can affect its level and severity is of great importance. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between self-compassion and burnout of teachers with more than ten years of experience, considering the mediating role of resilience. Method In this research, which was conducted by correlation method and structural equation model, a sample size of 372 teachers (220 men and 152 women( with more than ten years of work experience was selected by a multi-stage random sampling method. For data collection, the Neff self-compassion Scale, The Connor & Davidson Resilience Scale and The Maslach Burnout Inventory were applied. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation method and structural equation modeling in SPSS-26 and AMOS-25 software. Results The findings of structural equation modeling showed that all paths are statistically significant. So that the direct effect of self-compassion on burnout (β=-0.27, p < 0.003) and its indirect effect through resilience (p < 0.001, β=-0.28) are statistically significant. Resilience also has a significant direct effect on burnout (p < 0.002, β = -0.43). Also, 42% of the variance of burnout can be explained based on self-compassion and resilience. Conclusion The findings showed that resilience plays a mediating role in the relationship between on self-compassion and burnout. There is a significant positive relationship between self-kindness, a sense of Common humanity and mindfulness with burnout, and there is a significant negative relationship between self-judgment, isolation, and over-identification with burnout. In explaining these findings, it should be stated that self-compassion originates from positive psychology, which believes that the level of psychological well-being should be improved through accepting abilities and improving them, so people who have high self-compassion, By taking serious care and attention to themselves and using compassionate guides, they help themselves to provide the means for their growth and development, which results in reducing negative mood and ultimately reducing the experience of burnout. With these interpretations, Self-compassion can be an important variable related to burnout, because it empowers a person to take control of the situation when faced with life's problems and hardships by influencing resilience.

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Family Psychology

The effectiveness of emotional schema therapy on sexual self-esteem, marital relationship quality, communication patterns and emotional dyslexia in conflicted couples referring to family counseling centers in Qom

Mahbobeh Abbasi Ghomi; Hasan Heydari; Mojtaba Mahamodi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44837.3120

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of emotion-oriented schema therapy and combined behavioral therapy on sexual self-esteem, quality of marital relationship, communication patterns and emotional narcissism in conflicting couples referred to counseling centers in Qom. The family is ... Read More The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of emotion-oriented schema therapy and combined behavioral therapy on sexual self-esteem, quality of marital relationship, communication patterns and emotional narcissism in conflicting couples referred to counseling centers in Qom. The family is the main core of every society and the center of maintaining people's health and mental health, and it is not the only place to meet the emotional, material, developmental and spiritual needs of its members, but the origin of human emotions and the center of the most intimate relationships and interactions. It is also interpersonal. The concept of family and the value of this social institution is considered as the basic work for every government and society, and every society, according to its values, first goes to the family to help its society from within. For this reason, the family is one of the first institutions that must change in society. Therefore, the foundation of the family is formed based on the marriage contract between the husband and wife so that they can experience a peaceful and happy life together, but unfortunately, abundant evidence indicates that couples in today's society Establishing and maintaining intimate and friendly relationships have severe and difficult problems. One of the common problems in couples' relationships that has attracted the attention of therapists is couples' conflicts. Conflict in relationships occurs when a person's behavior does not match the other person's expectations. All over the world, there is an increasing concern about increasing the level of marital conflict and its serious effect on the functioning and stability of the family. MethodSemi-experimental research method with pretest design - Post-test with two experimental groups and a control group and the statistical population, including all women with marital conflicts referred to counseling centers in Qom province in 2021. From this population, 21 couples were selected by sampling method and randomly divided into three groups: emotion-oriented schema therapy (7 couples), integrated behavior (7 couples) and control (7 couples). Both experimental groups received ten 60-minute training sessions. Subjects were examined before the intervention, at the end of the intervention, and at the follow-up stage for three months using the Toronto Alexithymia Questionnaire (1986), Schwartz (1996) Sexual Self-Esteem Questionnaire, the quality of subsequent marital relationships, et al. (1995), and Christ's age and relationship patterns. Salavi (1984) Assessing Assistance. The data were analyzed with the help of SPSS software and multivariate covariance analysis method. ResultsThe findings showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in sexual self-esteem, marital relationship quality, constructive communication patterns, and emotional ataxia in the post-test phase. The results showed that emotional schema therapy increased the results of three variables: self-esteem, quality of marital relationship, and mutual constructive communication, and decreased the three variables of withdrawal expectation, mutual communication, and emotional dyslexia. Emotional-centered couple therapy is effective on emotional apathy, relationship quality, sexual self-esteem, and communication patterns among conflicting couples. In explaining the above results, it can be said: the goal of couple therapy based on schema-emotional therapy is to change emotional patterns that are linked to communication problems.DiscussionTherefore, according to the research, it can be concluded that emotion-oriented schema therapy can increase sexual self-esteem, the quality of relationships and communication patterns, and reduce Alexithymia. In the model of emotional schemas, people differ from each other in terms of the interpretation and evaluations they make of their emotional experience, and they may try to deal with their emotions with different strategies such as experiential avoidance, ineffective cognitive strategies, social support, or other strategies. to deal with, which causes mental disorders and on the one hand, the formation of high conflicts between couples, but during the process of treatment with various techniques, including cognitive reconstruction, couples with problems are changed or adjusted, and this model is based on this principle. It is established that emotional disorders are caused by beliefs, interpretations and strategies used to deal with emotions. Therefore, interventions related to emotional schemas can be effective on marital satisfaction and marital problems, and subsequently reduce conflicts in couples.

Clinical Psychology

The role of grandious and vulnerable narcissism in predicting self-presentation tactics in students

Mona Mohammadi; Mahnaz Mehrabizadeh Honarmand; Iran Davoudi; Saeid Afrozpour; Mehdi Soleimani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.40071.2794

Abstract

IntroductionIn recent years, studies in the field of narcissism have received increasing attention from researchers, but despite the growing interest in the concept of narcissism, there are many unanswered questions, especially about the nature of this structure. The present study aimed to investigate ... Read More IntroductionIn recent years, studies in the field of narcissism have received increasing attention from researchers, but despite the growing interest in the concept of narcissism, there are many unanswered questions, especially about the nature of this structure. The present study aimed to investigate the role of narcissistic narcissism and vulnerable narcissism in predicting self-presentation tactics in students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz.MethodDescriptive research method of conventional (focal) correlation and its statistical population is all graduate students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz who were studying in 1996-97 (N = 1500). After obtaining the necessary permits from Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, the questionnaires were distributed among the selected students based on multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software A total of 250 students were randomly selected based on the Cochran's formula according to the size of the population, in a multi-stage cluster method. Finally, by stratified random sampling method, the sample size was selected from the target population (n = 222). Collection tools included a pathological narcissism questionnaire (Pincus et al., 2009) and a scale of self-Presentation tactics(Tedeschi & Melburg, 1984).ResultsThe results showed that the linear combination of defensive and assertive self-presentation tactics can be predicted by the linear combination of predictor variables. Significance of the whole model showed that there is a significant relationship between the two variables of self-Presentation tactics and existential expression with grandius and vulnerable narcissism (P<0.005). Predictive variables explain 28% of the variance of the criterion variables. Overall, the findings showed that the types of narcissism (grandius and vulnerable) can be predicted based on the type and extent of using different types of self-presentation tactics (defensive and assertiveness). Of the two criterion variables, self- Presentation tactics are more important in the linear criterion variable. On the other hand, in the first function, among the predictor variables, the narcissistic narcissist has the largest share in the linear composition of its category. In other words, the first function of self-Presentation tactics is predicted by grandius narcissism.ConclusionAccording to the findings of the present study, It is suggested that clinical specialists pay special attention to the types of narcissism and the self-presentation tactics of clients with narcissistic personality disorder in order to know and understand more about these people. It is better for clinical psychologists (considering the existence of two types of narcissism) in their diagnostic interviews to pay attention to the narcissism of the vulnerable type and examine its symptoms in clients who are dissatisfied with their self-esteem or have problems in interpersonal relationships.

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Clinical Psychology

Looming style as a specific vulnerability factor for the symptoms of anxiety disorders: investigation of the triple vulnerability model

mahin etemadnia; parsa javanmard; Majid Mahmoud Alilou; Abbas Bakhshipour Roudsari; Mansour Bayrami

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.39731.2776

Abstract

IntroductionThe present study evaluated the triple vulnerability model for depression, general anxiety, and social phobia. Each level of the triple vulnerability model for each disorder was examined with looming vulnerability style as a disorder-specific psychological vulnerability for GAD and social ... Read More IntroductionThe present study evaluated the triple vulnerability model for depression, general anxiety, and social phobia. Each level of the triple vulnerability model for each disorder was examined with looming vulnerability style as a disorder-specific psychological vulnerability for GAD and social phobia.MethodThe method of the present study was descriptive-correlational. 370 students from Urmia universities were selected from which 340 students (177 men, 162 women) completed Neuroticism and Extraversion Subscales (Neo-FFI), Anxiety Control Questionnaire (ACQ-R), Looming Maladaptive Style Questionnaire (LMSQ-R), Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS), Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), and Albany Panic and Phobia Questionnaire (APPQ). ResultsThe results of path analysis indicated that neuroticism had significant direct effects on all three disorders, and holding neuroticism constant, extraversion was inversely associated with depression and social phobia. Perceived control was significantly associated with GAD only, holding neuroticism and extraversion constant. Of the disorder-specific psychological vulnerability, holding general vulnerability dimensions constant, looming vulnerability style was not specific predictor of GAD and social phobia. Based on the results reported in the first model of the study (general bio-vulnerability), the effect coefficients of all variables are significant at the level (p <0.01). In the second model (general psychological vulnerability), the coefficients of the effect of neuroticism and extraversion on all three variables are significant; However, the perceived control pathway coefficient is significant only on pervasive anxiety (p <0.01). In the third model of the research (specific vulnerability with the addition of near-risk perception style), the coefficients of the effect of neuroticism, extraversion and perceived control on all three variables are significant; However, after maintaining the effect of the dimensions of general vulnerability, namely neuroticism, extraversion, and perceived control, the coefficient of the near-risk perception pathway on social anxiety and depression is significant. The coefficients of neuroticism pathway on social anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder and depression are 0.44, 0.39 and 0.40, respectively (p <0.01). The coefficient of extraversion pathway on social anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder and depression was -0.36, -0.31 and -0.33, respectively (p <0.01). Perceived control path's coefficients on social anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder and depression were reported as -0.25, -0.30 and -0.28, respectively (p <0.01). The coefficient of near-risk perception style path's coefficient on social anxiety (0.26) is at the level of 0.01 and the pathway coefficient of near-risk perception style on depression (0.19) is at the level of 0.05; however, the coefficient of near-risk perception style on pervasive anxiety (0.11) is not significant.ConclusionThe results are discussed in regard to transdiagnostic models of the emotional disorders and the various roles of general and specific vulnerability dimensions in the onset, severity, and temporal course of psychopathology.

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Educational Psychology

The Relationship between Psychological Factors and Cyberbullying in Students: The Mediating Role of Problematic Internet Use

Sara Ebrahimi; Zeynab Laki

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.40330.2816

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of problematic Internet use in the relationship between cyberbullying & psychological factors. The method of the present study was descriptive-correlational. The study population consisted of all boy’s high school students in Tehran ... Read More

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Educational Psychology

Comparing the Effectiveness of Behavioral Activation and Schema Therapy on Reducing the Experiential Avoidance of Students with Academic Procrastination

Iman Farjaleh Chaabi:; Mahnaz Mehrabizadeh Honarmand; Naser Amini

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.42939.2952

Abstract

IntroductionHigher education in the health system is a fundamental element in the comprehensive development of the country and one of the most important social pillars that is responsible for training and providing efficient and committed human resources in the health sector. The most valuable result ... Read More IntroductionHigher education in the health system is a fundamental element in the comprehensive development of the country and one of the most important social pillars that is responsible for training and providing efficient and committed human resources in the health sector. The most valuable result of all training is the ability to get a person to do something when it needs to be done. Whether he likes it or not. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the effectiveness of behavioral activation therapy and schema therapy on reducing experiential avoidance in students with academic procrastination.MethodsThe research design was a pre-test-post-test experiment with a control group. The statistical population included students of the first semester of the academic year 2021-2022 of Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz. The first sample of the research included 152 students who were selected from among seven faculties by multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Then the selected people responded to Solomon and Rothblum’s Academic Procrastination Scale and those whose score was one score higher than the standard deviation were separated. Then 60 people were randomly selected from among them and placed in three groups of 20 people (two experimental groups and one control group). The experimental groups received behavioral activation and schema therapy, while the control group did not receive any intervention. In this research, Solomon and Rothblum’s Academic Procrastination Scale and Gámez et al. Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire were used to collect data. The data were analyzed using univariate covariance analysis (ANCOVA) and SPSS-25 software.ResultsThe results showed that both behavioral activation therapy and schema therapy are effective in reducing the experiential avoidance of students with academic procrastination (F=29.71, p<0.0001); However, the effectiveness of schema therapy was higher than behavioral activation therapy (p<0.002).ConclusionAccording to the results obtained in this research, it is suggested that early identification of students with academic procrastination and their timely treatment should be done to eliminate their experiential avoidance. According to the results obtained from this research, behavioral activation and schema therapy are recommended as useful treatments to help reduce the clinical symptoms of students with academic procrastination. Therefore, the student counseling departments of medical sciences universities of the country can use this treatment to reduce the clinical symptoms of procrastinators, especially to reduce the experiential avoidance of students with academic procrastination and reduce the consequences of procrastination in them. Based on the results of this research, schema therapy and behavioral activation therapy can be used to reduce the experiential avoidance of students with academic procrastination.

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Explaining the causal relationships between parenting styles and academic achievement of second grade high school students based on the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation

Shabnam Davari; Nasrin Bagheri

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43088.2975

Abstract

IntroductionAcademic achievement shows the degree of success of a person in achieving the specific goals of the educational environment, especially the school. Academic achievement describes to students, teachers, and their parents how well students have achieved their learning goals. It is also an important ... Read More IntroductionAcademic achievement shows the degree of success of a person in achieving the specific goals of the educational environment, especially the school. Academic achievement describes to students, teachers, and their parents how well students have achieved their learning goals. It is also an important criterion for making decisions and predicting the future of education and job opportunities of people. Family environment and parenting style of parents are among the important components that play an important role in the academic progress of students. Baumrind (1971) has classified parenting styles into three authoritative, authoritarian and permissive styles. Research supports the direct and indirect effects of parenting styles on academic achievement (Hayek et al., 2022; Amani, 2020). Some researchers have examined the relationship between emotions and outcomes related to the educational environment and academic achievement and support the relationship between emotional regulation and academic achievement (Albadarin, 2016).MethodThe present study was conducted by correlation method and Path analysis. The statistical population of the research consisted of all second-grade high school students studying in Private Schools in the 1st education region of Tehran in the year 2021-2022. 240 people were selected by multistage random sampling method. The participants answered the Academic Performance Questionnaire (Pham & Taylor, 1994), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski & Kraaij, 2006) and their parents answered Baumrind’s parenting Questionnaire (1973) individually during one session. ResultsThe results showed that the path coefficient between maladaptive strategies of cognitive regulation (p=0.001, β=0.208) and adaptive strategies of cognitive regulation (p=0.001, β=0.306) and academic achievement was significant. The direct path coefficient between permissive parenting style (p=0.001, β=0.221) and authoritative parenting style (p=0.001, β=0.303) was significant with academic achievement. The indirect effect coefficient between permissive parenting style and academic achievement with the mediation of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (p=0.045, β=0.028) and adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (p=0.001, β=0.073) was significant. Conclusion In explaining the findings, it can be said that parenting style explains the importance of educating and preparing children to achieve success. The findings of the present study showed that the structure and various compositions of the family are related to various effects on the growth process and personality of the children and create various parenting styles that affect the personality and academic performance of the children. Thus, cognitive emotion regulation strategies under the influence of parents' parenting styles can explain the academic progress of students.

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Educational Psychology

Designing a quality model for mother-child relationships based on the dimensions of wisdom and feeling of social-emotional loneliness with the mediation of the lack of pleasure in mothers of children with autism in Ahvaz

Leila Ghasemi; Sahar Safarzadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43257.2983

Abstract

IntroductionConsidering the course of world developments due to modernization and technological advancement, the 21st century man has undeniably witnessed many changes in the lifestyle and human relationships, which have caused many changes in the quality of life. Due to such changes, the type of interaction ... Read More IntroductionConsidering the course of world developments due to modernization and technological advancement, the 21st century man has undeniably witnessed many changes in the lifestyle and human relationships, which have caused many changes in the quality of life. Due to such changes, the type of interaction of people in the context of the family and sometimes in the society is not unaffected and it shows its effects in different ways. In recent years, more attention has been paid to the quality of parent-child relationships in the etiology of children's behavioral problems and morbid fears. In many researches, the psychological characteristics of the mother in causing the child's behavioral problems and disorders such as children's autism have been the focus of researchers. In this, the psychological characteristics of the mother, such as the relationship she has with the child and the lack of pleasure-seeking, play an important role. Therefore, this examination of the different dimensions and conditions of parent-child relationships in children with autism and autism is very necessary.The aim of this study was to design the quality of mother-child relationships based on the dimensions of wisdom and social-emotional loneliness strategies mediated by the lack of pleasure in mothers of children with autism in Ahvaz.MethodThe statistical population of the present study was all mothers with autistic children in Ahvaz and the sample consisted of 200 mothers with autistic children in Ahvaz, who were selected and tested by the available method of autism children's schools. The Structural Equations and Research Tools Research Project includes Quantum Mother-Child Quality Questionnaires (1994), Ardlett's Wise Three-Dimensional Questionnaire (2003), an abbreviated form of the Detomaso et al. and the Questionnaire of Lack of Pleasure by Senate et al. (1995). Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis were used to analyze the data.ResultsThe results showed that there is a direct relationship between cognitive, reflective and emotional dimension of wisdom and quality of mother-child relationships.There is a direct relationship between the feeling of romantic and social loneliness and the quality of mother-child relationships, but this direct relationship with family loneliness was not significant. There is also a direct relationship between cognitive dimension, wisdom reflection and lack of pleasure, but the direct relationship between emotional dimension of intelligence and lack of pleasure was not significant. There is a direct relationship between the feeling of family loneliness and the lack of pleasure, but this direct relationship was not significant with the feeling of romantic and social loneliness. At the same time, there is a significant direct relationship between lack of pleasure and quality of mother-child relationships. The results also found that there was an indirect relationship between cognitive dimension and reflexivity, sense of family loneliness, of mother-child relationships through mediated lack of pleasure. Also, during the research results, the suitability of the research model was confirmed.DiscussionAccording to the obtained results, it is suggested that the educational program and specialized workshops in the field of increasing the skills of parents' behavior with autistic children or increasing the feeling of pleasure-seeking should be organized by experienced psychologists in educational environments as well as schools. It is also suggested that by creating associations for autistic children and participating in the associations, steps should be taken towards supporting the minimum capabilities and getting familiar with other different behavioral characteristics in these children, and in this way, the level of dependence of the autistic child on the mother will be reduced and Based on the minimum ability seen in these children, a suitable productivity program of their time and life can be set and implemented.

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Clinical Psychology

Effectiveness of mindful parenting training on positive self-expression and mood of Female students with internalizing disorders

Houra Ebrahimi rad; ilnaz sajjadian

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43321.3014

Abstract

Introduction : Internalizing disorders are the most frequent among elementary school students and are often manifested due to irregularity in mood and emotions, and it affects children with weak self-expression more. Studies have shown that one of the most important causes of internalizing disorders ... Read More Introduction : Internalizing disorders are the most frequent among elementary school students and are often manifested due to irregularity in mood and emotions, and it affects children with weak self-expression more. Studies have shown that one of the most important causes of internalizing disorders in children is family factors, and in this way, it seems that mindful parenting education provides a framework for parents to correct ineffective parenting practices, provide appropriate feedback, and pay attention to parent-child relationships. to focus on the present time and with this method it improved the mood and positive self-expression in children. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of mindful parenting training on the positive self-expression and mood of students with internalizing disorders.Method: The research design was semi-experimental and pre-test and post-test with a control group and a one-month follow-up period. The statistical population consisted of all the female students of the second year of elementary school with internalizing disorders in Isfahan city in the academic year of 2018-2019 along with their mothers. From the mentioned society, 30 student-mothers were selected and randomly placed in two experimental and control groups. Mindful parenting training program was implemented for the experimental group during 8 sessions. The research tools were temperament scale (Malhotra, 1993), self-expression scale (Gambrill and Reggie, 1975) and child behavior checklist (Achenbach, 1991). For statistical analysis, SPSS software version 22 was used in this research to analyze the data, and the analysis of variance test with repeated measurements was used to test the hypotheses.Results: In the variables of positive self-expression and mood, the difference between the two experimental and control groups in the pre-test is insignificant. However, in the post-test and follow-up stage, the difference between the control group and the group of mindful parenting education is significant in positive self-expression and mood (p<0.05). The effect of parenting training in improving positive self-expression in the post-test and follow-up phase is equal to 18.7 and 21 percent, respectively, and in improving mood in the post-test phase is equal to 27.6 percent and in the follow-up phase is equal to 36 percent. According to the results, it can be concluded that mindful parenting training is effective on positive self-expression and mood of students with internalizing disorder, and the effects of training remain in the follow-up phase.Discussion: Therefore, in order to improve positive self-expression and mood of students with internalizing disorder, it is possible to benefit from mindful parenting training.

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Educational Psychology

The role of perceived teacher-working environment fit in social contextual burnout with the mediating role of proactive strategies in Zahedan teachers

rouhollah rahdar; maryam zare; mehdi rahimi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43462.3004

Abstract

IntroductionBurnout develops gradually as a result of extensive and prolonged work-related stress .This study aimed to obtain a better understanding of the relationship between the perceived fit between teachers and work environment with socio-contextual burnout through the mediating role of teachers' ... Read More IntroductionBurnout develops gradually as a result of extensive and prolonged work-related stress .This study aimed to obtain a better understanding of the relationship between the perceived fit between teachers and work environment with socio-contextual burnout through the mediating role of teachers' proactive strategies (self-regulatory and co-regulatory) in the academic year of 2021-22 .MethodThe present study was conducted using a correlational design and structural equation modeling. To this purpose, 386 teachers were selected from 36 girl and boy elementary, middle and high schools using multi-stage cluster sampling. To collect data, the Proactive Strategies Scale and the Socio-Contextual Teacher Burnout Inventory (STBI) and the role of perceived fit between teachers and work environment developed by Pietarinen et al. (2013) were used.ResultsFindings obtained from structural equations in Amos suggested that the perceived fit between teachers and work environment (received professional recognition and productive and capable work environment) negatively predicts socio-contextual teacher burnout in both models through the mediating role of self-regulation (-0.58) and co-regulation (-0.35) and the mediating role of self-regulation and co-regulation with burnout was (0.09) and (-0.28) respectively. On the other hand, the perceived fit between teachers and work environment significantly predicted teachers' proactive strategies (self-regulation (0.61) and co-regulation (0.65)).DiscussionResults suggested that proactive strategies are associated with a lower risk of experiencing socio-contextual burnout. This association lies in this fact that learning and using these strategies depends on the social interactions of schools where the teachers work. Therefore, they can potentially be promoted and stabilized. So, teachers can learn various strategies which help them reduce job burnout and create a more appropriate work environment.Keywords: Teachere-working environment fit; Proactive Strategies; Teachers' Socio-contextual Burnout; Zahedan Schools.Keywords: Teachere-working environment fit; Proactive Strategies; Teachers' Socio-contextual Burnout; Zahedan Schools.Keywords: Teachere-working environment fit; Proactive Strategies; Teachers' Socio-contextual Burnout; Zahedan Schools.

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Educational Psychology

Investigating the mediating role of academic flow in the relationship between intrinsic motivation and academic well-being

Mohsen Arbezi; Masoud Fazilatpoor

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43729.3030

Abstract

IntroductionAcademic well-being is one of the important constructs in educational psychology. Considering the importance of this structure, previous researchers have made efforts to identify its antecedents. Based on the theoretical foundations and previous research, motivational resources are needed ... Read More IntroductionAcademic well-being is one of the important constructs in educational psychology. Considering the importance of this structure, previous researchers have made efforts to identify its antecedents. Based on the theoretical foundations and previous research, motivational resources are needed for adaptive performance and progress-oriented behaviours in various fields, especially in the field of education. Among the types of motivation, intrinsic motivation is considered one of the adaptive types of motivation. Intrinsically motivated students study using internal reasons such as the enjoyment of learning, And they experience states of full attention and absorption while studying. The mentioned states are consistent with the experience of flow. Therefore, in the present study, it was assumed that intrinsic motivation can predict academic well-being directly and indirectly through academic flow. the present study was conducted to investigate the structural relationship between intrinsic motivation and academic well-being through the mediation of academic flow.MethodIn this study, 356 students (119 boys, 237 girls) of senior high school in Evaz city (located in the south of Fars province), who were studying in the academic year of 2022-2023, were selected by multi-stage random cluster sampling method; and they responded to the questionnaires of intrinsic motivation (Choi et al., 2010), academic flow (Martin & Jackson, 2008) and academic well-being (Tuominen-Soini et al., 2012). SPSS-16 and AMOS-24 statistical software were used for data analysis.ResultsThe proposed research model was tested using the maximum likelihood method, And the results of the research showed that intrinsic motivation predicts academic well-being directly (β= 0/42, p= 0/009) and indirectly (β=0/07, p= 0/015) through academic flow. Academic flow, in addition to the mediating role, directly (β=0/14, p= 0/012) predicts academic well-being.ConclusionThe findings of this research theoretically include new themes. In general, the results of the current research confirm the role of intrinsic motivation and academic flow as intrapersonal antecedents in facilitating the occurrence of students' academic well-being. The findings of the present research can be used as a basis for designing interventions based on the constructs of intrinsic motivation and academic flow to improve students' academic well-being.

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Clinical Psychology

Evaluation of the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy on emotional balance, psychological cohesion, and self-efficacy in fibromyalgia patients

Asieh Mazloom Ghaziani; Mryam Ghorbani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43773.3033

Abstract

Chronic pain is one of the important issues of global health that has huge economic and social effects. Extensive chronic pain syndromes have always been a big challenge for doctors and patients. One of the most common chronic pain syndromes is fibromyalgia syndrome. Fibromyalgia is known as a chronic, ... Read More Chronic pain is one of the important issues of global health that has huge economic and social effects. Extensive chronic pain syndromes have always been a big challenge for doctors and patients. One of the most common chronic pain syndromes is fibromyalgia syndrome. Fibromyalgia is known as a chronic, painful, and non-inflammatory syndrome that affects the musculoskeletal system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy on emotional balance, psychological cohesion, and self-efficacy in fibromyalgia patients. The research design was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest with a control group. MethodThe study population included fibromyalgia patients referred to Isfahan Medical Sciences Center in 2021. Of these, 24 patients were selected by available sampling method based on inclusion criteria and randomly assigned to two groups of 12 experimental and control. The experimental group participated in 90 minutes of 8 sessions of emotion therapy; But for the control group, no intervention was made. Data collection tools including three questionnaires of emotion balance Spin Diner (2010), Antonovsky's sense of inner cohesion (1993) and Scherer self-efficacy questionnaire (1982) answered. Research data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS software version 26. ResultsThe results of the main hypothesis of the study showed that emotion-oriented treatment has effectively increased positive feelings, feelings of psychological cohesion, self-efficacy in fibromyalgia patients in Isfahan (p<0.01). Also, the results of the first sub-hypothesis showed that emotion-oriented treatment has effectively increased the feeling of psychological cohesion in the dimensions of comprehensibility and manageability in fibromyalgia patients in Isfahan (p<0.05). Also, the results of the second sub-hypothesis showed that emotion-oriented treatment has effectively increased general self-efficacy in fibromyalgia patients in Isfahan (p<0.05). In explaining the results obtained in relation to the effectiveness of the treatment on the positive emotions of the patients, it can be said that feelings and emotions are an essential part of the dynamic system of human personality. The characteristics and changes of feelings and emotions and their interpretation play an important role in the development of personality organization, moral evolution, social relations, formation of identity and self-concept.DiscussionTherefore, according to the results, it is suggested that emotion-oriented therapy be used to increase positive bed bugs, psychological cohesion, and self-efficacy in fibromyalgia patients. Determining the effectiveness of emotional therapy on emotional balance, sense of inner coherence and self-efficacy in fibromyalgia patients in Isfahan city. Findings about the effectiveness of emotion-oriented therapy on the dependent variables of research in fibromyalgia patients in Isfahan city showed that emotion-oriented therapy has effectively increased positive feelings, feelings of psychological coherence, and self-efficacy in fibromyalgia patients in Isfahan city.

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Social Pathology

Prediction of suicidal thoughts in students based on indicators of personality excellence and difficulty in emotion regulation

Ali Pakizeh; sadegh hekmatiyan fard; Sara KheirAndish

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 November 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43786.3034

Abstract

Prediction of suicidal thoughts based on the indicators of personality transcendence and emotional regulation in college studentsIntroductionSuicide as a psychological-social trauma threatens different strata of the society specifically vulnerable groups such as young adolescent and the young. Besides, ... Read More Prediction of suicidal thoughts based on the indicators of personality transcendence and emotional regulation in college studentsIntroductionSuicide as a psychological-social trauma threatens different strata of the society specifically vulnerable groups such as young adolescent and the young. Besides, university students as the young group of the society are not safe from this trauma due to the environmental factors including educational problems and failure, unemployment and financial problems, failure in emotional relationships, the inappropriate physical spaces of dormitories, and the vague occupational future. In addition to the environmental factors, some personal factors including psychological characteristics could have a harmful or protective role in relation to the social traumas such as suicide. The present study examined the predictable role of personality transcendence and its dimensions besides the expertness of emotion regulation in suicidal thoughts of university students.MethodPersian Gulf University. The participants were all the students of Persian Gulf University in the years 1399-1400. The subjects included 200 students (119 male, 81 female) which were selected based on multistage cluster sampling. The applied measurement in this study included Pakizeh Personality Transcendence questionnaire and Gross Emotion Regulation Difficulty questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. ResultsThe results of the statistical analysis indicated that personality transcendence is the reverse predictor of suicidal thoughts and the emotion regulation problems are the direct predictor of suicidal thoughts in university students. In addition, the results of the investigation suggested that the dimensions.DiscussionConsidering the preventive role of personality transcendence dimensions and the facilitating role of emotion regulation problems in students' tendency to commit suicide, the implementation of educational programs in order to improve students' character excellence and training skills in order to apply adaptive strategies of emotion regulation and solve regulation problems emotional, can play an effective role in reducing mental and physical injuries and the unfortunate consequences of suicide in the university environment

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Health Psychology

structural model of belief in a just world based on social support with the mediating role of emotional schemas in patients with type 2 diabetes

Tahereh Hosseini; Mahdi Zare Bahramabadi; Reza Ghorban Jahromi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 December 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2022.42037.2911

Abstract

Until a few years ago, infectious diseases were considered as the biggest health problem in third world countries. So that all the power of the countries was used to control and prevent the epidemics of these diseases; But currently, the increase in the burden of non-communicable diseases, especially ... Read More Until a few years ago, infectious diseases were considered as the biggest health problem in third world countries. So that all the power of the countries was used to control and prevent the epidemics of these diseases; But currently, the increase in the burden of non-communicable diseases, especially in developing countries, is considered a serious threat. Diabetes Mellitus or sugar disease is one of the chronic diseases that have plagued mankind for many years, and it can be seen in all ages. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the mediating role of emotional schemas in the relationship between belief in a just world and social support. MethodThe research method is descriptive-correlation and structural equation modeling in a special way. The statistical population included all patients with type 2 diabetes referred to specialized diabetes clinics in Tehran, and 350 people were randomly selected from among those who referred to the Taban Diabetes Clinic (Tehran District 2) in the autumn of 2020-2021. All research processes were done virtually due to the Covid-19 virus pandemic. Research tools include the scale of belief in a just world (Dalbert, 1999) and (Sutton, Douglas, 2005), the scale of perceived social support (Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet, et al., 1988), the scale of emotional schemas (Leahy, 2002), which is the software was provided to the participants.ResultsThe results showed that the fit indices of the research model were favorable (GFI<0.9) and emotional schemas played a mediating role in the relationship between belief in a just world and social support. This model explains 63% of the changes in belief in a just world in diabetic patients. The obtained results showed that the direct relationship between social support and belief in a just world is significant. Also, emotional schemas can play a mediating role in the relationship between social support and belief in a just world.DiscussionThis means that emotional schemas play a mediating role in the relationship between social support and belief in a just world. In fact, the understanding of social support can prevent the occurrence of adverse physiological effects of the disease in a person, increase the level of self-care and self-confidence of a person, and leave a positive impact on a person's physical, mental and social condition, and clearly increase performance and improve quality of life.

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The relationship between psychological capital and knowledge sharing and innovative work behavior with the mediation of job engagement in South East Khuzestan Water Company

Zohra Chiraghi; Fatemah Bohlool; hadi Elahai; Hooman Babadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 December 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.42570.3046

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between psychological capital and knowledge sharing and innovative work behavior with the mediation of job engagement in South East Khuzestan Water Company. The statistical population of this research included 200 employees of South East ... Read More The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between psychological capital and knowledge sharing and innovative work behavior with the mediation of job engagement in South East Khuzestan Water Company. The statistical population of this research included 200 employees of South East Khuzestan Water Company in 1401, who were selected by random sampling. Data were collected through psychological capital questionnaire (Luthans et al., 2007), knowledge sharing questionnaire (Huy et al., 2010), innovative work behavior questionnaire (De Jong & Den Hartog, 2010) and job engagement scale (Schaufeli et al., 2001) data collection and analysis was done with the help of structural equation modeling method and using SPSS-24 and AMOS-24 software. The results showed that the proposed model had a relatively good fit with the data. The findings indicated a direct and significant relationship between psychological capital and knowledge sharing, innovative work behavior and job engagement. In addition, there was a positive and significant relationship between knowledge sharing and job engagement, as well as innovative work behavior and job enthusiasm. The results of the indirect paths showed that job engagement has a positive and significant effect on the relationship between psychological capital and knowledge sharing and on the relationship between psychological capital and innovative work behavior. Therefore, by strengthening the psychological capitals (resilience, self-efficacy, hope and optimism) in employees, job engagement will also increase, and then we will witness innovative work behaviors and knowledge sharing in the workplace.The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between psychological capital and knowledge sharing and innovative work behavior with the mediation of job engagement in South East Khuzestan Water Company. The statistical population of this research included 200 employees of South East Khuzestan Water Company in 1401, who were selected by random sampling. Data were collected through psychological capital questionnaire (Luthans et al., 2007), knowledge sharing questionnaire (Huy et al., 2010), innovative work behavior questionnaire (De Jong & Den Hartog, 2010) and job engagement scale (Schaufeli et al., 2001) data collection and analysis was done with the help of structural equation modeling method and using SPSS-24 and AMOS-24 software. The results showed that the proposed model had a relatively good fit with the data. The findings indicated a direct and significant relationship between psychological capital and knowledge sharing, innovative work behavior and job engagement. In addition, there was a positive and significant relationship between knowledge sharing and job engagement, as well as innovative work behavior and job enthusiasm. The results of the indirect paths showed that job engagement has a positive and significant effect on the relationship between psychological capital and knowledge sharing and on the relationship between psychological capital and innovative work behavior. Therefore, by strengthening the psychological capitals (resilience, self-efficacy, hope and optimism) in employees, job engagement will also increase, and then we will witness innovative work behaviors and knowledge sharing in the workplace.

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Health Psychology

The mediating role of dependence and non-dependence on the field in the relationship between personality traits and cognitive performance with job performance Nurses of Shiraz hospitals

Bahareh Saghanejad; Javidi Hojatollah; Majid Barzegar

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 12 December 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44841.3121

Abstract

The aim of this research was to investigate the mediating role of dependence and non-dependence on the field in the relationship between personality traits and cognitive performance with nurses' job performance. Psychologists consider job performance as a product of human behavior and believe that motivations ... Read More The aim of this research was to investigate the mediating role of dependence and non-dependence on the field in the relationship between personality traits and cognitive performance with nurses' job performance. Psychologists consider job performance as a product of human behavior and believe that motivations and needs have an effect on people's performance and ultimately growth and development. They can be identified through a set of specific owners. Theoretically, job performance includes two components, the first component is job performance that reflects job requirements and requirements, and the second component is field performance that includes undefined and unspecified activities such as teamwork and support. It takes In fact, background work refers to those job-related activities (such as working hard and helping others) that are not officially considered part of the job or duty. Another core theory is related to job performance, the underlying ground of this theory is that the internal nature of job duties can motivate people. If the job is interesting and enjoyable, people will like their jobs, have higher motivation and perform their duties better. One of the influencing variables on people's job performance is cognitive performance. MethodThe current research was descriptive-correlational and of the type of structural equations and modeling. The statistical population includes nurses from hospitals in Shiraz and the sample size, using the table of krejci and Morgan (1970), including 200 nurses from different hospitals in Shiraz, who were selected by cluster sampling. And through the measurement tools of cognitive style test of dependence and non-dependence on the field of Eltman, Raskin and Witkin (1971), Costa McGarry personality traits questionnaire (1985), Patterson job performance questionnaire (1970) and Ridley-Stroop Stroop test (1935). Were evaluated. The data were analyzed using structural equations. ResultsThe findings confirmed the mediating effect of dependence and non-dependence on the field in the relationship between personality traits and cognitive performance with nurses' job performance.DiscussionIn fact, cognitive style is the result of a person's interactions with his environment in the process of growth and socialization, and it is effective on a person's attitude and attitude towards others and the way he communicates with them, and this process leads to his job performance in adulthood. to be effective and act with more social resilience in the face of job difficulties and problems and perform best by acquiring job information. Cognitive style reacts to information, stimuli and situations in a spontaneous and automatic way and enables a person to learn strategies and methods with the help of them from the maximum points Use the strengths and advantages of your style and minimize the weaknesses and limitations and show the best performance.

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Family Psychology

Examining the challenges of women's remarriage and compiling and validating a native educational-counseling package before remarriage

Sahar Dehghani; Marieh Dehghan Manshadi; Najmeh Sedrpoushan; Ali Nazari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 30 December 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44899.3125

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to develop and validate a native counseling package before remarriage for divorced women. During the past decades, divorce in Iran had an upward trend. Following the increasing number of divorces in societies and the transformation of families, remarriage is gaining ... Read More The purpose of the present study was to develop and validate a native counseling package before remarriage for divorced women. During the past decades, divorce in Iran had an upward trend. Following the increasing number of divorces in societies and the transformation of families, remarriage is gaining meaning and meaning as a justified and logical method, and the rate of remarriage will increase in accordance with the increase in the rate of divorce and widowhood. The remarriage ratio of divorced Iranian men is 6% higher than western men, and the remarriage ratio of divorced Iranian women is 25% lower than western women. In Iran, research have reported a high level of willingness to remarry among female heads of households. But this statistic shows the fact that a significant part of women after divorce and the death of their spouse, despite their desire to remarry, are less likely to remarry compared to men, and we see a gender difference in remarrying. The number of unmarried women who are left alone due to the death of their spouses is 6 times more than men whose spouses died, and the number of divorced women is 2 times more than separated men. MethodThe current research plan is applied in terms of its purpose and in terms of the method of data collection, it is a mixed method research. The stage of developing the model is the qualitative part of the research and is of the type of "lived experience of experts" and "thematic analysis" and "contextual". The statistical population of the qualitative part includes all divorced women from Yazd or living in Yazd who have a history of remarriage for at least 6 months, among which a number of people who had rich information about the studied phenomenon were selected by purposeful sampling method and The semi-structured interview answered the researcher's questions, the number of participants was selected based on the saturation criterion, and after interviewing 15 people, we reached the saturation stage. ResultsThe texts of the interviews were extracted using the analysis coding method, 27 codes, 4 main themes (themes) and 14 sub-themes (categories) were extracted from the lived experiences of divorced women with a history of remarriage. Also, psychological theories, theories related to marriage and divorce, counseling methods used by domestic and foreign counselors and experts, and religious teachings related to marriage were examined, and a pre-remarriage counseling model was developed in 11 sessions (45 to 60 minutes). To validate the pre-remarriage counseling package designed, the package was given to 10 professors and psychology experts in the field of marriage and family and with Delphi validation technique and using quantitative methods (Wilcoxon coefficient), content validity (CVR) and validity.DiscussionThe results confirmed the validity of the compiled consultation package. One of the vulnerable sections of the society are women heads of households who are responsible for their lives and children due to divorce or the death of their husbands. No matter how much social support is provided to this group, there remains an unfulfilled need that can only be solved through successful remarriage. In this research, an attempt was made to investigate the lived experience of divorced women regarding remarriage. According to the results obtained from the interviews with women with a history of remarriage, cases related to remarriage fall into 4 general categories of remarriage challenges, remarriage obstacles, remarriage success factors, and remarriage motivation. Raising and maintaining children, different financial perspectives, re-parenting and one of the most important challenges of remarriage, stereotypical views of married women and previous marriage background are among the most important obstacles to remarriage and marital skills and during the time of getting to know one of the most important the most important success factors in remarriage are economic security, satisfying emotional-sexual needs and reducing social vulnerability.

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The Mediating Role of Mindfulness in the Relationship between Spirituality and Wisdom

Fereshteh cheraghi; Roghayeh Ghorbani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 31 December 2023

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44642.3107

Abstract

IntroductionThe interest in wisdom is increasing in psychology, probably due to the changing conditions of the scientific community, which emphasizes the evolution of the life span and positive psychology. However, we need more research to understand wisdom and its development in people better. In the ... Read More IntroductionThe interest in wisdom is increasing in psychology, probably due to the changing conditions of the scientific community, which emphasizes the evolution of the life span and positive psychology. However, we need more research to understand wisdom and its development in people better. In the meantime, spirituality, as one of the essential aspects of the quality of life, can have a decisive contribution in predicting wisdom, although the results in this regard are scattered and sometimes contradictory. It seems that how spirituality affects wisdom is still unclear to us, so the current research has investigated the mediating role of mindfulness in the relationship between these two variables in the form of a causal model.MethodologyThis study is among the descriptive studies of the correlation type, in which the relationships between variables were investigated using structural equation modeling. The statistical population included female student teachers of Farhangian University of Tehran, among whom 309 were selected by random cluster method. A five-dimensional wisdom questionnaire (Webster, 2003) was used to collect data, including the dimensions of experience, openness, reflection/review, emotion regulation, and humor. In measuring mindfulness, a five-factor questionnaire (Baer et al., 2006) was used, including conscious action, non-judgment, observation, description, non-reaction, and evaluating spirituality, Spiritual well-being questionnaire (Dehshiri et al., 2014), including four dimensions of communication with self, others, nature, and God.ResultsThe results showed that spirituality has both a direct and indirect effect on wisdom through mindfulness. All in all, according to the analysis results and the direct and indirect effects of the variables in the model, it can be said that spirituality and mindfulness predict 0.75 mental changes.ExplanationIt can be concluded from this research that spirituality has a direct relationship with mindfulness, which is related to increasing wisdom; in other words, mindfulness plays a mediating role in the relationship between spirituality and wisdom. Among the reasons for this finding, we can point out the common features between three variables: connection with oneself and beyond oneself, a sense of coherence and integrity, reflection on experiences and actions, being open to new experiences, and a sense of altruism and compassion. It seems that spirituality, through inner peace, a sense of calmness, satisfaction, and integration, provides a person's existential platform for the experiences of the conscious mind and, subsequently, the growth of wisdom in people. In general, the results of this study can provide a valuable basis for improving theory and practice, so interventional studies are suggested to improve spirituality and mindfulness and investigate its effect on wisdom.Keywords: spirituality, wisdom, mindfulness

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Clinical Psychology

Effectiveness of sex education program on mental health and self-care development of first year high school students

Shahrazad Qarabaghi; Marjan Kian; Maryam Moghadasin

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 13 January 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.44824.3118

Abstract

IntroductionAdolescence is a critical period that includes the age range of ten to eighteen years, and the adolescent at this age enjoys rapid physical, cognitive, psychological, and emotional growth, and the occurrence of these characteristics causes challenges in the adolescent's thinking, feeling, ... Read More IntroductionAdolescence is a critical period that includes the age range of ten to eighteen years, and the adolescent at this age enjoys rapid physical, cognitive, psychological, and emotional growth, and the occurrence of these characteristics causes challenges in the adolescent's thinking, feeling, decision-making power, and interaction. will be Today's teenagers are faced with many crises. Among the challenges of adolescent development are the consequences of the advancement of civilization, technology, the ever-increasing development of information and information systems, pornography, social temptations, the flow of influence, bloodshed and cultural degeneration, the gap between generations, family unrest, the bombardment of sexual information by peers. The aim of the research was to investigate the effectiveness of the sex education curriculum on the mental health and self-care development of first year high school students. MethodThe quantitative research approach was semi-experimental. The statistical population was public school students of the first year of high school in one district of Karaj city, 30 7th grade female students were selected in two groups of 15 (experimental and control). The research tool was three questionnaires of the mental health of the saints, eternal self-care and a researcher-made checklist, which was used in order to check the learning effectiveness of the intervention plan, a pre-test-post-test format with experimental and control groups. Multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance were used to analyze the data. ResultsThe findings showed that the sex education curriculum has a significant effect on some components of mental health, as well as in the dimensions of self-care, the sex education program has a significant effect on the development of emotional, mental and physical self-care. Also, the significant difference in the post-test scores of the experimental group compared to the control group indicated the effectiveness of the sex education intervention plan. DiscussionIn fact, the curriculum of sex education has led to the formation and development of knowledge, awareness, skills, and knowledge of educators, and by transferring the principles of maintaining mental health and developing self-care skills, it will lead to the safety of the individual and society, and the enjoyment of a more efficient generation and a healthier society. It is recommended to education policymakers to design a sex education curriculum with an Islamic-native approach, based on the philosophical, social and cultural foundations of Iran, and to formally teach it as one of the essential educational and cultural skills in schools so that students in the environment The community should not suffer unwanted and hidden injuries.

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Family Psychology

Predicting marital satisfaction based on mother's parenting stress with the mediating role of depression and marital conflict and moderating father's empathy tendency

Sara Ebrahimi; Seyedeh Elham Mousavian Khatir

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 13 January 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.43570.3015

Abstract

Introduction Although research findings indicated the adverse and negative effect of parenting stress on mothers' marital satisfaction, the internal mechanism of this relationship and the effect of father's behavior on marital problems have not been investigated. The importance of studying the father's ... Read More Introduction Although research findings indicated the adverse and negative effect of parenting stress on mothers' marital satisfaction, the internal mechanism of this relationship and the effect of father's behavior on marital problems have not been investigated. The importance of studying the father's behavior is because the problems of married life are related not only to the mother's behavior but also to the father's behavior. Also, considering that high levels of stress in raising children harms the mother's physical and mental health and endangers the normal functioning of the family, the present study aims to: First, provide research support for family studies by examining the relationship between mother's parenting stress and her marital satisfaction. Second, provide a model to investigate the mechanism of depression and marital conflict in the relationship between parenting stress and marital satisfaction. Third, past studies of couple relationships have ignored the possible effects of empathy. In this study, father's tendency instead of empathy ability was used as a moderator in the relationship between mother's parenting stress and marital satisfaction with the mediation of depression and marital conflict.MethodThe research method was descriptive and correlation type. The studied population included all the employed couples with children from Tehran in 1401, and 212 couples were selected as a sample using convenience sampling method. Mothers responded to the Parenting Stress Scale (Berry & Jones, 1995), Self-Rating Depression Scale (Zung, 1965), Conflict Behavior Scales (Rusbult et al., 1986 and Strauss, 1979) and Marital Satisfaction Scale (Olson et al., 1982) and fathers responded to the Basic Empathy Scale (Jolliffe & Farrington, 2006). In order to analyze the data, Pearson's correlation and multiple regression (models 6 and 85) were used in Hayes Process in SPSS24 software.ResultsThe findings indicated that mother’s parenting stress has a negative correlation with their marital satisfaction, depression and marital conflict play a mediating role in the relationship between mother’s parenting stress and their marital satisfaction, and fathers' empathy tendency also moderates this relationship. This means that fathers can with empathy for mothers, reduce depression and marital conflicts caused by parenting stress and finally their low levels of marital satisfaction.ConclusionIn sum, these findings highlighted the serious impact of mother’s parenting stress of in keeping and caring for their children on their mental health and quality of life together, as well as the important role of fathers' empathy in reducing these consequences. The results can be used to design an intervention and a comprehensive approach to improve the mental well-being of mothers.

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Clinical Psychology

effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on social physique anxiety, impulsive behaviors, and emotional self-regulation of obese people

Noora Shahmiri; Javanshir Asadi; leila sadat Azizi ziabari; Hasan Abdollahzadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.46090.3216

Abstract

IntroductionThe present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Social physique anxiety, impulsive behaviors, and emotional self-regulation of obese people. The statistical population of the research consisted of all obese women living ... Read More IntroductionThe present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Social physique anxiety, impulsive behaviors, and emotional self-regulation of obese people. The statistical population of the research consisted of all obese women living in Tehran in 2022. Recent studies show that obesity has reached epidemic proportions in recent years and its prevalence is still increasing. Obesity is often associated with many physical diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, high blood pressure, premature birth, and arthritis, as well as social and economic harms such as problems in interpersonal communication, reduced productivity, and hope. It comes with life and health care costs. Although weight causes physical, social, and economic problems, it can have a significant effect on creating psychological problems; Especially in today's age, when there is a different view of obesity and body, and these conditions, in turn, cause physical and social anxiety in people with obesity in social situations. Physical-social anxiety is a special form of social anxiety that is defined as the fear of negative evaluation or rejection by others because of one's physical appearance. A person suffering from physical-social anxiety does not feel comfortable with his body and body in social situations and is worried that others will judge his appearance or have a negative evaluation about his appearance. On the other hand, in people with obesity, due to their physical condition and fear of social evaluations, this condition, in addition to being anxiety-provoking, can reduce the patient's tolerance threshold, which is one of the important and fundamental factors in increased impulsivity. MethodThe research method is quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design and follow-up (one month) with control group and random assignment of subjects. To measure the research variables, social physique anxiety scale (SPA) by Hart et al. (1989), the impulsivity questionnaire (BIS-11) by Barrett et al. (2004) and the emotional self-regulation scale by Hoffman and Kashdan (2010) were used. First, 30 people were selected by convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (15 people each). Then, the experimental group received Acceptance and Commitment Therapy during 8 therapy sessions, one session of 90 minutes per week. Both groups were measured in three stages: pre-test, post-test and one-month follow-up. The data were analyzed by multivariate variance analysis using SPSS-22 software.ResultsThe findings of the research showed that Acceptance and Commitment Therapy was effective on social physique anxiety, impulsive behaviors, and emotional self-regulation in obese women (p=0/.5). This effectiveness was sustained in the follow-up period. Also, the findings of the research show that the treatment based on acceptance and commitment has led to the reduction of impulsive behaviors and improvement of emotional self-regulation in people with obesity. Individuals who struggle with problems with emotional self-regulation, delayed gratification, and poor impulse control are more likely to eat high-fat foods when they are available. In fact, overeating appears to temporarily reduce negative emotions. The reduction of impulsive behaviors and, consequently, the improvement of emotional self-regulation skills following treatment based on acceptance and commitment can be attributed to the three components of acceptance, attention to clients' values, and mindfulness in therapy based on acceptance and commitment. Acceptance as an adaptive emotion regulation strategy does not mean changing the experienced emotions.DiscussionAcceptance and Commitment Therapy can be used as an effective intervention to reduce social people. anxiety and impulsive behaviors and improve emotional self-regulation in obese people. Based on the results of statistical analysis, the research hypothesis is confirmed. The findings show that the treatment based on acceptance and commitment has been effective in reducing the physical-social anxiety of people with obesity.

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The Effectiveness of Schema Therapy on Emotional Instability and Self-Injurious Behaviors of People with Borderline Personality Disorder and Drug Abusers

Hosein Dehghan; Saeed Najarpour Ostadi; Mina Mojtabai

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.44169.3071

Abstract

IntroductionDue to coexistence of borderline personality disorder with substance abuse, it is felt necessary to pay attention to interventions. The results of various researches show that schema therapy is effective on emotional instability, psychological well-being and self-injurious behaviors in addicted ... Read More IntroductionDue to coexistence of borderline personality disorder with substance abuse, it is felt necessary to pay attention to interventions. The results of various researches show that schema therapy is effective on emotional instability, psychological well-being and self-injurious behaviors in addicted people. Reduction of symptoms and the harm caused by addiction in society is most important that make research necessary. The present study was conducted with the aim of studying the effectiveness of schema therapy on emotional instability and self-injurious behaviors of people with borderline personality disorder and substance abuse.MethodThis research was a semi-experimental study with pre-test-post-test method and control group. statistical population was all addicts living in three addiction treatment camps in Tabriz and Ahar. Milon's multi-axis questionnaire was implemented and 30 people who had highest score of borderline disorder were selected as research sample and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. data collection tool was Milon's multi-axis questionnaire (Millon, 1987), Sanson et al.'s (1998), self-harm questionnaire, and Mlacic & Goldberg (2007) emotion regulation difficulty questionnaire. The experimental group received two schema therapy sessions in 12 sessions of 90 minutes each week. The control group did not receive any interventions. In the present study, the Declaration of Helsinki including: "explanation of research objectives and obtaining informed consent from the subjects, optionality of participation in the research, right to withdraw from the research, non-harmfulness of the intervention and provision of the results if desired" were observed. Mean and standard deviation indices and univariate covariance analysis were used to analyze the data. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 23 statistical software.ResultsFindings showed that the mean and standard deviation of the self-injurious behavior scores in the schema therapy group in the pre-test and post-test phases are (16.56, 3.49, 11.19, 2.85) respectively. The mean and standard deviation of scores of self-injurious behaviors in the control group are (16.37, 3.13, 16.89, 3.52) respectively. Also, the mean and standard deviation of emotional instability scores in the schema therapy group in the pre-test and post-test stages respectively (88.22, 11.8, 62.11, 10.13) and the mean and standard deviation of emotional instability scores in the control group were the order is (88/67, 11/44, 89/31, 11/56). In order to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy on self- injurious behaviors and emotional instability, separately, covariance tests were used. Based on the results obtained from the analysis of variance tests, the observed differences (decrease) in the averages of schema treatment and control groups, in the post-test, are significant in both variables. Therapeutic intervention was effective in reducing the symptoms of self-injurious behaviors and emotional instability, and schema therapy it is effective in improving self-harming behavior and emotional instability.DiscussionThe findings showed that schema therapy of emotional instability and self-injurious behaviors of people with borderline personality disorder was effective. The findings of this research on the effectiveness of schema therapy on self-injurious behaviors among addicts with borderline personality disorder are in line with the results of many studies in this field. In schema therapy, by using cognitive techniques, especially redefining the evidence confirming the schema and completing the schema registration form, the person is in a non-judgmental position, an observer and an accurate and correct definition of behaviors and neither adds nor subtracts anything from his observations. The effectiveness of schema therapy is due to the focus of this treatment on the cognitive function of the person with an emphasis on emotions based on inconsistent schemas, and since in addicted people, the problems are mainly interpersonal, schema therapy has been able to be effective.

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Psychotherapy

Effectiveness of Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy on Object Relations, Anger, and Guilt in Women with Major Depressive Disorder

Abolfazl Sarlaki; Mona Farokhzad; Fatemeh Khanzadeh; Mahsa Younesi sinaki; Seyedeh Zahra Razavi Mahdiian; Mojtaba Tayyar Parvin

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.44694.3112

Abstract

IntroductionMajor depressive disorder is a common mental illness in women that can lead to negative consequences on psychological, family, social, and economic levels. According to the psychodynamic theory, this disorder is caused by a perceived real loss in relationships, resulting in anger and guilt ... Read More IntroductionMajor depressive disorder is a common mental illness in women that can lead to negative consequences on psychological, family, social, and economic levels. According to the psychodynamic theory, this disorder is caused by a perceived real loss in relationships, resulting in anger and guilt towards the other person. These negative emotions are often directed toward oneself, leading to depressive symptoms. Short-term intensive dynamic psychotherapy aims to help patients bring their unconscious emotions to the conscious level, known as "Unlocking the Unconscious". The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of short-term intensive dynamic psychotherapy on objective relationships, anger, and guilt in women with major depressive disorder.MethodsIn terms of the purpose, the present study was in the applied research group, and in terms of methodology, it was a semi-experimental type of pre-test - post-test - 3-month follow-up with a control group. The statistical population included all women with major depressive disorder who were referred to counseling centers and psychological services in Isfahan in the spring of 1402. 32 women with major depressive disorder were selected by available sampling and randomly assigned to the experimental group (16 people) and the control group (16 people). Dovanloo's (1995) intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy protocol was performed only for the experimental group during 8 sessions of 90 minutes weekly, and the control group was placed on the waiting list. Subjects were evaluated in 3 stages (pre-test, post-test, and 3-month follow-up) with Bell's Object Relation Inventory(BORI), State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory 2 (STAXI-2), kugler and Jones Guilty Feelings ‘S Questionnaire(KJGFQ), and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) . Data analysis was done with repeated measures analysis of variance and the Bonferroni post hoc test using SPSS-28 software.ResultsThe results of this research showed that the short-term psychodynamic intervention was effective on alienation, insecure attachment, the total score of subjective relationships, internal occurrence of anger, internal control of anger, trait guilt, the total score of guilt and depression symptoms, and up to 3 months after The intervention was stable(p>0/05). Short-term intensive psychodynamics had the greatest effect on depression symptoms (ηp2=0.543), anger internalization (ηp2=0.436), and anger internal control (ηp2=0.412).ConclusionDynamic psychotherapy is an approach that is effective in reducing unpleasant emotions by creating a safe space and relationships based on empathy and trust encouraging a person to touch his original feelings and consequently improving the Object Relations of patients with depression. In short-term dynamic psychotherapy, the therapist helps the patient, so that he can face the feeling of anger towards his favorite object and be able to feel and understand it again and find out that he is also damaged through applying pressure To feel guilt can lead to a reduction of guilt in the patient and improvement of depression symptoms.

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Educational Psychology

The relationship between family communication patterns and psychological resilience with the mediation of primary maladaptive schemas and gender roles.

Sima Molaie; Maryam kouroshnia; maryam Zarnaghash

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.45071.3144

Abstract

IntroductionSo far, the researches that have been proposed have considered and examined each of the variables separately as underlying factors in resilience. However, no research was found to identify the underlying factors in resilience in a comprehensive model and form a unified view of resilience. ... Read More IntroductionSo far, the researches that have been proposed have considered and examined each of the variables separately as underlying factors in resilience. However, no research was found to identify the underlying factors in resilience in a comprehensive model and form a unified view of resilience. Therefore, in this research, an attempt was made to consider the internal and external factors effective in resilience in a causal model. Internal factors include incompatible schemas and gender roles, and external factors include family communication patterns. Previously, the placement of the research variables was considered. The communication patterns of the family first affect the incompatible schemas, and then the incompatible schemas are effective in giving gender roles. Finally, they cause people to act differently in terms of resilience in dealing with problems. MethodThe current research is correlational and in the form of a causal model. The statistical population of this research included students of Shiraz and Kerman universities. The number of people was determined according to the number of routes according to Kline (2011) (Kline, 2015). Klein (2015) suggested that 20 people should be considered for each route. Based on this, it was necessary to select 380 people as participants. Considering missing and outlier cases, 400 people were studied. A multi-stage cluster random sampling method was used to select the participants. In this way, 5 faculties were selected from among the faculties of Shiraz and Kerman University, and then 4 departments were randomly selected in each faculty, and 2 classes were randomly selected from each of the 4 departments, and all the students of the classes were studied. took It should be noted that due to the fact that we are in the time of the corona virus outbreak, the link of the questionnaires was provided to the students through the virtual space through the course professors. It should be noted that the number of outliers in data collection was 12.ResultsAs it was found, congruence (p = 0.007, β = -0.18) significantly affects resilience through incompatible schemas. Also, it was found that communication affects resilience through male gender role (β = 0.11, p = 0.01). In addition, communication through female gender role affects resilience (β = 0.13, p = 0.005). Also, it has been determined that incompatible schemas act as the first mediator and female gender role as the second mediator between the relationship of communication and resilience (p=0.01) , β = 0.10). In addition, it was found that incompatible schemas act as the first mediator and female gender role as the second mediator between the relationship of conformity and resilience (p = 0.22, 007). β = -0/0).DiscussionIn summary, it can be said that the family's communication patterns influence the formation of children's primary schemas, and if these patterns are ineffective, incompatible schemas are formed in different dimensions and become the basis for the formation of children's gender roles. The formation of incompatible schemas and incompatible patterns of interpretation of the environment and disruption of the gender role; It will cause a drop in psychological performance and eventually reduce resilience. Therefore, in stressful situations of daily life, a person does not have the necessary ability to deal with and solve it.

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Psychotherapy

The Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Training on Social Cognition, Intolerance of Uncertainty and Distress Tolerance in Adolecents

Atena Asadinia; احمد منصوری

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.45147.3145

Abstract

IntroductionAdolescence is one of the critical periods of life, which is associated with extensive changes in physical, sexual, social, cognitive and emotional aspects. These changes can cause them distress. Adolescents' inability to tolerate distress can have physical and psychological health consequences. ... Read More IntroductionAdolescence is one of the critical periods of life, which is associated with extensive changes in physical, sexual, social, cognitive and emotional aspects. These changes can cause them distress. Adolescents' inability to tolerate distress can have physical and psychological health consequences. On the other hand, several therapeutic and educational interventions have been used to increase distress tolerance and related factors such as social cognition and intolerance of uncertainty. Emotion regulation training is another intervention that can be used in this field. Emotion regulation training enhances psychological health and is associated with multiple positive psychological outcomes, including better interpersonal functioning, greater perceived well-being, and better physical health. Therefore, considering the importance of adolescence, the effect of emotions on people's lives and health, as well as the need of educational centers for interventions based on emotion regulation, the aim of present study was to investigate the effectiveness of emotion regulation training on social cognition, intolerance of uncertainty and distress tolerance in adolescents.MethodThis study is applied in terms of purpose and quasi-experimental research with pretest-posttest design and control group in terms of method. The statistical population included all boy students of public elementary schools in Mashhad city in 2022. Thirty boy teenage students of elementary school were selected by available sampling method and then randomly designed into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group participated in 8 sessions of emotion regulation training based on the Gross model (Gross, 2002) while control group was not in any training. Inclusion criteria for the study were being 11 to 15 years, not having specific physical and psychological problems and informed consent. Exclusion criteria were absences of more than two session, participation in the other psychotherapies and unwillingness to participate in the research. Ethical principles were obtaining informed consent from parents, protecting the anonymity and confidentiality of participants, avoid harm to participants. The participants answered to the intolerance of uncertainty scale (Carleton, et al., 2007), social stories questionnaire (1986) and distress tolerance scale (Simons & Gaher, 2005). Data were analyzed by SPSS26 software, using Multivariate analysis of covariance. The significance level was 0.05.ResultsThe average age of the experimental group, control group and total participants was 12.06, 12.13 and 12.01, respectively. The results of Multivariate analysis of covariance showed that there is a significant difference between the two experimental and control groups in the variables of social cognition (p= 0.001, F= 12.22) and distress tolerance (p= 0.02, F= 6.02), but there is no difference between groups in the intolerance of uncertainty (P= 0.052, F= 4.16). In other word, mean scores of social cognition and distress tolerance increased in the experimental group compared to the control group.DiscussionThe results of present study showed that emotion regulation training increases social cognition and distress tolerance. Therefore, emotion regulation training might be an efficient way to increases these variables. Also, psychologists and other mental health professionals can use this training to improve and increase social cognition and tolerance of distress in adolescents.

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Educational Psychology

the mediating role of anxiety sensitivity in the relationship between connectedness with school and academic well - being

mohammad derikvand; Moslem Daneshpayeh; atefeh mazoosaz; Seyed javad Hosseini

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 March 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.45605.3180

Abstract

Introductionacademic well-being refers to the individuals enjoyment of the role and experience as a self-taught student, perception of educational programs, the necessary conditions for studying, and overall satisfaction of student in the academic environment. It is associated with positive factors in ... Read More Introductionacademic well-being refers to the individuals enjoyment of the role and experience as a self-taught student, perception of educational programs, the necessary conditions for studying, and overall satisfaction of student in the academic environment. It is associated with positive factors in school context , such as increasing educational activities, having good social relations,satisfaction with education and finally academic achievement. On the other hand, the mood of depression , anxiety , anger , educational loss and education is the consequences of academic failure. According to the researches , including effective variables on academic well-being, school connectedness and anxiety sensitivity. school connectedness is a multi-dimensional structure, but is generally defined as the extent to which students acquire, respect and support in the school environment. anxiety sensitivity is a personal tendency to understand emotions and anxiety symptoms as consequences of disasters that can be identified that in shaping social interaction,feeling of security and psychological and social development of students have an important role and academic well - being . the purpose of this study was to the mediating role of anxiety sensitivity in the relationship between connectedness with school and academic well – being.MethodThis study employed an applied objective and a correlational descriptive method. The study population consisted of all male and female middle school students in Tehran during the academic year 2024-2025. The research sample included 256 students selected through multi-stage sampling. Participants responded to questionnaires on connectedness with school (Berry et al., 2004), anxiety sensitivity (Floyd et al., 2005), and academic well-being (Tominen et al., 2012). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS and Amos version 26, structural equation modeling.ResultsResults indicated a anxiety sensitivity played a mediating role between connectedness with school and academic well-being, showing a significant and negative association (p<0/01) . Additionally significant and positive relationship between connectedness with school and academic well-being (p<0/01). Finally, the model an appropriate goodness of fit.DiscussionTherefore it can be concluded that the more to connectedness with school the degree of anxiety sensitivity of students and reduce academic well-being has in important role in school context, such as increasing educational activities, feeling management, in class, having good social relations, education satisfaction and academic achievement. according to the mediating role of anxiety sensitivity in relation to connectedness with school and academic well-being, counselors apractitioners need to employ efficient therapeutic procedures for anxiety disorder and improve students academic well – being.

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Educational Psychology

The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) Training on Academic Hardiness of Female Students: During The Coronavirus Pandemic

Pouran Ahmadishuli; Hossein Aflaki Fard; Safoora Khatemeh Marbueih; Ehsan Keshtvarz Kondazi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 13 April 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.45508.3169

Abstract

IntroductionDue to the situation of the corona virus epidemic, almost all the important economic, political, social and even military aspects of all the countries of the world have been affected. Researches show that students who contracted covid-19 disease have low psychological tolerance and due to ... Read More IntroductionDue to the situation of the corona virus epidemic, almost all the important economic, political, social and even military aspects of all the countries of the world have been affected. Researches show that students who contracted covid-19 disease have low psychological tolerance and due to the condition of the disease, these people are highly exposed to psychological disorders such as anxiety, fear, depression and also negative thoughts. Accordingly, in the present study, academic hardness, which is one of the variables related to academic progress and psychological well-being of students, has been considered. Academic persistence is a set of personality traits that serve as a source of resistance in facing stressful life events, including education. Kobasa's tenacity theory(1979) and Kamtsios & Karagiannopoulou's theory of academic motivation (2016) have been proposed with a cognitive orientation in order to understand why some students show more persistence in the face of academic problems than other learners. Kubasa's theory proposes three cognitive evaluation processes of control, commitment, and challenges, which are related to persistence in facing problems. Students with stubbornness usually feel more in control of their lives, have a greater sense of belonging to what they do, and are receptive to new ideas and changes. In the meantime, different techniques have been presented regarding the improvement of academic tenacity, including mindfulness training. Self-motivated students feel capable of achieving academic goals through effort and emotional self-regulation, they want to excel academically through personal sacrifice, and they pursue challenging goals to achieve long-term personal growth. The research results showed that, in general, mindfulness training has been effective on positive things, including stubbornness. Therefore, considering that the middle school period is the stage of transition from school to university and is accompanied by stress, teenagers will need academic tenacity in this stage of transition. Therefore, the current research seeks to answer the question of whether stress reduction training based on mindfulness is effective on the level of academic persistence of girls.MethodThe current research was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population of the research included all female students of the 2nd high school of the 11th year of Marodasht city in the academic year of 2019-2020. From this population, a sample of 30 people (15people for each group) was randomly selected in two experimental and control groups. The method of selecting the statistical sample was as follows: first, the academic persistence questionnaire was administered in the above statistical community, and 30 people were selected based on the lowest score in the academic persistence scale (score below65) and then they were randomly replaced in two experimental and control groups.ResultsThe findings of the research showed that the use of mindfulness-based stress reduction training led to an increase in the average scores of experimental group participants in academic tenacity and its components including personal commitment, challengingness, and emotion control compared to the control group. Therefore, it can be suggested that stress reduction training based on mindfulness is effective on the level of academic persistence and its components, including personal commitment, challenge, and emotion control in female students. Students who receive a mindfulness-based stress reduction training intervention typically feel more in control of their lives, feel more connected to what they are doing, and are more receptive to new ideas and changes.DiscussionIn sum, it is concluded that mindfulness educational intervention (MBSR) is a suitable method to increase students' academic persistence. By using this method, students will be able to have the necessary tenacity in the matter of education when problems arise, and most importantly, they will have sufficient awareness and alertness when facing some common issues in daily life, they will be able to have awareness and calmness. To protect themselves while accepting and bearing problems and finally, to be able to be successful not only in education, but in all aspects of life. Considering that the results of the current research emphasize the direct effect of mindfulness on academic persistence, from a practical point of view, it is suggested to launch workshops and to measure the positive states of mindfulness in various educational and educational fields for students and families, and to measure their effectiveness experimentally.

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Educational Psychology

The relationship between moral development and wisdom with the mediating role of moral intelligence and emotional intelligence in students

Zeinab Rahimi; Fariborz Dortaj

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 April 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.45059.3142

Abstract

Introduction: Wisdom is one of the important psychological characteristics that increases psychological and social well-being. According to different definitions related to wisdom, there is a complex interaction between wisdom and moral development because the behavior of wise people is mainly accompanied ... Read More Introduction: Wisdom is one of the important psychological characteristics that increases psychological and social well-being. According to different definitions related to wisdom, there is a complex interaction between wisdom and moral development because the behavior of wise people is mainly accompanied by moral foundations. Considering the signicant role of intelligence in the definitions of wisdom and the influence of it in interpersonal relationships and wise behavior, moral intelligence and emotional intelligence were chosen as two influencing variables in wisdom. This research is important due to the lack of information about the structures that are effective in wisdom and its important role in solving various life problems of the society and was conducted with the aim of determining the mediating role of moral intelligence and emotional intelligence in the relationship between moral development and wisdom of students.Method: It was with a volume of 15,000 students and the sample is 240 students of Allameh Tabatabai University and they were selected by cluster sampling method. The tools used include: Schering's 1996 emotional intelligence questionnaire which has 5 subscales of self-awareness, spontaneity, self-control, empathy, and social skills - Lenik and Keel's 2005 moral intelligence that measures 10 competencies - Webster's 2007 wisdom, including 40 items, and Graham's moral foundations 2011, which measures 5 ethical dimensions. The findings were analyzed bu structural equation modeling and using AMOS.v22 and SPSS.v23 software.Results:The results showed that moral development (P=0.001), moral intelligence (P=0.001) and emotional intelligence (P=0.019) have a direct and significant relationship with wisdom. In addition, the indirect relationship between moral development and wisdom through the mediation of moral intelligence was significant (P=0.01). Therefore, the research model has a favorable fit and moral intelligence plays a mediating role in the relationship between moral development and wisdom.Conclusion:This research provides valuable insights into the complex dynamics between moral development, emotional intelligence, and wisdom. In particular, it emphasizes the pivotal role of moral intelligence as a mediator in the relationship between moral development and wisdom.The results indicate that if the moral growth increases, the structure of wisdom in people will increase. Certainly, with the increase of moral intelligence in people, moral growth is positively affected and wisdom also grows due to accurate goal choices and understanding the meaning of life. Also, with the increase in emotional intelligence, human behavior and emotions are controlled and regulated and increase wisdom. In order to generalize the results, it is suggested to carry out more research on other samples, and by holding workshops and classes related to wisdom and the structures that affect it, the psychological and social well-being of the society was increased.

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Addiction

Comparison of the effectiveness of therapeutic community (TC) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA) in the defense mechanisms of people addicted to methamphetamine.

Vali Rashidzadegan Dost; Fatemeh Shahabizadeh; Ghasem Ahi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 May 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.45520.3170

Abstract

IntroductionThe present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of community therapy (TC) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA) in the defense mechanisms of people addicted to methamphetamine. Addiction is a disease that has many biological, psychological, and social consequences, and ... Read More IntroductionThe present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of community therapy (TC) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA) in the defense mechanisms of people addicted to methamphetamine. Addiction is a disease that has many biological, psychological, and social consequences, and its treatment programs also have various consequences. Most treatment programs aim to reduce or stop taking medication. However, drug dependent patients are also dealing with many other problems, many of which may date back to before they started using drugs. These problems may even be one of the important reasons for starting to use drugs. In this way, treatment programs should not only aim to reduce and stop drug use but should also consider relevant aMethodThe current study was applied in terms of purpose and in a semi-experimental manner with a pre-test-post-test design with two experimental groups and one control group along with a follow-up period. The statistical population studied included all people addicted to methamphetamine with consumption at least twice a month and at most three times a week for 2 years in 2 maintenance centers of the community center for the treatment of the secret of peace and NA sessions of Shahid Ostadian welfare in the city of Shiraz in 6 months. They were first treated in 2021. According to Cohen's table, 15 people were considered for each group and 45 people in total. The samplingling method was purposeful based on the entry and exit criteria, and the assignment in the groups was done randomly in three groups of 15 people, experiment 1 (TC treatment), experiment 2 (NA treatment) and the control group. The tool used in this research is the defense mechanism questionnaire of Andrews et al. (1993) and the TC treatment protocol and the NA treatment protocol were conducted in two 90-minute sessions in the morning and evening shifts during 12 sessions every 4 days for 3 months. In all three groups, these questionnaires were first distributed, and then educational interventions were held for the test groups. Finally, after two months, a post-test was taken from all three groups. The data was analyzed by spss-22 and statistical tests of covariance were the final analysis.ResultsThe results showed that there is a significant difference between the mean of only the subscales of inhibitory control and selective attention, physicalizing, isolation, exaltation and suppression, irritability in the experimental (under NA) and control groups. The results of the Bonferroni test show that there is a significant difference between TC and NA in the average subscales of memory, planning and social cognition, mechanisms of all-purpose ability, autistic fantasy and suppression, irritability, extroversion, and openness. and TC has a higher effectiveness.DiscussionTherefore, according to the results, TC and NA treatment can be used in the use of incompatible defense mechanisms. Being in a family with a member suffering from a mental disorder often imposes a major objective and mental pressure on other family members. The amount of this pressure depends on the relationships between the members such as husband and wife and children or parents, age and gender, the quality of their relationship with the patient before the illness, the nature of the patient's problems, the coping strategies used. Since defense mechanisms change our understanding of ourselves, immature defense mechanisms become an obstacle to people's understanding of reality and deprive them of the possibility of rational and effective defense. They reduce a person's capacity for insight and self-discovery. In addition, people with underdeveloped defensive styles are more willing to use ineffective solutions to solve their conflicts, which causes them to remain in difficult relationships and can even intensify the severity of the damage. Perhaps one of the reasons for the excessive use of defense mechanisms by the families of people suffering from addiction is the failure to face the same problems in the family.

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Psychometrics scales

Examining the psychometric characteristics of the parent form of the children's behavioral assessment questionnaire

fatemeh Farid; Gholam Ali Afrooz; Mohsen Shokoohi-Yekta; Abbas Bazargan

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 20 May 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.46257.3229

Abstract

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the psychometric characteristics of the parent form of the Children's Behavioral Assessment (BASC-3) among the students at primary elementary school in Tehran. The psychology and education of exceptional children requires the use of psychological ... Read More The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the psychometric characteristics of the parent form of the Children's Behavioral Assessment (BASC-3) among the students at primary elementary school in Tehran. The psychology and education of exceptional children requires the use of psychological tools that can provide a detailed understanding of exceptional children, their needs, strengths, and weaknesses. The importance of interpersonal and intra-individual differences is one of the things that reaches its peak in psychological assessment, especially in exceptional assessment. Therefore, by using the principles and techniques of psychometrics in the field of exceptional children, the measurement in this field should be developed, in such a way that the process of identifying, classifying, and evaluating educational and psychological interventions in a multidimensional way and considering the diversity Intrapersonal and interpersonal interactions are possible. Among the groups of students with special needs are children and students with emotional-behavioral disorders. This group has a wide scope and includes many problems. MethodThe research society consisted of two subgroups, which included the students at the primary elementary school in Tehran in the academic year of 2022-2023, through which access to the second community, the parents of first year primary elementary students. The research sample included 800 parents (400 mothers and 400 fathers) who were tested in by available sampling. The research design was analytical in terms of descriptive method and practical in terms of purpose. The research tools were BASC-3 parent form for children and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). To analyze the data, Cronbach's alpha, Inter- rater reliability, test – retest reliability, internal structure & concurrent validity methods were used. ResultsSince the Cronbach coefficients of the factors were above 0.70, the internal consistency coefficient was reported to be excellent. Also, Inter- rater reliability was in the medium to excellent range. The test-retest reliability coefficient in the mothers' questionnaire ranged from 0.76 to 0.90 and in the fathers' questionnaire from 0.73 to 0.86, which were classified in the medium to high range. Also, the findings of the research showed that it has a good internal structure and a strong correlation between the subscales.DiscussionAccording to the findings of the research, which shows the reliability and validity of this tool, it is recommended to use it to collect information about children's behavioral problems and adaptability, and if necessary, design and implement appropriate educational and intervention programs for children. Studying the identification and diagnosis of emotional-behavioral disorders at a young age with the aim of prevention and early intervention in order to prevent the severity of the symptoms of disorders and prevent their consequences is an important matter that the necessity of studying at the level of early detection using tools that are reliable and They have good credibility and it requires the intervention by using educational programs and interventions that are approved by experts. Considering this issue, it is more necessary to examine the psychometric characteristics of tools that provide the possibility of measurement leading to diagnosis and intervention. Among these tools, which have been less studied in the country, BASC-3, which provides the possibility of multidimensional measurement and prescriptive diagnosis among children, teenagers, and even young adults. To investigate the psychometric properties of the tool among the students of the first year of elementary school, the reliability and validity of the tool was studied.

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Social Pathology

Ethical leadership and employee well-being By moderating individual characteristics and mediating knowledge Hiding

zohre sharei; Hashem Abolhoseini

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 20 May 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.44540.3101

Abstract

Introduction: The well-being of employees requires understanding the existential challenges of life. The employee welfare approach examines observed growth and development in the face of existential challenges and strongly emphasizes human development. Therefore, this research investigated the mediating ... Read More Introduction: The well-being of employees requires understanding the existential challenges of life. The employee welfare approach examines observed growth and development in the face of existential challenges and strongly emphasizes human development. Therefore, this research investigated the mediating role of knowledge hiding in the relationship between ethical leadership and employee well-being, moderating the effect of individual characteristics that include self-enhancement motives and job involvement.Method: Concerning its aim, this study employed and relied upon the descriptive-survey research methodology. Assumptions have been gathered using information gathered from 100 Shiraz municipality employees, the census procedure, and the distribution of a typical questionnaire. The four questions and one component of Hills & Argyle's (2002) index were used to gauge the degree of employee well-being. Nonetheless, employee well-being, which is a component of this index that evaluates happiness, is employed in this study. Knowledge concealing was measured using the Connelly et al. (2012) index, which consists of three components and twelve items. The Brown et al. (2005) index, which consists of ten items and one component, was used to gauge ethical leadership Nevertheless, this index. The Brown et al. (2005) index, which consists of ten items and one component, was used to gauge ethical leadership. The Yun et al. (2007) index was utilized to gauge the motivations behind self-enhancement. It consists of six items and one component. The four-item Lodahl and Kejnar (1965) index was developed to gauge employee job engagement. Through factor analysis, the construct and questionnaire's validity and reliability have been investigated and validated. For data analysis, SEM, SPS, and Smart PLS were also employed.Results: Based on the descriptive data, it can be said that the research variables are at an optimal level because the mean and standard deviation of the variables were greater than the average number of 3, which corresponds to a 5-point Likert scale. Conversely, given that knowledge concealment is a concept with a negative charge and its value is smaller than 3, it can be said to be at a favorable level. The distribution of the research variables is normal since the skewness and kurtosis of the variables fall within the specified range of 2 and -2. The results showed that each research consept had the necessary reliability and validity, and the model provided a good fit for the data. The obtained results demonstrate that, in the absence of a mediator, there is a significant full effect of ethical leadership variables on employee well-being, a significant indirect effect of ethical leadership on employee well-being with the presence of a mediator, and a significant direct effect of ethical leadership on employee well-being with the presence of a mediator. A portion of the impact of ethical leadership on employee well-being is mediated by knowledge concealing. In the sense that the knowledge hiding variable transmits some of the influence of the predictor variable (ethical leadership) on the criterion variable (employee well-being). Furthermore, the data obtained demonstrated that knowledge concealment is not significantly affected by the relationship between job involvement and self-enhancement with ethical leadership.Discussion: Organizations should prioritize efforts to eliminate knowledge-hiding behaviors through proper human resource practices to foster a culture of knowledge sharing, as knowledge concealing can hurt the psychological well-being of the knowledge concealer. The results show that since dishonest behavior is a form of lying or misrepresenting the truth, improving ethical leadership through an improvement in the honesty of Shiraz municipality managers should be taken into consideration to improve the knowledge hiding of Shiraz municipality through ethical leadership. A climate of mistrust is fostered by the leadership's dishonesty, which can eventually cause suspicion of the leadership itself. Since the dishonest leader will lose the trust of the Shiraz Municipality's workforce, honest behavior is crucial for ethical leaders in the municipality.

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Developmental Psychology

The lived experience of perfectionist teenagers and the development of a dialectical behavior therapy training package and its effectiveness on teenagers' self-efficacy

Alireza Ranjkesh; Kazem Barzegar Bafrooei; Ali Nazari; Mohammad Hossein Fallah

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 May 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.46087.3218

Abstract

IntroductionOn the other hand, one of the psychological problems that affects people in adolescence and affects their mental health is perfectionism. Perfectionism, although it has been one of the most widely used psychological constructs in research over a century ago, but the field of perfectionism ... Read More IntroductionOn the other hand, one of the psychological problems that affects people in adolescence and affects their mental health is perfectionism. Perfectionism, although it has been one of the most widely used psychological constructs in research over a century ago, but the field of perfectionism has not been sufficiently explored yet, and the category of teenagers' lived experiences of perfectionism as a qualitative part of this research is basically with the category of understanding. It is related and more than it is aimed at the problem or its solution, it seeks to understand the dimensions of perfectionism and its recognition in teenagers. Therefore, conducting this research is theoretically necessary. The current research was done with the goal of studying the lived experience of perfectionist teenagers and developing a dialectical behavioral therapy training package based on the lived experiences of teenagers of perfectionism and its effectiveness on the self-efficacy of perfectionist teenagers. MethodA qualitative-quantitative combined method was used in this research. In the first stage of the research, a qualitative and phenomenological method was used. The used tool in this step was a semi-structured in-depth interview and the obtained data from a sample of 20 male adolescent students between the ages of 13 and 16 in Isfahan. The used method in the second quantitative part was a semi-experimental research method of pre-test-post-test type with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all adolescent boys in the first secondary level of Flowerjan city (Isfahan) in 2021. In this way, 40 teenage boys were assigned in the form of cluster sampling according to the entry and exit selection criteria and were randomly assigned to two experimental and a control groups (each group include 20 people). To analyze the obtained data from the interview, the seven-step Colaizzi’s method was used. ResultsThe results included 6 main themes (society-oriented perfectionism, other-oriented perfectionism, self-oriented perfectionism, well-being, relationships, leisure time), 13 sub-themes (1) and 28 sub-themes (2). After that, the obtained results of the interviews were compiled with the basics and techniques of dialectical behaviorism, and in the form of a training package was approved by income experts and approved with CVR: 0.90. Then it was performed on the experimental group in eight sessions of 90-minute. The used tool in this stage of the research was the self-efficacy questionnaire of Morris (2002). The data were analyzed at two descriptive levels (mean and standard deviation) and inferential level (one-way analysis of covariance) and using spss 22 software.Discussionthe results of data analysis showed that the experimental group compared to the control group in the variable of self-efficacy and academic, social, and emotional components have had a significant increase in the post-test phase (p>0.05). According to the results of the research, it can be concluded that the characteristic of perfectionism can have an all-round effect on the lives of teenagers) and put their activities under the influence. We can use the dialectical behavior therapy training package based on the lived experience of perfectionist adolescents for improving self-efficacy and its components in adolescent boys. The results of this research can be used by counselors and psychologists.

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Social Pathology

The Effect of job calling on job proactive behavior and thriving at work with Mediating Role of promotion focus and job crafting

abdulzahra naami; mahboobeh askari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 25 May 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.45247.3153

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionEvery person has something "original and unique" that makes them different from others. We can find our own personality in dealing with our experiences in working life. There is a brilliant work mission that makes us happy in the time when we are with our work goals on the way. many ... Read More AbstractIntroductionEvery person has something "original and unique" that makes them different from others. We can find our own personality in dealing with our experiences in working life. There is a brilliant work mission that makes us happy in the time when we are with our work goals on the way. many studies have shown that people who experience their work as a mission and a calling are more likely to feel a deeper alignment between their work and their personality. Our aim is to show that when our work is guided by our personality, interests, and values, it is not surprising that we are most satisfied with our work. In this article, we look at nurses, their strengths encouraging participation, and simple changes that can help revitalize the work experience. Given the complexity of this work and the nurse's dedication to serving the public according to the high standards of their work, as long as they participate in this process and learn from their job. They are content to support their patients in health, and the health will have the desired quality in terms of its design and management, the strength and energy of its staff. The purpose of this study was to investigate the model fit of the effect of job calling on job proactive behavior and thriving at work mediated by job crafting and promotion focus.MethodsThe statistical population of the study consisted of 200 nurses from Ahvaz Hospital. Research tools include CS (Calling Scale, Dobrow and Tosti, 2011), JCQ (Job Crafting Questionnaire, Laurence, 2010 ), RFS (Regulatory Focus Scale, Lockwood et al., 2002), PPS (Proactive Behavior Scale, Seibert et al., 1999), TAW (Thriving at Work Scale, Spreitzer et al, 2012). Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and version 24 statistical methods AMOS showed that the proposed model fits well.ResultsThe results showed that the direct paths of jobcalling to the mediating variables, ie jobcrafting and promotion focus, were significant. In addition, the paths of job calling to the consequences, ie job proactive behavior and thriving at work became meaningful. The indirect path of job calling to job proactive behavior was significant through the promotion focus, but the indirect path of job calling to thriving at work through job crafting was not significant.ConclusionAs health care systems are one of the most effective providers in the community, the depth and stability of the work life of the nursing staff is an important factor to ensure the stability of the health system. The desired level of quality of work life enables nurses to provide high-quality services to patients. Therefore, the job calling of a nurse is an ointment on which the inner feeling of the nurse plays. It is very beneficial to have a job calling in nursing that leads to proactive job behaviors and thriving at work in these safe havens. in this study, an attempt was made to clearly introduce the approach to the employment of nurses whose job calling is appropriate for the goals of the hospital. Employees can flourish by finding meanings and followers of vitality and dynamism and proactive job behaviors and as a result appropriate productivity in their work.

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Clinical Psychology

The effect of the Kozloff educational program on the emotional burnout and rumination in mothers of children with autism

Shabnam Roshanaie; heman mahmoudfakhe

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 12 June 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.46328.3231

Abstract

IntroductionNormally, after marriage, couples prepare for a series of changes that occur in their lives due to the birth of a new child. If the child they are expecting has a disability, these changes are much more extensive than usual, and it is very difficult for parents to face this issue and accept ... Read More IntroductionNormally, after marriage, couples prepare for a series of changes that occur in their lives due to the birth of a new child. If the child they are expecting has a disability, these changes are much more extensive than usual, and it is very difficult for parents to face this issue and accept it. Autism is one of the important childhood disorders, which is a subset of autism spectrum disorders and is one of the neurodevelopmental disorders that continues throughout life. Usually, the mother is the first person who communicates with the child, and therefore mothers are given priority attention. Autistic children also need constant maintenance and require special conditions that parents should provide them. In general, it can be said that one of the influencing factors in disorders such as autism in children and its treatment process is the mother's psychological characteristics, and this has always been the focus of researchers. According to the mentioned materials, the mental health of mothers who have children with autism is very important and if their problems are not solved, the possibility of serious disorders in them increases.Therefore, Tthe aim of this study was to examine the effect of the Kozloff educational program on the components of emotional burnout and rumination in mothers of children with autism.MethodThis research is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test control group design, and based on the purpose, it is considered one of the applied studies. The statistical population included mothers who had a child with autism and lived in Urmia City in 2023. The number of these mothers was 100. Among these people, a number of 30 people were selected as convenience sampling and were assigned in two experimental and control groups by simple random assignment (15 people in each group). After selecting the subjects according to the description of the sampling section and obtaining their consent, they were randomly grouped. People in the control group did not receive any intervention. The people of the experimental group were also trained in the Kozloff parenting program during 12 sessions of 90 minutes. This program was designed by Campbell and Kozloff in 2007 and was translated into Farsi by Khodabakhshi Koolaee in 2016. After completing the training sessions, both groups were re-evaluated (post-test). Maslach Burnout Inventory (1981) and Nolen Hoeksema and Morrow's rumination response Scale (1991) were used to collect information. In this research, the ethical points of the Declaration of Helsinki have been followed, which are: Explaining the goals for the research sample and obtaining informed written consent from them to participate in the research, giving the research sample the right to choose to enter and exit the research at any time, confidentiality of information, honesty in the selection of research units collecting and analyzing data.The data obtained from this research were analyzed using SPSS-26 software at two levels of descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (multivariate covariance analysis).ResultsThe results showed that there is a significant difference between the average scores of the two control and experimental groups in the variables of rumination and emotional exhaustion after the implementation of the training of the Kozloff parents' program for mothers with children with autism. Before running the analysis of covariance test, its presuppositions were checked. The investigation of normality, homogeneity of variances and the assumption of homogeneity of regression slopes was also carried out. According to the results of the mentioned cases, the implementation of covariance analysis was unimpeded.The results of the analysis of covariance showed that the Kozlov parent training program reduced emotional burnout (F=175.419 and P<0.005) and subscales of rumination, including Reflection (F=174.109 and P<0.005), Brooding (F=2.276 and P<0.005) and depression-related rumination (F=82.693 and P=0.005) were significantly effective.DiscussionAccording to the results of this research regarding the effectiveness of training of the Kozloff parents' program on reducing emotional burnout and rumination of mothers with autistic children, training of the Kozloff parents' program can be used to reduce emotional burnout and rumination of mothers with autistic children.

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Social Pathology

Explaining a model to reduce cyber risks in the online space: the relationship of e-social-emotional competencies with digital habitual behavior with the mediation of cognitive emotion regulation and the moderation of gender

keyhan fathi; fatemeh farzadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 12 June 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.46000.3210

Abstract

IntroductionThe increase in the use of the Internet has introduced many behavioral patterns such as Internet gossip, ignoring others while using the phone, and media multitasking during homework into the daily life of teenagers. These common habits, if continued, can create cybernetic risks. In the meantime, ... Read More IntroductionThe increase in the use of the Internet has introduced many behavioral patterns such as Internet gossip, ignoring others while using the phone, and media multitasking during homework into the daily life of teenagers. These common habits, if continued, can create cybernetic risks. In the meantime, social-emotional competencies can act as a protective factor against cybernetic risks. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the causal relationship between electronic social-emotional competencies and digital habitual behavior with the mediation of cognitive emotion regulation and gender moderation.MethodThe method of descriptive correlational research was structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the current research was male and female students from the first to third year of Ahvaz high schools in the academic year 1401-1402. Subjects responded to electronic social-emotional competence tools, normal digital behavior and cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. The proposed model was evaluated using a structural equation method. Also, in order to test the moderation of gender in the causal relationship between multiple variables, multiple group analyzes have been used.ResultsThe highest correlation in the girls' group was between electronic social-emotional competence and media multitasking from the dimensions of normal digital behavior (r=0.69) and in the boys' group, between electronic social-emotional competence and ignoring (r=0.75). . Thus, from a relational angle, we identify that there is a relationship between typical digital behaviors and e-competencies, specifically with e-impulsivity self-regulation, e-emotional regulation, and e-emotional autonomy. Also, most of these relationships are negative and significant at the P < 0.01 level in the two groups of boys and girls. Correlation of typical digital behavior with social e-emotional awareness in two groups of boys and girls is very low, but this did not happen with e-impulsive self-control, e-emotional regulation, and e-emotional independence. Also, the results of structural equation model analysis show that there is a significant relationship between electronic social-emotional competence with cognitive regulation of emotion and electronic social-emotional competence with normal digital behavior and cognitive regulation of emotion with habitual digital behavior. Also, the indirect relationship of social-emotional competence of digital habitual behavior with the mediation of cognitive regulation of emotion was also confirmed. On the other hand, in order to test the gender-invariance of the causal relationship between the research variables, the multi-group analysis method was used. The results showed that the gender moderation hypothesis is acceptable.DiscussionThe purpose of the present study was to explain a model to reduce cyber risks in the online space through the causal relationship of electronic social-emotional competencies with digital habitual behavior with the mediation of cognitive emotion regulation and gender moderation. In this study, we sought to investigate whether social-emotional e-competencies can play a protective role against typical digital behaviors that, in turn, can exacerbate other major risks if continued. Therefore, as an effect of such feelings, new online behaviors can be reduced. Social-emotional competences lead to a person being aware of emotions and expressing emotions, especially positive emotions in virtual situations, to reduce their negative emotions, which consequently reduces the pathological practice of habitual digital behavior (including negative and destructive comments about others in virtual space to attract attention and increase likes and comments). In fact, the structural equation model of the present study showed that social-emotional electronic competencies explain habitual digital behaviors to a significant extent. Also, in the discussion of gender moderation, the results showed that there is a difference between the competency model in the groups of girls and boys, and the relationships in Girls' models are more than boys' models.

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Psychotherapy

The Effectiveness of Time Perspective Therapy on Anxiety Symptoms and Co-Rumination in Adolescent Girls with Body Dissatisfaction

Esmail Soleimani; Marzieh Amirimanesh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 12 June 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.46727.3251

Abstract

Studies have named adolescence as the period of onset of anxiety disorders (Chavani et al., 2023). One of the problems that adolescents experience and is body dissatisfaction. Among adolescence aged 13 to 19, the rate of body dissatisfaction was 75% (Cavalho et al., 2020). Considering that adolescence ... Read More Studies have named adolescence as the period of onset of anxiety disorders (Chavani et al., 2023). One of the problems that adolescents experience and is body dissatisfaction. Among adolescence aged 13 to 19, the rate of body dissatisfaction was 75% (Cavalho et al., 2020). Considering that adolescence is associated with body dissatisfaction, anxiety and co-rumination, it is necessary to pay attention to psychological therapies. Among the new therapies that have attracted the attention of researchers in recent years is time perspective therapy. In time perspective therapy, techniques such as checking the dimensions of the past, present and future time perspective are taught, and then people change their negative time perspective towards the past, present and future to positive perspectives (Seward et al., 2014). Research has confirmed the effectiveness of this therapy in reducing anxiety (Mirzania et al., 2021) and co-rumination (Esmaili et al., 2022a). However, among adolescents with body dissatisfaction, the effectiveness of time perspective therapy has not been investigated; Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of time perspective therapy on body dissatisfaction, anxiety and common rumination of adolescent girls with body dissatisfaction.The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population of this research was made up of girls’ adolescents with body dissatisfaction in the age range of 15 to 18 years in Rasht city. Among them, 28 adolescents agreed to participate in the research and were randomly replaced in two experimental (14 adolescents) and control (14 adolescents) groups. The Body shape (Cooper et al., 1987; cited in Rezaei et al., 2014), Beck's Anxiety (Beck et al.,1988; cited in Khesht-Masjedi et al., 2015)), and Co-rumination (Rose, 2002; cited in Ariapooran, 2021) were used to collect the data. For the experimental group, the intervention based on time perspective (Seward et al., 2014) therapy was implemented in 8 sessions (two 1.5h sessions per week). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) test.Before performing the multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), the assumption of homogeneity of the regression slope was confirmed for body dissatisfaction (p<0.38; F=0.81), anxiety (p<0.32; F=1.03), and co-rumination (p<0.61; F=0.27) F). In addition, Levene's test confirmed the equality of variances between groups in the post-test of body dissatisfaction (p<0.23; F=1.48), anxiety (p<0.48; F = 0.49) and co-rumination (P>0.19; F=1.80). The results of the box test also showed the homogeneity condition of the variance-covariance matrices (p<0.70; F=0.63).According to MANCOVA, the effectiveness of time perspective therapy on reducing body dissatisfaction (p<0.001; Wilks's lambda f=22.08), anxiety (p<0.001; Wilks's lambda f=80.58), and co-rumination (p>0.001; Wilks's lambda f=67.34) was significant with pre-test control. It can be said that body dissatisfaction, anxiety, and co-rumination have decreased after therapy, and the effect size of time perspective therapy on reducing body dissatisfaction, anxiety, and joint rumination is 0.63, 0.69, and 67, respectively.The results showed that time perspective therapy had a significant effect on reducing body dissatisfaction, anxiety and co-rumination of adolescent girls. In previous studies, the effectiveness of time perspective therapy on body dissatisfaction has not been investigated, but it can be said that this result is consistent with the previous finding that the effectiveness of this treatment on anxiety (Mirzania et al., 2021) and common rumination of adolescents (Ismaili et al. colleagues, 2022a) have confirmed. Time perspective therapy, people become aware of their positive and negative perspectives regarding the past, present, and future, and change the negative aspects of their time perspective to positive aspects and states (Seward et al., 2014), so this therapy teaches adolescents to receive the positive aspects of their lives and gain a positive self-awareness towards the time, which will most likely reduce body dissatisfaction, anxiety, and common rumination. In general, based on the results, therapists and counselors are suggested to use this treatment to reduce the psychological problems of adolescent’s girls, including body dissatisfaction, anxiety, and co-rumination. In addition, it is suggested that time perspective therapy be held through educational workshops for counselors and psychologists who work with adolescents so that they can use this therapy to reduce psychological problems of adolescents.

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Exceptional Children Psychology

اثربخشی واقعیت‌درمانی مبتنی بر پذیرش‌مثبت بی‌قید و شرط خود بر کیفیت ارتباط‌ والدین و ترس از ارزیابی‌منفی مادران دارای فرزند با اختلالات طیف‌اوتیسم

Maryam Ebrahimi; Mahboobe Taher; Abbasali Hossein Khanzadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 August 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.46768.3255

Abstract

IntroductionIt is clear that in order to empower the family institution, measures should be taken to prevent its stagnation and stagnation. The dynamic and constructive nature of relationships within the family can be a suitable platform for the development and growth of family members, and one of the ... Read More IntroductionIt is clear that in order to empower the family institution, measures should be taken to prevent its stagnation and stagnation. The dynamic and constructive nature of relationships within the family can be a suitable platform for the development and growth of family members, and one of the solutions presented in this regard has always been a component of education. By informing the audience and then changing their attitude, the educational institution can remove the tension-causing and unpleasant patterns and ultimately lead to the satisfaction of the couples. Therefore, it was inevitable to prepare a new educational package suitable for the characteristics of mothers with children with autism. In order to achieve this purpose, it was necessary to examine the factors that weaken and strengthen the family institution in the current conditions and design educational content accordingly. Based on this, the present study seeks to answer the question, is the reality therapy package based on unconditional positive self-acceptance effective on the quality of parents' communication, fear of negative evaluation of mothers with children with autism spectrum disorders?MethodThis is a semi-experimental research of pre-test-post-test type and a 2-month follow-up period, with a control group. The statistical population of the research was made up of all mothers with children with autism in the city of Sari in 2021-2022. A number of 30 mothers were selected based on the entry and exit criteria with available sampling method. The sample size using G Power software and with criteria such as the expected effect size of 0.25, alpha level equal to 0.05, z rate equal to 1.96, test power equal to 0.80, the number of effect levels within A subject equal to 3 and the number of effect levels between subjects were selected equal to 3, and then they were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. Also, analysis of variance with repeated measurements was used to check the research hypothesis. Statistical results were analyzed using SPSS-26 statistical software.ResultsThe findings showed that the reality therapy package based on unconditional positive acceptance has sufficient content validity in the opinion of experts. Also, this package has a significant effect on the quality of parents' communication, fear of negative evaluation of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders (P<0.05).DiscussionThe findings showed that the reality therapy package based on unconditional positive acceptance leads to an increase in the quality of parents' communication and a decrease in the fear of negative evaluation of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders. And these changes have continued until the follow-up stage. Reality therapy based on unconditional positive self-acceptance helps mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders to be able to make more effective decisions and by accepting responsibility, identify dysfunctional behaviors that do not help to meet their needs and replace them with more effective options. to solve their emotional problems responsibly and improve their marital relationship by choosing their behaviors and thus become closer to each other, so as to increase the quality of their marital relationships and reduce their conflicts. Ultimately, it leads to the feeling in the person that, contrary to his negative and distorted thoughts, he is a person who is good enough and no longer worries about others' evaluation of him, reduces his negative and distorted thoughts and negative perceptions of himself and is less than Before, he is worried about people who think about him inappropriately and evaluate and judge him negatively; Therefore, by creating self-confidence and a pleasant feeling in people, it reduces the fear of negative evaluation by others.

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Family Psychology

The Role of Others in the Decision to Leave or Stay in the Marital Relationship After Filing for Divorce

Reza Khojaste Mehr; Morteza Najimi; Kelly. M roberts; Mansour Sodani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 08 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.47730.3299

Abstract

The Role of Others in the Decision to Leave or Stay in the Marital Relationship After Filing for DivorceIntroductionDivorce is a multifaceted phenomenon, and many factors play a role in the decision-making process regarding leaving or staying in the marital life. Despite the complexities of the decision ... Read More The Role of Others in the Decision to Leave or Stay in the Marital Relationship After Filing for DivorceIntroductionDivorce is a multifaceted phenomenon, and many factors play a role in the decision-making process regarding leaving or staying in the marital life. Despite the complexities of the decision to divorce and the impact of various variables on this decision, a clear picture regarding the impact of factors such as the social dimension and the role of others on this decision has not been provided. Therefore, the present study sought to investigate how others influence the decision to divorce or stay in the marital relationship after filing for divorce.Method The inductive qualitative content analysis was used to conduct the present study. Potential participants were individuals who had experience in filing divorce petitions in court and either proceeded with the divorce or withdrew their petitions. Twenty-one participants (11 Divorced and 10 withdrawn) participated in the present study using the convenience sampling method. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. The data was analyzed using inductive content analysis; the general meaning of the data was understood by reading the text several times. Then, open coding was used to record the dimensions of the content under study accurately. Then, comparing similarities and differences, similar codes were categorized under a broader heading. When the coding process categories were reorganized, each interview was reanalyzed using the extracted codes (Crabtree et al., 2018). ResultsThe data analysis using the inductive qualitative content analysis showed that the effect of others on the decision to divorce or stay included the ten categories of agreement/disagreement, support/non-support, modeling and social contagion, self-sacrifice, social image and leaking/non-leaking problem, avoiding being called a divorcee, alternative relationships, attachment to spouse’s family, interference, and mediation. ConclusionSupporting the reports of past studies regarding the effect of the social dimension on the decision to divorce, the current research study tried to present a clear picture of the various dimensions of this effect. The findings showed that others could directly (e.g., support and agreement) and indirectly (e.g., social contagion and social leakage of the problem) affect an individual’s decision to leave or stay in a marital relationship (i.e., the final decision regarding the future of the marital life).

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Psychotherapy

Comparison the Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment and Emotion Focused Therapies on Quality of Life of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Mojgan Zandi; Shahram Mohammad Khani; Mohammad Hatami

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.47263.3281

Abstract

According to the World Health Organization (2023), approximately 95% of all adults with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. The quality of life of these patients is low. Considering that the psychological complications of type 2 diabetes are very costly, it is very important to pay attention to psychological ... Read More According to the World Health Organization (2023), approximately 95% of all adults with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. The quality of life of these patients is low. Considering that the psychological complications of type 2 diabetes are very costly, it is very important to pay attention to psychological therapies for its consequences, including the quality of life; The main question of the current research is “what extent is the effect of ACT and EFT on the quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes”. This research was a quasi-experimental method with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design. The statistical population of the current study was all patients with type 2 diabetes living in Tehran who had visited the endocrinology clinics of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2018. Using the available sampling method, 45 patients with type 2 diabetes were replaced in three groups according to the entry and exit criteria. Quality of life (SF-36) was used to collect data. For the first experimental group, ACT was performed in 12 one-hour sessions, and for the second experimental group, EFT was performed based in 8 one-hour sessions. Finally, the data were analyzed using the paired sample t-test and repeated measure test. In addition, SPSS-26 software was used for the analysis.The results of the one-sample t-test showed that in the ACT group, the difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of the quality of life and its dimensions (emotional health, mental health, lack of physical pain, general health) was significant; This means that these scores have increased in the post-test compared to the pre-test. In the EFT group, the difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of the quality of life and its dimensions (emotional health, lack of fatigue, social functioning, lack of physical pain) was significant; In other words, EFT had an effect on increasing scores in the post-test. But in the control group, no significant difference was observed between the pre-test and post-test scores. The results of the mixed variance analysis test showed that the effect of time and group on the quality of life of patients was significant; However, the group × time effect on the patients' quality of life was not significant; In other words, there is a difference between the levels of time (pre-test, post-test, and follow-up) in all study groups. Also, the results showed that ACT and EFT have almost the same effect on patients' quality of life. The results of the interaction effect of therapies and mechanism variables showed that ACT with the help of psychological flexibility and EFT with the help of emotional efficiency were effective in improving the quality of life of type 2 diabetes patients.The results showed that ACT and EFT were effective on the quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes and no significant difference was observed between the effectiveness of these two therapies on the quality of life. This result is consistent with previous findings. ACT seeks to increase psychological flexibility, which includes awareness and acceptance of one's thoughts and feelings while taking actions that are aligned with personal values; Therefore, increasing psychological flexibility, which has been confirmed to be related to quality of life, can help people with type 2 diabetes to deal with emotional challenges caused by this disease, such as hopelessness, anxiety, or depression, which can improve their quality of life. Regarding the effectiveness of EFT on the quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes in the present study, it can be said that this finding is consistent with previous findings. In explaining this finding, it can be argued that living with type 2 diabetes often involves managing stress related to the disease itself and its treatment, and EFT can provide people with strategies to deal with stress more effectively, such as identifying and challenging unhelpful thoughts and developing healthy coping mechanisms; Therefore, it can have a positive effect on the quality of life of people with diabetes. Based on the findings, it is suggested that ACT and EFT use to improve the quality of life of type 2 diabetes patients.

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Clinical Psychology

Investigating the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on the weight of people suffering from obesity and concerned about body image

auob asadi; Yadollah Zargar; jalal Moludi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.46031.3215

Abstract

IntroductionObesity is a condition in which excess fat tissue is accumulated in a person's body, and this accumulation of fat tissue causes all kinds of physical and psychological problems. The most common way to estimate obesity is to use the body mass index, according to which people with a body mass ... Read More IntroductionObesity is a condition in which excess fat tissue is accumulated in a person's body, and this accumulation of fat tissue causes all kinds of physical and psychological problems. The most common way to estimate obesity is to use the body mass index, according to which people with a body mass of 30 or more are considered obese. Obesity and the physical and psychological diseases that arise for sufferers show that there is a need for effective, accessible and affordable treatments. Psychological treatments can have a significant effect on weight loss due to low complications and lasting effects. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy on weight loss and concern about body image.Method This experimental research was conducted on a sample of 30 people with obesity and concerned about body image. The participants were randomly assigned to two different cognitive-behavioral therapy groups and the control group. Both groups were measured in two stages: pre-test and post-test. The research tools included body mass index (BMI) and multidimensional body-self relationship questionnaire. ResultsThe results showed that there is a significant difference between the cognitive-behavioral therapy group in comparison to the control group in reducing the weight of obese people and reducing concern about body image. So that the participants who underwent cognitive behavioral therapy, the mean and standard deviation of their body mass was 3.26 ± 32.47 respectively, while the mean and standard deviation of the control group's body mass was 34.81 respectively. It was 4.82 ± which indicates more weight loss under cognitive-behavioral therapy. Also, the mean and standard deviation of body image in the group under cognitive-behavioral therapy were 11.92 ± 138.88, respectively, while the mean and standard deviation of body image in the control group were 13.34 ± 90.99, respectively, which indicates satisfaction. of body image in the group undergoing cognitive-behavioral therapy. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (p < 0.001). And the intervention of cognitive-behavioral therapy had a greater effect in reducing weight and reducing concern about body image.DiscussionAccording to the results of this study, obesity is a common disorder that can cause physical problems as well as psychological problems for people. The results of the present study showed that when people underwent cognitive behavioral therapy for eight sessions, compared to the control group, they experienced a more significant weight loss and their concern about their body image decreased. According to these findings, it can be concluded that cognitive behavioral therapy has a significant effect on the weight loss of people suffering from obesity and worried about their body image, so that these people who underwent cognitive behavioral therapy were able to lose weight within two Keep it for a month. The findings are discussed in terms of theory and their importance in terms of clinical interventions.

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Family Psychology

Comparing the effectiveness of Acceptance and commitment therapy and Solution-focused (brief) therapy on internal coherence and self-control in women with marital conflict

Maryam Moshtaghi; Mohammad Javad Asghari Ebrahimabad; Mohammad Reza Saffarian Toosi; Hamid Nejat

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.46770.3256

Abstract

The family is the main institution of a society and the relations of its members, especially couples, are of special importance. A good relationship between couples will bring more satisfaction fewer conflicts and a higher quality of married life (Hoseini Beheshtian & Attar, 2020). Various factors, ... Read More The family is the main institution of a society and the relations of its members, especially couples, are of special importance. A good relationship between couples will bring more satisfaction fewer conflicts and a higher quality of married life (Hoseini Beheshtian & Attar, 2020). Various factors, including the lack of internal cohesion, affect the spouses' relationship and cause much damage to the family (Akbari et al. 2022). The sense of coherence helps manage marital conflicts and improves the marital relationship (Oei et al. 2021). Another factor that can affect couples' relationships is self-control. There is evidence that high levels of self-control are associated with constructive interpersonal behaviors that improve relationship quality and reduce conflict (Cheung et al. 2022).One treatment approach is Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), which has been evaluated in more than 900 randomized trials (Hayes, 2022). In Iran, few studies conducted on the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on the sense of coherence (Derakhshanjan et al. 2023; Rostami et al. 2023), and self-control (Babakhani, 2020). Also, Solution-Oriented Therapy is another psychological therapy that emphasizes the capabilities and abilities of people to create solutions (Ayar & Sabancioğullari, 2022) Few studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of solution therapy conducted in terms of the sense of coherence (Pourdel et al. 2021; Ismakhani Akbarinejad & Ebrahimi Sadr, 2022), and self-control (Mir Hashemi & Najafi, 2014). Also, it should be noted that there has been no research on the effectiveness and comparison of acceptance and commitment-based therapy and solution-oriented therapy, specifically on self-control and internal cohesion in the subject of women with marital conflict. Considering the negative consequences of conflicts on the individual lives of couples and their children, the necessity of dealing with treatments that target marital conflicts is felt. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment and solution-oriented therapy on the self-control and internal cohesion of women with marital conflicts.Method:The present study was a semi-experimental method and a pre-test-post-test-one-month follow-up design was used with the control group. The statistical population of this research included women with marital conflict referring to Ravan Plus Clinic in Mashhad in 2023. Among them, 45 women were selected purposefully and voluntarily and then randomly assigned into two experimental groups and one control group (15 subjects per group). To collect the data, the Internal Coherence Questionnaire (ICQ), Self-Control Tangney Questionnaire (SCQ), and Marital Conflict Questionnaire (MCQ). After explanations were given to the participants about the conditions of the research and the objectives of the study, the first group received the solution-focused therapy the second group received acceptance and commitment-based therapy (ACT), and the third group as a control group received no treatment during this time. Each group meeting was held once a week for 90 minutes in two months. Questionnaires were completed in three phases: pre-test, post-test, and one-month follow-up by three groups. To analyze the data, repeated measures analysis was used.Results:Findings showed that Acceptance and commitment therapy and Solution-focused (brief) therapy were effective as compared with the control group in terms of self-control and internal cohesion (P<0.001). The results also showed that there was no significant difference between the two experimental groups in terms of self-control and internal cohesion (P>0.05).Discussion:In sum, Acceptance and commitment therapy and Solution-focused (brief) therapy were effective in increasing the internal coherence and self-control of women with marital conflicts. It is suggested that future researches be conducted on couples to investigate the effectiveness of treatment on men as well. To increase the generalizability of the results, it is suggested that this research be carried out in different populations (divorced women, etc.).

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Social Pathology

The mediating role of behavioral-emotional problems in the relationship between parental psychological control and Internet addiction in university students

Fatemeh Alidoosti; Maryam Salari; Vahideh Moafian; mahdieh bakhtiari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.45617.3181

Abstract

IntroductionInternet addiction refers to a feeling of compulsion and inability to control using the Internet. Due to its prevalence among university students, and considering the fact that it may be influenced by variables such as parents and behavioral-emotional problems, the present study was conducted ... Read More IntroductionInternet addiction refers to a feeling of compulsion and inability to control using the Internet. Due to its prevalence among university students, and considering the fact that it may be influenced by variables such as parents and behavioral-emotional problems, the present study was conducted to investigate the mediating role of behavioral-emotional problems in the relationship between parental psychological control and Internet addiction.MethodThe research method was a descriptive correlational type, and its statistical population consisted of all university students studying at Khayyam University in the academic year 1401-1402, of whom, according to Guilford's opinion about the sufficiency of 200 people for the sample, a sample of 244 people (180 girls and 64 boys) were selected by the convenience sampling method. In order to collect the research data, the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) by Young (1999), the Dependency-oriented and Achievement-oriented Psychological Control Scale (DAPCS) by Soenens et al (2010), and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) by Goodman (2001) were used, and the data were analyzed utilizing SPSS and LISREL software. Statistical analysis was done based on descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation test, and the path analysis method.ResultsThe findings revealed that based on Pearson's correlation coefficients in line with examining the relationships between variables, parental psychological control has a positive and significant relationship with Internet addiction and behavioral-emotional problems, and also, behavioral-emotional problems have a positive and significant relationship with Internet addiction. Furthermore, in pursuance of answering the research question, the results of the modified model, considering parental psychological control as an exogenous variable and Internet addiction in university students as an endogenous variable, showed that among the types of behavioral-emotional problems that were placed as the mediating variables in the path analysis model, only emotional problems could play a significant mediating role for the relationship between parental psychological control and Internet addiction in university students.DiscussionThe present study's findings indicate a high correlation and by the same token, the importance of parental psychological control and behavioral-emotional problems in predicting Internet addiction in university students. Therefore, according to the obtained results, on one hand, parental psychological control directly causes Internet addiction in university students, and on the other hand, it can indirectly lead to the emergence or exacerbation of Internet addiction through the creation of emotional problems in university students. Based on this, on one side, Parents' use of appropriate and desirable communication methods, and on the other side, paying attention to the recognition and reduction of emotional problems to decrease Internet addiction in university students can be noteworthy.

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Educational Psychology

The relationship between optimism and resilience through the mediating role of self-efficacy in adolescence

Fatemeh Nemati; Seyed Mousa Golestaneh; Mahnaz Joukar

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.43173.2977

Abstract

IntroductionAdolescence is a challenging developmental stage in which adolescents experience significant changes in their academic and work life due to the mismatch between developmental needs and the learning environment during puberty. Among the important abilities in adolescence is a set of psychological ... Read More IntroductionAdolescence is a challenging developmental stage in which adolescents experience significant changes in their academic and work life due to the mismatch between developmental needs and the learning environment during puberty. Among the important abilities in adolescence is a set of psychological abilities known as positive psychological capital. Psychological capital is the positive aspect of human life and is defined based on personal understanding, having a goal to achieve success and stability against problems. Psychological capital is an integrated and interconnected structure of which resilience is a part. Resilience is defined as the process of optimal adaptation in the face of problems, traumatic events, threats, or any stressful situation that may occur in life.Resilience is an ability and skill that enables a person to adapt to problems and challenges. This factor contributes to the positive development process of adolescence. This study examined the effect of the relationship between optimism with resilience with the mediation of self-efficacy in adolescence.MethodThe aim of the present study is applied research and correlational data collection which is done through structural equation modeling. The participants are male and female sixth graders and first and second high school students who were studying in Bushehr in 1400-1401. 12 schools were randomly selected from each Bushehr elementary, first, and second high school. To test the research hypothesis, 600 students were selected through using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. Due to the conditions and limitations of the coronavirus disease, questionnaires were provided to students via social media such as Shad, Telegram, and WhatsApp, and eventually, out of 600 distributed questionnaires, 97 questionnaires were rejected and 503 questionnaires with valid information were identified and used in the analysis. Instruments included were a questionnaire Muris's (2001) Self-Efficacy Scales (SEQ-C), DeCaroli John and Sagon's (2014) Resilience Questionnaire, and Sher and Carver's (1985) optimism questionnaire. Analysis with the help of structural equation modeling was performed using SPSS and AMOS-24. In this study for the final assessment of questionnaires to measure Self-Efficacy, Resilience, and optimism Cronbach's alpha was used, and its values, respectively, were 0.90, 0.91, and 0.62.ResultsBased on the presented model, the relationship between optimism and resilience was confirmed with the mediation of self-efficacy in adolescence; The results showed there was a positive and significant relationship between optimism, self-efficacy with resilience. There was a positive and significant relationship between optimism and self-efficacy directly. There was a positive and significant relationship between self-efficacy and resilience directly. Also, the path of optimism is significant indirectly through self-efficacy with resilience. Based on the presented model, the relationship between optimism by comparing the parameters of the proposed model with the final model, it can be concluded that the final model has a better fit than the data.DiscussionAccording to the findings of this research, it can be concluded that the closer we get to adolescence, the effect of optimism decreases and also there is a positive and significant relationship between optimism and resilience through the mediation of self-efficacy. Highly optimistic adolescents have more resilience characteristics than adolescents with low optimism; High self-efficacy teenagers have higher resilience than people with low self-efficacy; The more optimistic the teenagers were, the more self-efficacy they had. One quality that distinguishes resilient people is optimism. These people are not psychologically harmed and have a positive outlook on life's challenges, which makes them more resilient to adversity even in the face of risk and difficulty. Resilient people have plans and goals for the future, find meaning in life, and, because of their high level of optimism, do not give up easily and instead put in more effort when they fail.

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Family Psychology

Comparing the effectiveness of positive-oriented resilience training and mentalization-based training in improving the components of parent-child interaction in mothers of mentally retarded children.

Bamdad Shadi Zavareh; Masoumeh Azmoudeh; Babak Kashefimehr; Javad Mesrabadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.47033.3266

Abstract

IntroductionParent-child interaction plays a crucial role in child development, particularly among children with intellectual disabilities. Effective interventions targeting parent-child interactions can have significant implications for the well-being and development of both parents and children in ... Read More IntroductionParent-child interaction plays a crucial role in child development, particularly among children with intellectual disabilities. Effective interventions targeting parent-child interactions can have significant implications for the well-being and development of both parents and children in these families. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of two distinct training approaches—positive resilience training and mentalization-based training—in enhancing parent-child interaction components among mothers of children with intellectual disabilities.MethodThis research employed a quasi-experimental design, incorporating pre-test and post-test assessments along with a control group. The study population consisted of mothers of children with intellectual disabilities in Tabriz, totaling 4,500 individuals. Initially, a cluster sampling method was used to select one of the five welfare centers in Tabriz. To improve data quality and select mothers whose children with intellectual disabilities aligned most closely with the research objectives, purposive sampling was employed. In this stage, 45 mothers were selected based on specific criteria (inclusion and exclusion criteria) and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group.The data collection instrument utilized in this study was the Pianta Parent-Child Interaction Questionnaire (1994), a well-established tool for evaluating various dimensions of parent-child relationships, including closeness, dependence, and conflict. Statistical analyses, including multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA) and Bonferroni post-hoc tests, were conducted using SPSS software version 26 to assess the specific impact of the training interventions on parent-child interaction components.ResultsBoth positive resilience training and mentalization-based training demonstrated significant effectiveness in improving parent-child interaction components, specifically in enhancing closeness, dependence, and reducing conflict within the parent-child relationship. The results indicated that both interventions significantly impacted these components (p < 0.01). However, notable differences were observed in the effectiveness of the two interventions, with mentalization-based training showing superior effectiveness in enhancing closeness and reducing conflict compared to positive resilience training (p < 0.001 vs. p < 0.01 in both comparisons).DiscussionThe findings highlight the importance of tailored interventions in supporting parent-child interactions among mothers of children with intellectual disabilities. Both positive resilience training and mentalization-based training offer valuable approaches for fostering positive parent-child dynamics, with mentalization-based training showing particular promise in enhancing closeness and reducing conflict within the relationship. These results underscore the potential of incorporating mentalization-based approaches into intervention programs aimed at improving parent-child interactions in challenging contexts, such as those involving children with intellectual disabilities.

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Social Pathology

The role of explicitness in gift exchange based on people’s appreciation: The Mediating role of relationship’s depth

Fateme akhlaghi; Hossein Tahrian

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.46502.3238

Abstract

IntroductionAppreciation is a structure that has attracted the attention of many psychologists and they consider it a cognitive and emotional state that affects the depth of people's relationships. The depth of people's relationship with each other is an important predictor in connection with the stability ... Read More IntroductionAppreciation is a structure that has attracted the attention of many psychologists and they consider it a cognitive and emotional state that affects the depth of people's relationships. The depth of people's relationship with each other is an important predictor in connection with the stability of people's social relationship. And requested and unrequested gift giving is a question that has occupied the minds of researchers. In fact, a better understanding of the relationship is created when there is a match between the image of the giver and the appreciation of the gift. The matching of the image of the giver and the recipient has a strong effect on appreciation, which is greatly influenced by environmental factors. Also, people's perception regarding their relationship history and future expectations is effective on their sense of appreciation. Gift-giving failures are surprisingly common, with an estimated 40-50% returning at least one store-bought gift each year. Gift givers expect the recipient to accept the purchased gift. Between the person who buys the gift and the person who ultimately wants to use the gift, there are differences in the perception of the value and philosophy of that gift. The present study aimed to determine the role of explicitness in gift giving on the level of appreciation of individuals, taking into account the depth of their relationship in the two roles of partner and close friend. MethodThe research method was descriptive and correlational. It was used to investigate the level of appreciation of people when they receive and giver a birthday gift, wanted and unsolicited gift, from their partner and close friend, and to measure the mediating role of the depth of the relationship. therefore 629 individuals aged 21 to 50 volunteered, and the level of appreciation of each individual was measured in four scenarios designed in two explicit and implicit situations, with each person initially designated as a gift giver and then as a gift receiver. People were first in the role of gift giver and then in the role of gift receiver. Also, in this study through the relationship quality questionnaire of Pierce & Sarason )1991(, the relationship depth score of the people was obtained. A statistical analysis of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was performed using the SPSS-16 software.ResultsThe results of the statistical technique of analysis indicated that the main effect of the role factor on the level of appreciation was statistically significant ([F(1, 2512) = 364.583, P < 0.05, η² = 0.127]). Additionally, the main effect of the type of relationship on the level of appreciation was also statistically significant ([F(1, 2512) = 11.956, P < 0.05, η² = 0.005]). Moreover, the interaction between role and type of relationship was significant as well ([F (1, 2512) = 49.19, P < 0.05, η² = 0.019]). The results of the mean comparisons (Table 8) show that the level of appreciation is higher for the gift-giver than for the gift-receiver. Furthermore, the comparison based on the relationship type indicates that among gift-givers, the level of appreciation is higher for a close friend than for a romantic partner, while among gift-receivers, this level is higher for a romantic partner. Additionally, the comparison based on the depth of the relationship shows that within the groups of close friends and romantic partners, the level of appreciation is higher in deeper relationships compared to those with lower relationship depth.DiscussionThe findings showed that explicitness in gift giving is correlated with the level of appreciation of the partner and close friends. therefore, People who have deeper relationships express more explicitness in giving and receiving gifts. in this scenario the explicitness in gift giving has a stronger role in relation to the partner. People who have a deeper relationship with their partner are more likely to ask for the requested gift. In fact, the depth of the relationship has a direct relationship with appreciation. These results showed that buying an expensive gift does not make people happy, but a gift that people themselves want or need makes them grateful.

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Exceptional Children Psychology

The effectiveness of the lived experience program focused on the acceptance and commitment of positive and negative academic emotions of students with stuttering disorder: a single case study

Shahrooz Nemati; rahim badri; Shahram Vahedi; Mohammad Bardel

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 29 September 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.47069.3267

Abstract

IntroductionSpeech disorder, including stuttering, is a communication disorder that affects the production and fluency of speech. Stuttering is characterized by repetitions, stretching, pauses, or involuntary stuttering in sounds, syllables, and words. It is prevalent in about 5% of adolescents and 20% ... Read More IntroductionSpeech disorder, including stuttering, is a communication disorder that affects the production and fluency of speech. Stuttering is characterized by repetitions, stretching, pauses, or involuntary stuttering in sounds, syllables, and words. It is prevalent in about 5% of adolescents and 20% of the overall population. Stuttering can have a significant impact on communication abilities and may lead to psychological issues such as emotional disturbance, low cognitive flexibility, and perceptual speech problems. The current research aims to implement the "acceptance and commitment training" to determine its effectiveness on the academic emotions of students with stuttering disorder.MethodThe research used a single-subject design with different subjects, including 3 second-grade high school students with stuttering disorder. The students went through baseline, treatment, and follow-up stages. Student names were obtained from the social harms section of Khoi city's education management. Participants were second-year high school students with stuttering disorder, who hadn't received prior psychological intervention and met the entry and exit criteria. Participants with physical or sensory issues or who missed more than two sessions were excluded.ResultsA study was conducted with three student participants. Participant one is a 16-year-old boy in 11th grade with a history of late speech development. Participant two is a 17.5-year-old girl in 12th grade who struggles with speech fluency and accuracy. Participant three is a 15-year-old girl in 10th grade with speech problems and academic difficulties. The study includes detailed information about their backgrounds and the psychological assessments conducted. This information provides valuable insights for addressing their unique needs in the treatment process.DiscussionThe current study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of an acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) program in improving positive and negative academic emotions among second-year high school students who stutter. The analysis revealed that the ACT intervention had a significant positive effect on enhancing both positive and negative academic emotions in the participants. The ACT-based therapy facilitated students' ability to replace negative academic emotions with more positive experiences in the classroom, moving away from cognitive avoidance. However, the researchers acknowledged the uncontrollable nature of factors influencing academic emotions, such as personality traits, school environment, and personal/cultural beliefs, as a limitation of the study. Future research should consider the impact of additional variables, including personality and religious factors, as well as the program's effectiveness with other neurodevelopmental populations and socioeconomic groups. Additionally, comparing the outcomes of individual counseling with parents to group-based education would provide valuable insights for the implementation of this therapeutic approach.

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Educational Psychology

The effect of visual-verbal educational package based on emotional stimuli on processing speed and working memory function of dyslexic students

مهدی امیراحمدی; Soghra Ebrahimi Ghavam; Fariborz Dortaj; Kamran sheivandi cholicheh; Ali Delavar

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 October 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.46246.3228

Abstract

IntroductionThe educational system is always faced with students who have academic failure or even cannot learn some assignments. A prominent and interesting group from the point of view of science and research is students with learning disorders, whose main and important problem is not the lack or weakness ... Read More IntroductionThe educational system is always faced with students who have academic failure or even cannot learn some assignments. A prominent and interesting group from the point of view of science and research is students with learning disorders, whose main and important problem is not the lack or weakness of intelligence or motivation, but they have a different brain from other normal students, and the existence of this difference affects the way they receive and affect their information processing. A lot of research in this field shows that children with cognitive learning disabilities have a lot of problems with working memory and processing speed - "cognitive mastery index". Regardless of the slow processing of information, in the perceptual stages, scientific explanations show that working memory and the output resulting from its function and function (probably in the lexical stage) also face weaknesses. Of course, regarding the relationship between these two factors, there is a possibility that the weakness of processing speed in working memory, especially when processing the image of words, is the first explanation factor for the lack of dyslexia and reading words. Research has shown that the memory strengthened by emotions, both in terms of the strength and arousal of the stimuli, is guided and activated with greater power, and this affects the processing rate, the way inputs are processed, and the overall functioning of working memory, which is one of the effective cognitive factors. It affects learning disorders. On the other hand, these two factors are related to emotions and emotions, which emotional stimuli arouse in a person, and in a way, they affect the setting of appropriate responses, memory function, the amount and speed of processing, and finally, the cognitive performance of a person.MethodThe present study was conducted to investigate the effect of the visual-verbal educational package based on positive emotional stimuli on the processing speed and working memory function of dyslexic students. The research method was applied and semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The research population included all the students referred to rehabilitation centers for special learning problems in Mashhad in the academic year 2021-2022, who were diagnosed with dyslexia learning disorder and were in the age range of 9 to 12 years. According to the semi-experimental design, two experimental and control groups were considered to conduct the research, and for each group, 15 people were selected using the sampling method available in the centers and the simple random method, in the center where the training was conducted. To start the research process and apply the desired educational package, using the Wechsler IQ test 4 and according to the indicators of active memory and processing speed, 30 dyslexic students were selected to be randomly placed in the experimental and control groups, and this was done in the following way. that the experimental and control groups should be equal and homogeneous as much as possible in terms of dependent and demographic variables. The experimental group participated in 8 training sessions under the content of the training package based on positive emotional stimuli, in which training, empowerment, and activities related to each session were discussed, and the control group received only normal training during the training process and received research.ResultsData analysis was done using the covariance analysis method and the results showed that the visual-verbal educational package based on emotional stimuli has an effect on the processing speed and working memory function of dyslexic students and can strengthen the working memory function and processing speed in dyslexic students.DiscussionTherefore, it can be concluded that this educational package improves the processing speed and working memory of dyslexic students and this package and related exercises can be used in the education of this group of students in terms of education and rehabilitation, the research results show that the reading interventions that Including education based on positive emotional stimuli can improve the cognitive efficiency of dyslexic students.

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Educational Psychology

Design and validation of a model of mobile multimedia learning environment and its effect on learning and learning transfer of social skills of students with high-performance Autism spectrum disorder

Amir Masnavi; Esmaeil Zaraii Zavaraki; Parviz Sharifi Daramadi; Mohammad Reza Nili Ahmadabadi; Ali Delavar

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 05 October 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.45645.3186

Abstract

IntroductionAutism is a type of neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social and behavioral problems. The use of technologies improves the learning of children with autism spectrum disorders. Accordingly, a plan should be devised so that while using educational multimedia technology, especially ... Read More IntroductionAutism is a type of neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social and behavioral problems. The use of technologies improves the learning of children with autism spectrum disorders. Accordingly, a plan should be devised so that while using educational multimedia technology, especially applications based on mobile devices, in the learning process of people with autism, in addition to learning social skills, the important issue of learning transfer is not neglected. In the process of designing and producing an educational multimedia; Putting different elements together without paying attention to educational principles cannot guarantee real learning for the learner, that is why in different theories of message design and educational multimedia design, principles and rules are presented that create optimal conditions for the transfer of learning in the learner. The aim of this study was to investigate the mobile multimedia environment for the transfer of learning social skills of students with AutismMethodThe statistical population of the research included all students with autism disorder in Ahvaz city in the academic year 2019-2019, and the sample of the study was 4 male students with autism disorder who were selected using available sampling method. The tools used in this study included the high-functioning autism screening questionnaire (Kasechi et al., 2013) and the social skill profile (2007) by Bellini & Hopf. Finally, the mobile multimedia learning environment program was provided to the subjects during 4 weeks and one hour per day. The data were collected in three stages: baseline, learning and transfer and were analyzed by the method of stable change index, recovery percentage and visual drawing.ResultsThe findings of the study showed that the degrees of stages and transfer of social skills of the first, second and third subjects in the stage and transfer to the baseline increased but in the fourth subject was not successful.DiscussionThe curriculum becomes a model for mobile multimedia environment, social effects and skills transfer of learners with Autism.

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Psychotherapy

Design and Clinical Trial of Depression Psychotherapy Protocol Based on the Explanatory Model of Depression in Multiple Sclerosis.

Amirhossein Yavari; Seyed Abdolmajid Bahrainian; Mahnaz Mehrabizadeh Honarmand; Shahram Vaziri; ghasem Ahi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 05 October 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43918.3045

Abstract

The aim of this study was to design and clinical trial the psychotherapy protocol for depression based on the explanatory model of depression in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. This study was an experimental research with pre-test, post-test and follow-up phase. The statistical population includes ... Read More The aim of this study was to design and clinical trial the psychotherapy protocol for depression based on the explanatory model of depression in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. This study was an experimental research with pre-test, post-test and follow-up phase. The statistical population includes all people between 20 and 50 years old with multiple sclerosis that diagnosed with depression in Hamedan city-Iran in 2021 (MS disease of the sample group members has already been definitively diagnosed by a neurologist and at least six months have passed since the diagnosis of MS). The research sample was 40 people from population (so that 10 of them were studied in the pilot phase and 30 of them were studied in the clinical trial phase) that selected by convenient sampling method. In each of the phases (pilot and clinical trial) members of the research sample were randomly replaced in two groups: experimental group (5 people in the pilot phase and 15 people in the clinical trial phase) and control group (5 people in the pilot phase and 15 people in the clinical trial phase). Second edition of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) was used as measurement instrument. After designing the depression psychotherapy protocol based on the explanatory model of depression in patients with multiple sclerosis (The fit and significance of this statistical model has already been checked and confirmed by the structural equation modeling or SEM method) and testing in the pilot phase, the experimental group was subjected to the psychotherapy of this protocol in the clinical trial phase. According to the principles of clinical trial, all the interventions of both phases of research (pilot and clinical trial) were implemented similar to each other and without differences. In both phases, the control group did not receive any intervention. Data analyzing in the pilot phase was done by a non-parametric test (U mann whitney test) and in the clinical trial phase was done by univariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA).The result of data analyzing in pilot phase showed significant effect of intervention and we were allowed to run the clinical trial phase. Data analyzing in the clinical trial phase showed that the depression psychotherapy protocol in patients with multiple sclerosis that diagnosed with depression had a significant effect on reducing depression in these patients (p < 0/05). According to the findings of this research, it can be concluded that the depression psychotherapy protocol in patients with multiple sclerosis has the ability to be designed and this protocol is effective in reducing depression in patients with multiple sclerosis.

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Cognitive psychology

Comparison of the Efficacy of Cognitive Rehabilitation Therapy with and without Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Inhibitory Control, Cognitive Flexibility, and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms of Adolescents with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

mojtaba ahmadi farsani; Iran Davoudi; Mahnaz Mehrabi Zadeh Honarmand

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 23 October 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.46270.3230

Abstract

Introduction Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a condition currently defined by the American Psychiatric Association as a disorder characterized by obsessive thoughts or compulsions. These symptoms significantly affect the quality of life of sufferers and are often associated with other neurodevelopmental ... Read More Introduction Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a condition currently defined by the American Psychiatric Association as a disorder characterized by obsessive thoughts or compulsions. These symptoms significantly affect the quality of life of sufferers and are often associated with other neurodevelopmental or psychiatric conditions. Several factors contribute to the development of OCD, among which cognitive deficits are considered one of the most significant. Various studies have shown that individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder exhibit physiological and cognitive impairments, particularly in inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility. On the other hand, various research findings have led to the hypothesis that individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may have physiological defects or failures, particularly abnormalities or malfunctions in different areas of the brain. These areas include the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and striatum, which may experience dysfunction. Furthermore, numerous studies have demonstrated deficits in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) among individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder. These deficits in the DLPFC have been found to be associated with impairments in executive functions. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation therapy with and without transcranial direct current stimulation in improving inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility and reducing the intensity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder.MethodThe current study is a experimental research using a pre-test-post-test and a 3-month follow-up. Thirty male and female individuals aged 14 to 18 years old who had been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder and were seeking treatment at counseling and psychological services centers in Ahvaz participated in the study. Participants met the inclusion criteria were selected using an purposive sampling and randomly assigned to either the experimental 1 or 2. Before the intervention, participants were evaluated using appropriate instruments, including the Go/No Go Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. After the evaluation, the participants in the experimentals group underwent 12 sessions of cognitive rehabilitation therapy with and without transcranial direct current stimulation. Participants were re-evaluated immediately after completing the intervention sessions and again three months later.ResultsMANCOVA showed that there is a significant difference between the mean scores of the research groups in the post-test phase and the follow-up, compared to the pre-test, in terms of inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (p <0.05). The separated ANCOVA revealed that cognitive rehabilitation treatment with transcranial direct current stimulation was significantly more effective than cognitive rehabilitation treatment without transcranial direct current stimulation in enhancing inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility and reducing the intensity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms during the post-test and follow-up phases (p <0.05).DiscussionBased on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that transcranial direct current stimulation enhances the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation tasks. In explaining this finding, it can be said that when transcranial direct electrical stimulation (anode on the F3 area and cathode on the Fp2 area) is combined with a suprathreshold stimulus such as cognitive tasks, it can increase synaptic transmission. Therefore, transcranial direct electrical stimulation can enhance synaptic strength in neural pathways activated by cognitive rehabilitation tasks and improve training effects.

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Psychometrics scales

Examining the psychometric adequacy of the conscientiousness ethics scale

Mohsen Arbezi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.44635.3106

Abstract

Background: Moral characteristics are virtues that can affect the quality of different dimensions of people's lives. For example, the role of conscientiousness as an antecedent for academic success (Kappe & Van Der Flier, 2012), better job performance (Barrick, & Mount, 1991), health-oriented ... Read More Background: Moral characteristics are virtues that can affect the quality of different dimensions of people's lives. For example, the role of conscientiousness as an antecedent for academic success (Kappe & Van Der Flier, 2012), better job performance (Barrick, & Mount, 1991), health-oriented behaviors (Bogg & Roberts, 2004), psychological well-being (Tanksale, 2015) and Marital satisfaction (Claxton et al., 2012) pointed out. All these research evidences indicate the adaptive function of conscientiousness in different aspects of life. also Conscientiousness is one of the most critical ethical virtues. Therefore, a tool with appropriate psychometric properties must measure this ethical background with other variables. The current research aims to determine the factor structure and psychometric properties (validity and reliability) of the conscientiousness ethics scale.Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the conscientiousness ethics scale in a group of Shiraz University undergraduate students.Methods: The undergraduate students in the present study were from Shiraz University in 2019-2020 academic year; 440 (221 women and 219 men) were selected by the multistage random clustering method and responded to the conscientiousness ethics scale. After entering data into the software SPSS-16, The data were randomly divided into two equal parts; Thus, to perform exploratory factor analysis, Data from the first 220 samples And confirmatory factor analysis were collected from 220 other samples.Results: The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that conscientiousness ethics is composed of two factors, conscientiousness and trustworthiness. The confirmatory factor analysis also confirmed the two-factor structure of conscientiousness ethics. The values of Cronbach's alpha coefficients also confirmed the instrument's reliability.Conclusion: In general, the results of this research show the efficiency of the conscientiousness ethics scale; And researchers in the field of moral psychology can use it. The preparation of this tool can lead to an increase in theoretical knowledge in the field of moral characters.

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Psychotherapy

The Effectiveness of Psychodrama Group Therapy on the Cognitive and Behavioral Aspects of Social Anxiety in Adolescents

Maryam Kooraki; Seyed Esmaeil Hashemi; Mahnaz Mehrabizadeh Honarmand

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.45577.3178

Abstract

AbstractAim: This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of Psychodrama group therapy on the cognitive and behavioral aspects of social anxiety in female adolescents of Sirjan City.Methods: The research used a pre-test, post-test, and 1-month follow-up semi-experimental control group design. The population ... Read More AbstractAim: This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of Psychodrama group therapy on the cognitive and behavioral aspects of social anxiety in female adolescents of Sirjan City.Methods: The research used a pre-test, post-test, and 1-month follow-up semi-experimental control group design. The population was all ninth-grade female students of Sirjan schools in the academic year 2022-2023. The first sample of the study included 250 female students who were selected from among those who referred to the comprehensive health service centers using an accessible sampling method. These people answered the Adolescent Social Anxiety Scale (SAS-A; Puklek & Videk, (2008) and a structured clinical interview for social anxiety disorder based on DSM-5, and 36 of them who got at least one score higher than the standard deviation score were separated from Among them, 28 people who met the criteria for entering the research were selected and placed in two groups of 14 people (experimental and control group). The experimental group received Psychodrama group therapy; however, the control group did not receive any intervention. In the end, 12 people remained in each group. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) through SPSS software (version 24).(Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and the control groups in the post-test phase in terms of Apprehension and fear of negative evaluation (AFNE)( Cognitive component) (p <0.0001, F = 29.34) and tension and inhibition in social contact (TISC)(behavioral component) (p <0.0001, F = 37.9)of social anxiety. This difference was also observed in the follow-up phase. Conclusion: A psychodrama group therapy program emphasizing drama and creativity can be an effective and efficient intervention to reduce the cognitive and behavioral aspects of social anxiety in adolescent girls.keywords: Social Anxiety, Psychodrama group therapy, Cognitive and Behavioral Aspects, Adolescents,

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Psychometrics scales

Adapting the guilt about parenting scale (GAPS) to Iranian culture (validity and reliability study)

reyhaneh rokni; Azadeh Taheri

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.45630.3187

Abstract

Introduction: The parental guilt scale is one of the few questionnaires designed to measure guilt in parents with normal children. In recent decades, the number of working mothers in Iran has increased, but the division of responsibilities in the family still remains traditional, and mothers are recognized ... Read More Introduction: The parental guilt scale is one of the few questionnaires designed to measure guilt in parents with normal children. In recent decades, the number of working mothers in Iran has increased, but the division of responsibilities in the family still remains traditional, and mothers are recognized as the main caregivers of children and fathers as the source of family income, so most mothers have to deal with work duties and the family themselves experience double pressure and as a result, parental guilt. Most mothers feel extra pressure to take care of their work and family duties, and as a result, they experience parental guilt. Parental guilt in working mothers can affect the work and family performance of mothers and the psychological well-being of family members, so the need for an efficient tool to measure parental guilt was felt. The present study was conducted to investigate the psychometric properties of parental guilt scale in Iranian mothers.Method: The statistical population of the study was working mothers in Tehran who have children between 2 and 12 years old and worked at least 20 hours a week, who were selected through convenience sampling. Mothers answered the 10-item questionnaires of parental guilt, and... and...To check construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis) and reliability of the questionnaire, spss 26 and amos24 software were used. Also, to check the concurrent validity of the questionnaire, its correlation coefficient with the questionnaires... and... was obtained.Results: The results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the factor loading of all the items is more than 0.56 and all paths from the items to the main structure were significant at the 0.001 level. Also, the fit indices of the model (CMIN/DF=2.37, RMSE=0.073, GFI=0.93, CFI=0.93, IFI=0.95) were within acceptable range. Therefore, the said scale had an acceptable construct validity. The results of the reliability of the parental guilt questionnaire showed the value of Cronbach's alpha and acceptable construct reliability.Discussion : In short, these findings provide evidence of face validity, content validity, construct reliability of parental guilt questionnaire in the sample of Iranian mothers. In the concurrent validity evaluation, it was found that this scale had a significant positive correlation with the family-work conflict scale, which indicates that the family-work conflict in mothers often causes them to feel parental guilt. Also, this questionnaire showed a negative correlation with the Mindful Parenting Questionnaire, which means that the more conscious mothers behave in their parenting practices, the less parental guilt they experience. The research findings show that the parental guilt questionnaire in Iranian working mothers is an accurate and reliable tool.

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Psychometrics scales

Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Validity and Reliability of Body Compassion Scale in Students

Marzieh Mehrbani Nasab; Soodabeh Bassak Nejad; Mahnaz Mehrabizadeh Honarmand

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.45635.3184

Abstract

Aim: Body compassion is defined as a person's physical attention to appearance, competence and health along with mindfulness, kindness and awareness of common humanity. The present study was conducted to confirm the fit, validity and reliability of Body Compassion Scale by Altman et al. (2017) in Iranian ... Read More Aim: Body compassion is defined as a person's physical attention to appearance, competence and health along with mindfulness, kindness and awareness of common humanity. The present study was conducted to confirm the fit, validity and reliability of Body Compassion Scale by Altman et al. (2017) in Iranian students. Methods: This study is of correlation and validation type. The statistical population included 175 female students studying at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 2019. Results: Cronbach's alpha coefficient of this questionnaire was equal to 0.81 and the results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and goodness of fit indices indicated the appropriate fit of the three-factor structure of Body Compassion Scale. The results showed that the items of this scale have convergent validity and suitable fit of the scale.Conclusion: Therefore, social self-efficiency (SSE) scale had suitable validity and reliability, and this scale can be used in many clinical and research situations.Aim: Body compassion is defined as a person's physical attention to appearance, competence and health along with mindfulness, kindness and awareness of common humanity. The present study was conducted to confirm the fit, validity and reliability of Body Compassion Scale by Altman et al. (2017) in Iranian students. Methods: This study is of correlation and validation type. The statistical population included 175 female students studying at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in 2019. Results: Cronbach's alpha coefficient of this questionnaire was equal to 0.81 and the results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and goodness of fit indices indicated the appropriate fit of the three-factor structure of Body Compassion Scale. The results showed that the items of this scale have convergent validity and suitable fit of the scale.Conclusion: Therefore, social self-efficiency (SSE) scale had suitable validity and reliability, and this scale can be used in many clinical and research situations.

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Educational Psychology

Investigating the S tructural Relationship between the Approach to Learning and Academic Resilience with the Mediation of Academic Self-Regulation

Mohsen Arbezi; Razieh Sheikholeslami

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.45762.3192

Abstract

Extended abstractAim: Academic resilience is one of the important characteristics in the field of education; Because it is associated with a range of positive academic outcomes (Ahmed et al., 2018; Bala & Verma, 2019). In addition, academic resilience is a protective factor against negative academic ... Read More Extended abstractAim: Academic resilience is one of the important characteristics in the field of education; Because it is associated with a range of positive academic outcomes (Ahmed et al., 2018; Bala & Verma, 2019). In addition, academic resilience is a protective factor against negative academic outcomes (Hong et al., 2020; Lee, 2019). Considering the importance of this construct, the present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between approach to learning and academic resilience with the mediation of academic self-regulation.Methods: The current research design describes the correlation type, which examines the relationships between research variables using the Structural Equations Models (SEM) method. Its statistical population was all junior high school students in Evaz City (located in the south of Fars province), from which (1633 people) 285 student (96 boys, 189 girls) were selected by convenience sampling method And answered the electronic version scale of academic resilience (Cassidy, 2016), approach to learning (Entwistle et al., 2006) and academic self-regulation (Hong & O'Neil, 2001) questionnaires. AMOS-24 software was used for the research model test.Results: The research results showed that the deep approach to Learning (ᵦ= 0.46, p= 0.02) and strategic approach to Learning (ᵦ= 0.36, p= 0.02) positively and significantly predict academic resilience, While the surface approach to Learning (ᵦ= -0.35, p= 0.002) predicts academic resilience negatively and significantly. In order to test the mediation hypotheses of academic self-regulation in the relationship between the approach to Learning and academic resilience, the bootstrap method was used. The results showed that academic self-regulation significantly mediates the relationship between all three types of approaches to Learning and academic resilience. However, the mediating effect of the deep approach to Learning (ᵦ= 0.33, p=0.003) and strategic approach to Learning (ᵦ=0.39, p=0.004) is positive, And the mediating effect of the surface approach to Learning (ᵦ= -0.38, p=0.015) is negative.Conclusion: The test of the research model confirmed the mediating role of academic self-regulation in the relationship between approach to deep learning, approach to strategic learning, approach to surface learning with academic resilience. In addition, the results showed that all three types of approaches to learning directly predict academic resilience. These findings can be the basis for designing interventions to improve academic resilience.

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Cognitive psychology

Causal relationship between core self-evaluation, information processing styles and job compatibility, and the mediation of integrative self-knowledge in secondary school (second stage) teachers

fariba kalantari; seyed akbar mosavi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.45763.3204

Abstract

AbstractAIM: The aim of the present study was to investigate th Causal relationship between core self-evaluation, information processing styles and job compatibility, and the mediation of integrative self-knowledge in secondary school (second stage) teachersMethod:The statistical population was all Man ... Read More AbstractAIM: The aim of the present study was to investigate th Causal relationship between core self-evaluation, information processing styles and job compatibility, and the mediation of integrative self-knowledge in secondary school (second stage) teachersMethod:The statistical population was all Man and Woman secondary school teachers in Ramhormoz City in the academic year 1402-1401. The statistical sample included 420 people and were selected by one-stage cluster sampling method.To collect data, questionnaires of information processing styles (REI), central self-evaluations (CSES), integrated self-knowledge (ISK) and occupational adaptation of Shahrabi teachers were used. 55 questionnaires were excluded from the study due to incompleteness and outlier data of several variables. And the information of 366 people was subjected to final analysis using SPSS 26 and Amos 24 software. Descriptive statistics methods were used to calculate the mean and standard deviation, and inferential statistics and path analysis methods were used to test the hypotheses. Also, a significance level of 0.05 and in the form of two domains has been considered for all research analyses.Results:The results of the fitted model showed that information processing styles of rationalism and central self-evaluations had a direct, positive and significan effect on Integrative self-knowledge. Experiential information processing style had a direct, negative and significant effect on Integrative self-knowledge. And Integrative self-knowledge also had a significant direct effect on job compatibility. Also, the information processing style of rationalism and central self-evaluations with the mediation of Integrative self-knowledge had an indirect, positive and significant effect on job compatibility.Discussion:According to the fitted model, the two variables of central self-evaluation and rationalistic information processing style can increase the level of coherent Integrative self-knowledge. And the increase of Integrative self-knowledge as a mediating variable increases job compatibility in teachers. The results of this research can help to increase the quality of work and improve teachers' work interactions by identifying the variables that affect the job compatibility of teachers. and help education in order to attract more adaptable teachers and also hold in-service courses for current teachers to improve their level.

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Educational Psychology

The Effectiveness of Emotional Literacy Training on Emotional Self-Regulation, Interpersonal Communication and Academic Engagement in male students of the first secondary level of Shushtar city

hassan jorfi; Gholamhosien Ebadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.46434.3237

Abstract

IntroductionEmotional self-regulation is an important process in research, treatment and psychopathology and some physical pathological states and refers to actions that are used to change or adjust emotional experience and the intensity or type of emotional experiences. Considering that the way a student ... Read More IntroductionEmotional self-regulation is an important process in research, treatment and psychopathology and some physical pathological states and refers to actions that are used to change or adjust emotional experience and the intensity or type of emotional experiences. Considering that the way a student interacts with others plays a role in academic engagement and emotional self-discipline. Interpersonal communication skills are part of life skills through which students can engage in interpersonal interactions in the educational environment. Creating effective interpersonal communication during adolescence, in addition to improving mental health, psychological well-being, reducing depression, reducing academic anxiety can lead to more academic engagement them. Academic engagement is a construct that was first proposed to understand and explain academic failure and was considered as the basis for reformist efforts in the field of education. One of the ways to improve emotional self-regulation, interpersonal communication skills and academic engagement in students is teaching emotional literacy. Emotional literacy is the ability to understand one's feelings, listen and empathize with others and express feelings effectively. This research aims to investigate the effectiveness of emotional literacy training on emotional self-regulation skills, interpersonal communication skills, and academic engagement.MethodThe research method is applied based on purpose and based on data collection, quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design and control group. The statistical population included all male students of the first grade of high school in Shushtar city in the academic year of 1402-1403. From the target population, 40 students were selected by random sampling method and assigned to experimental (20) and control (20) groups. First, pre-tests were performed for both groups. The experimental group received emotional literacy training in 8 sessions of 60 minutes over 45 days. Data collection tools were questionnaires by Gross and John's Emotional Regulation Questionnaire, Manjmizadeh's communication skills questionnaire, and Fredericks et al.'s academic engagement questionnaire. The results were analyzed using an analysis of covariance.ResultsThe results showed that there is a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in terms of at least one of the research variables (F=131.328 and p<0.001). To further investigate this difference, variance analysis with single variable repeated measures on the scores emotional self-regulation, interpersonal communication and academic engagement were done. The F ratio of the interaction of time and group for the variable of emotional self-regulation (F= 233.348 and p < 0.001) is significant. Also, the F ratio of time and group interaction for interpersonal communication variable (F = 148.923 and p < 0.001) is significant. In addition, the F ratio of time and group interaction for the variable of academic engagement (F=250.116 and p>0.001) is significant. In order to better define the experimental and control groups in the post-test and follow-up of emotional self-regulation, interpersonal communication and academic engagement, Ben-Froni's post hoc test was used to compare the adjusted averages. The results show that the difference in the adjusted mean of emotional self-regulation between the experimental group and the control group in the post-test phase is 10.009 and this difference is statistically significant at the p<0.001 level. This result shows that the experimental group performed better in the variable of emotional self-regulation in the post-test stage compared to the control group. Also, the difference between the adjusted mean of emotional self-regulation between the experimental group and the control group in the follow-up phase is 7.756, and this difference is statistically significant at the p<0.001 level. This result shows that the experimental group had a better performance in the variable of emotional self-regulation in the follow-up phase compared to the control group. Also, the adjusted average difference between the experimental group and the control group in the post-test stage is 12.938 and this difference is statistically significant at p<0.001 level. This result shows that the experimental group performed better in the interpersonal communication variable in the post-test stage compared to the control group. Also, the difference between the adjusted average of the interpersonal relationship between the experimental group and the control group in the follow-up phase is 11.682, and this difference is statistically significant at the p<0.001 level. DiscussionThe results showed that emotional literacy training is effective in improving emotional self-regulation, interpersonal communication and academic engagement of students.

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Family Psychology

The Mediating Role of Body Image in the Relationship Between Parental Bonding and Eating Disorders in Adolescent Girls

Kowsar Hosseinian Langouri Sorkhi; Abbas Bakhshipour Rodsari; Mohammad Shadbafi; Mahsa Pishkar Ahrab

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 03 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.47234.3279

Abstract

IntroductionDuring adolescence, individuals experience significant changes in behaviors related to eating and body weight, often accompanied by concerns about weight, body shape, and dissatisfaction with body image. These changes, which commonly manifest during puberty, may indicate the onset of eating ... Read More IntroductionDuring adolescence, individuals experience significant changes in behaviors related to eating and body weight, often accompanied by concerns about weight, body shape, and dissatisfaction with body image. These changes, which commonly manifest during puberty, may indicate the onset of eating disorders. Eating disorders encompass a complex category of clinical conditions characterized by abnormal eating patterns, excessive concerns about body shape, and distorted perceptions of body image, significantly impairing both physical and psychological functioning. The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) categorizes these disorders into three diagnostic classifications: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder, providing a deeper description and understanding of each. These disorders primarily affect adolescent girls and young women, typically impacting individuals aged 13 to approximately 25-30 years. Non-clinical samples indicate that eating disorders affect 7.5% of adolescent girls and 2.1% of adolescent boys. Therefore, examining risk factors associated with eating disorders, particularly during the sensitive adolescent period, is of paramount importance for preventive interventions. Among these, parent-child relationships play a crucial role, influencing the psychological and social well-being of adolescents, often explored through attachment theory or parental bonding framework. The aim of the current study was to investigate the mediating role of body image in the relationship between parental bonding and eating disorders among female students.MethodThe present research was descriptive and correlational in nature. For this purpose, a sample of 215 female second-year high school students was selected from Babolsar city in the winter of the academic year 1403-02 using a multi-stage cluster random sampling method. To measure the variables, the following questionnaires were employed: Parker Parental Bonding Instrument (Parker et al., 1979), Body Image Questionnaire (Littleton et al., 2005), and Eating Disorder Diagnosis Scale (Stice et al., 2000). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 24 and AMOS version 24 software.ResultsThe findings of the research indicated that maternal bonding can predict eating disorders both directly (β = -0.19, p < 0.05) and through the mediating role of body image (β = -0.11, p < 0.01). No direct effect was found for paternal bonding on eating disorders; however, paternal bonding can indirectly predict eating disorders (β = -0.09, p < 0.01).DiscussionBased on the research findings, it appears that weak maternal bonding can independently predict eating disorders. Additionally, weak bonding with both mother and father can create vulnerabilities in body image development, thereby setting the stage for the onset of eating disorders. Therefore, from a practical standpoint, intervention and empowerment programs can be designed for parents and at-risk individuals to improve body image and prevent eating disorders.DiscussionBased on the research findings, it appears that weak maternal bonding can independently predict eating disorders. Additionally, weak bonding with both mother and father can create vulnerabilities in body image development, thereby setting the stage for the onset of eating disorders. Therefore, from a practical standpoint, intervention and empowerment programs can be designed for parents and at-risk individuals to improve body image and prevent eating disorders.

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Health Psychology

Investigating Attachment Styles as an Antecedent of Health-Promoting Behaviors with the Mediating Role of Psychological Well-Being in Medical Students

Akram Heidary Harzavily; Isaac Rahimian-Boogar

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 16 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.47923.3306

Abstract

IntroductionHealth-promoting behaviors are increasingly important to increase health and reduce diseases. On the other hand, the health of the medical staff plays an important role in improving the health of the society. Considering the limited research evidence regarding health-promoting behaviors in ... Read More IntroductionHealth-promoting behaviors are increasingly important to increase health and reduce diseases. On the other hand, the health of the medical staff plays an important role in improving the health of the society. Considering the limited research evidence regarding health-promoting behaviors in intern medical students, more research is needed to formulate appropriate interventions to improve psychological dimensions and health-related behaviors for them. Attachment styles play a role directly and indirectly through other protective psychological factors such as well-being on health-promoting behaviors. Attachment style influences healthy or risky behaviors by determining the interaction with health care providers and some individual characteristics. Psychological well-being is also an important factor in healthy behaviors by strengthening positive individual characteristics. Examining the relationships between attachment styles, psychological well-being and health-promoting behaviors in an integrated model among intern medical students is important. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of examining the fit of the model in the relationship between attachment styles and health-promoting behaviors with the mediating factor of psychological well-being.MethodThe current study was a cross-sectional descriptive study in which structural relationships between variables were investigated using the structural equation model. The statistical population of the study included all medical students of Gilan and Qazvin provinces who completed their internship during the Corona epidemic and its subsequent strains. Among this population, 550 medical students were selected by conveniance sampling during May 2022 to February 2023. The age mean and standard deviation of the participants were 25.02 and 2.3, respectively. After obtaining written informed consent and explaining the objectives of the study to the participants, Adult Attachment Questionnaire (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), Psychological Well-Being Scale (Ryff, 1989) and Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile-II (Walker et al., 1987) were completed by the participants. In addition, the research ethical code obtained from the National Ethics Committee in Biomedical Research (ID: IR.SEMUMS.REC.1401.205) and the study was conducted in compliance with other ethical considerations, including the protection of the participants' rights, confidentiality and freedom of action in participating in the research. The descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, correlation, and tests of statistical presumptions) were used for data analysis with SPSS-25 software and inferential statistics (structural equation modeling) was used with LISREL 7.8 software to exmine the research hypothesis. The significance level of the data was considered as P<0.05.ResultsThe findings showed that attachment styles have a direct and significant relationship with health-promoting behaviors, and psychological well-being mediates the relationship between attachment styles and health-promoting behaviors (P<0.001). According to the indices obtained in the examined model (df=ϰ^2⁄2.09, CFI=0.94, GFI=0.92, AGFI=0.91, RMSEA=0.05, NNFI=0.96, (NFI = 0.96), the model has a good fit (P<0.05). Based on the Bootstrop test, the mediating role of psychological well-being in the relationship between attachment styles and health-promoting behaviors is confirmed (P<0.05). The results of the Sobel test were also obtained to investigate the mediating role of psychological well-being in the relationship between attachment styles and health-promoting behaviors, respectively, 2.85 to 3.21, which confirmed the results of the bootstrap result.DiscussionAccording to the results, attachment styles play a significant role in health-related behaviors, and psychological well-being plays a mediating role in the relationship between attachment styles and health-promoting behaviors. These results contain implications in providing and formulating appropriate interventions to promote health-related behaviors based on various attachment styles and psychological well-being. It is suggested that future researches focus on developing mixed designs (quantitative-qualitative studies) and expand these results to develop tailored interventions to promote health-related behaviors based on these factors. The strengthening secure attachment and promoting psychological well-being is necessary in order to maintain and improve health-promoting behaviors of medical students.

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Exceptional Children Psychology

Developing a parenting training package for children with special learning disorders based on parents' lived experience and comparing its effect with Barclay's parenting training on parents' psychological well-being and psychological resilience, soci

Dehghani Mohamad Hossein; Salar Faramarzi; Khosro Ramezani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 16 November 2024

https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2024.46659.3244

Abstract

Specific learning disorders are one of the most common learning problems of students in elementary school, which psychologically have an adverse effect on these children. Specific learning disorders are a type of chronic problem with a neurological and developmental basis that generally starts in the ... Read More Specific learning disorders are one of the most common learning problems of students in elementary school, which psychologically have an adverse effect on these children. Specific learning disorders are a type of chronic problem with a neurological and developmental basis that generally starts in the early stages of development, i.e. before school age, and continues until adulthood if not properly addressed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the development of a parenting training package for children with specific learning disorders based on the lived experience of parents and to compare its effect with Barclay's parenting training on the psychological well-being of parents, psychological resilience, social adjustment, and academic performance of students.MethodThe research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with two experimental groups and a control group. The statistical population of the present study included two groups, in the qualitative part including all parents of children with special learning disorders and in the quantitative part including all mothers of students with special learning disorders in Abadeh city. For the qualitative part of the research, the interviews were continued until the theoretical saturation of information, and the interviews with 10 parents were at saturation level. Purposive sampling method was used to select people for interview. In the implementation of the research, sampling was done as available. Based on this, 45 mothers with special learning disorder students were selected, and 15 were randomly assigned to the experimental group (parenting training package), 15 to the experimental group (Barclay's parenting training), and 15 to the control group. The parenting training package created by the researcher was implemented for the parents of the first experimental group (in8 sessions of 90 minutes) and Barclay's parenting training (in 8 sessions of 90 minutes). The measurement tools included Riff's psychological well-being questionnaire (2002), Connor-Davidson psychological resilience questionnaire (2003), Bell's social adjustment questionnaire (1961), Pham and Taylor's academic performance questionnaire (1999). To inferential analysis of the data, the statistical methods of multivariate analysis of variance and analysis of variance with repeated measurements were used. ResultsThe results showed that there was a significant difference between the impact of the two parenting training methods developed by the researcher and Barclay's parenting training on social adjustment and academic performance among mothers with children with specific learning disorders, while there was a significant difference between the impact of the two mentioned methods on mental well-being and there was no significant difference in mental resilience.DiscussionParenting training package and Barkley parenting training had a significant effect on improving psychological well-being, psychological resilience, social adjustment, and academic performance among mothers with children with specific learning disabilities. The discussion about comparing the effectiveness of parenting training package and Barclay parenting training on mental resilience, social adaptation, and academic performance among mothers with children with special learning disorders showed that there is a significant difference between the effectiveness of the two parenting training package methods. Barclay's parenting training influenced social adaptation and academic performance among mothers with children with specific learning disabilities, while there is no significant difference between the two mentioned methods on psychological resilience. Based on the results of the follow-up test, the parenting training package developed by the researcher had a greater impact on improving social adaptation and academic performance.

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